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Objective:To evaluate the effect of febutostat on vascular endothelial function, intima-media thickness(C-IMT) and elasticity of the carotid artery in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that enrolled asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients from the outpatient and inpatient departments of Huai′an First People′s Hospital from October 2018 to October 2020. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: the Febuxostat group and the control group. Serum triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), fasting blood glucose(FBG), fasting insulin(FINS), nitric oxide(NO), endothelin-1(ET-1), malondialdehyde(MDA), and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were measured at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment, and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation(FMD) was quantified by color Doppler ultrasound. The following parameters of the common carotid artery were detected at baseline and 12 months after treatment: C-IMT, arterial compliance(AC), one-point pulse wave velocity(PWV), stiffness index(β), and pressure-strain elasticity modulus(Ep). The differences before and after treatment and between the two groups were compared. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between ΔUA and ΔNO, ΔET-1, ΔC-IMT, ΔAC, Δβ, ΔEp, and ΔPWVβ after treatment with febuxostat. Results:Compared with baseline, TG, HOMA-IR, ET-1 and MDA were significantly lower, while FMD, NO and SOD were significantly higher after 3-months treatment with febuxostat. After 12-months treatment, there was no significant difference in C-IMT or Ep, but there was an increase in AC and a decrease in PWVβ or β compared with baseline. There was a negative correlation between ΔFMD and ΔUA( r=-0.403, P=0.004), but there were no correlations between ΔNO and ΔUA( r=-0.187, P=0.194), ΔET-1 and ΔUA( r=0.038, P=0.791) after 6-months treatment. And ΔUA was an independent factor for ΔFMD( F=2.94, P=0.003, adjusted R2=0.139). After 12-months treatment, there was a negative correlation between ΔAC and ΔUA, and a positive correlation between ΔPWVβ and ΔUA, but there were no correlations between the following indicators: ΔC-IMT and ΔUA( r=0.169, P=0.240), Δβ and ΔUA( r=-0.214, P=0.136), ΔEp and ΔUA( r=-0.077, P=0.597). In the control group, there were no differences among the above indicators between each follow-up time and baseline. Conclusion:Febuxostat improves vascular endothelial function and elasticity in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, which may be related to the decreased oxidative stress response.
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Objective To develop a nurse-driven analgesia and sedation management plan and determine whether the protocol leads positive results.Methods This was a before and after protocol implementation study in 2 pediatric intensive care units of 2 tertiary care hospitals.A total of 77 medical pediatric patients requiring mechanical ventilation with pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) length of stay for at least 24 h were included.Prior to implementation of the protocol,analgesia and sedation was managed by the attending physician's order.Afterwards,post implementation,nurses managed analgesia and sedation following the protocol,including maximum human care,complying the same sedation objective,ordination of the speed according to Comfort Scale and Withdrawal Assessment Tool.Results Before the implementation of protocol,the amount of murphy equivalent was (18.51 ± 13.34) mg/kg,the amount and time of Midazolam were (26.29 ± 13.58) mg/kg and (137.31 ± 104.78) h respectively,mechanical ventilation time was (174.00±90.17)h and time of PICU stay was (12.28 ± 8.86) d;after the implementation of protocol the indexes were (11.46 ± 15.97) mg/kg,(12.01 ± 10.06) mg/kg,(99.44 ±47.29) h,(111.15 ± 58.82) h,(10.88 ± 7.68) d,and there were significant differences (t=0.743-2.595,P＜0.05).The incidence of withdrawal after the implementation of protocol (19.44％,7/36) was significantly lower than that before the implementation of protocol (4.88％,2/41),and there was significant difference (x2=3.940,P＜ 0.05).The coincidence of sedation assessment of after the implementation of protocol was 93.33％ (126/135),that of before the implementation of protocol was 83.67％ (82/98),and there was significant difference (x2=5.532,P＜0.05).Conclusions The plan takes "early analgesia,minimizing sedation,maximizing human concern" as the guiding ideology,and strives to achieve the goal of sedation individualization,clarification of medical and nursing responsibilities,continuity of medical communication,standardization of drug selection and regulation,routinization of withdrawal procedures,routinization of evaluation records,and the management of analgesia and sedation is included in the department.In the key projects of nursing quality management,we should institutionalize the implementation process management.The implementation of the program improves the comfort level of children,thus reducing the stress state of children,reducing the incidence of withdrawal symptoms and unplanned extubation,and ultimately reducing drug consumption and mechanical ventilation time.
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Objective To investigate the effect of oxymatrine on liver triglyceride metabolism enzymes of apolipoprotein E(ApoE)－/－mice with fat-induced insulin resistance. Methods A total of 72 ApoE－/－mice fed with a high-fat diet for 16 weeks were randomly assigned into a model group ,an oxymatrine 25 mg/kg group ,an oxymatrine 50 mg/kg group ,and an oxymatrine 100 mg/kg group , and oxymatrine was administered p.o.for 8 weeks.C57BL/6J mice were selected to serve as the control group.Serum biochemical parameters were assessed ;Insulin resistance was assessed with the Hyper insulinemic-euglycemic clamp test ;Pathological changes in the liver were visualized by hematoxylin ( HE ) staining ;levels of gene expression of triglyceride metabolism enzymes were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) and Western-blotting. Results Administration of oxymatrine reduced body weight ,fasting blood glucose , cholesterol ,and triglyceride to varying degrees and alleviated pathological changes in the liver.Glucose infusion rates were(18.5 ± 1.6)mU · kg －1· min－1,(20.1 ± 1.8)mU · kg －1· min－1,and(21.3 ± 2.3)mU · kg －1· min－1in the oxymatrine 25 ,50 ,and 100 mg/kg groups ,respectively ,and were significantly higher than that in the model group (16.5 ± 1.6)mU · kg －1· min－1(all P ＜ 0.05) .mRNA expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase(HSL) ,adipose triglyceride lipase(ATGL) ,and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)were higher in the three oxymatrine groups than in the model group ,while levels of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1 ) were lower in the oxymatrine groups(F＝53.81 ,21.06 ,23.67 ,35.37 ;all P＜0.05) ;Levels of HSL ,ATGL ,and PPARγ were higher ,while levels of DGAT1 were lower in the oxymatrine 50 and 100 mg·kg －1groups than in the model group ( F ＝ 53.62 ,22.87 ,28.13 ,33.54 ;all P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions Oxidative can mitigate insulin resistance in mice fed with a high fat diet through regulating the expression of liver triglyceride metabolism enzymes.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Tongxinluo capsules on inflammatory cytokines of mice with diabetic pe-ripheral neuropathy. METHODS:40 KK/Upj-Ay mice were randomly divided into model group(pure water),and Tongxinluo low, medium and high dose groups [1,2 and 4 g (medicinial materials)/kg]. 10 C57BL/6 mice were selected into the control group (pure water). The drugs were given once a day for consecutive 12 weeks,ig. The pain perception threshold,motor nerve conduc-tion velocity(MNCV)and sensory nerve conduction velocity(SNCV)were detected for the mice 1 h after the last administration of drugs. The flow cytometry was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),cyclooxy-genase 2(COX-2)and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1)in serum. Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and Western blot were respectively employed to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of TNF-α,IL- 1β, COX-2 and MCP-1 in the mice’s sciatic nerves. RESULTS:Compared with control group,pain perception threshold in model group was decreased;MNCV and SNCV were slowed;the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,COX-2 and MCP-1 in serum were increased;the expressions of mRNA and protein of TNF-α,IL-1β,COX-2,MCP-1 were increased,with significant differences(P<0.01 or P<0.05). Compared with model group,pain perception threshold in Tongxinluo medium and high dose groups were increased;MNCV and SNCV were increased;the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,COX-2 and MCP-1 in serum were decreased;the expressions of mRNA and protein of TNF-α,IL-1β,COX-2,MCP-1 in sciatic nerves were decreased;the expressions of mRNA of COX-2, MCP-1 and protein of IL-1β,COX-2,MCP-1 in sciatic nerves in Tongxinluo low dose group were decreased,there were statistical significant difference(P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Tongxinluo capsules have certain protective effects on the mice with peripheral nerve in case of diabetes by a mechanism that may be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines.
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Aim To investigate the effects of Tongxin-luo capsule on oxidative stress in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN )mice and its mechanisms.Meth-ods KK/Upj-Ay mice were divided into model, Tongxinluo low-dose group, Tongxinluo middle-dose group and Tongxinluo high-dose group.C57BL/6 mice were selected as control group.Mice were given drugs intragastrically for 12 weeks.Paw withdrawal latency, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV)were detec-ted.Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD),gluta-thione peroxidase (GSH-Px)and content of malondial-dehyde (MDA)in blood were detected by colorimetric method.The expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1 ),γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS ) of sciatic nerve was examined by real time PCR and Western blot.The protein expression of p38 MAPK,p-p38 MAPK,JNK,p-JNK,ERK,p-ERK was examined by Western blot.Results Compared with model group, paw withdrawal latency was increased and MNCV was faster in Tongxinluo group (P <0.05 ,P <0.0 1 ). SOD and GSH-Px contents significantly increased, MDA content decreased (P <0.01 ).HO-1,γ-GCS mRNA and protein expression significantly increased (P<0.05,P <0.01 )in Tongxinluo group.p-p38 MAPK protein expression decreased in Tongxinluo group (P<0.05 ).Conclusion Tongxinluo can in-hibit oxidative stress in DPN of mice via suppressing the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Lymphocyte function and homeostasis is associated with immune defence to infection. Apoptosis of lymphocytes might be a considerably important component which has an impact on immunity to infections in people with hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to explore the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of lymphocyte in diabetic patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and fifty healthy volunteers were included in this study. Annexin V and propidiumiodide (PI) were joined in the isolated lymphocytes and the rate of lymphocyte apoptosis was calculated with flow cytometry. Observation of the lymphocytes was done using transmission electron microscopy; mitochondria had been extracted and then mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected to assess mitochondrial function; the mRNA level of Bcl-2, cytochrome c (Cyt-C), caspase-9 and caspase-3 were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Apoptosis rate of lymphocyte was significantly higher in diabetic group than that in normal control group (P < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy showed lymphocyte shrinkage and breakage, chromatin condensation and less mitochondria; a fall in MMP levels was also evident; Bcl-2 concentration was reduced and the expressions of caspase-9, caspase-3 and Cyt-C were elevated (P < 0.05) in diabetic patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The rate of lymphocyte apoptosis was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients than that in normal population. Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway may play a very important role in decreasing function of lymphocyte in diabetes.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Apoptosis , Physiology , Caspase 3 , Genetics , Caspase 9 , Genetics , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Metabolism , Lymphocytes , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Mitochondria , Metabolism , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , bcl-2-Associated X Protein , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The glucose fluxes of individuals with prediabetes in Chinese population are not clear. This study was to determine whether the endogenous glucose production (EGP), oral glucose rate of appearance (Ra) and glucose rate of disappearance (Rd) were different in Chinese individuals with prediabetes under fasting conditions and following an oral glucose challenge.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five subjects with type 2 diabetes, 5 subjects with prediabetes and 5 non-diabetic subjects matched for age, weight, fat free mass and body mass index underwent a 180 minute stable glucose isotope tracing ([6, 6-(2)H2] glucose, [1-(13)C] glucose, and [U-(13)C] glucose) study under fasting and after ingestion of a 75 g oral glucose load. Isotope glucose enrichment was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived insulin sensitivity index, β cell function was determined by the insulinogenic index (δI30/δG30).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The insulin sensitivity index (P = 0.043) and insulinogenic index (P = 0.021) were decreased in subjects with prediabetes compared with non-diabetes. Fasting EGP was slightly higher (P = 0.29) and postprandial EGP was comparable in subjects with prediabetes and non-diabetes during 120 minutes after glucose ingestion, but nadir EGP occurred later in prediabetic than non-diabetic subjects. Ra did not differ among the three groups. Rd was substantially lower in subjects with prediabetes than non-diabetes after glucose intake (P = 0.013).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The mild hyperglycemia observed among individuals with prediabetes may result from decreased Rd during the postprandial state.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Blood , Fasting , Blood , Glucose , Metabolism , Glucose Tolerance Test , Hyperglycemia , Blood , Isotope Labeling , Prediabetic State , BloodABSTRACT
Pregnancy complicated by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has rarely been reported. Few reports in the medical liter-ature focus on pregnancy complicated by both NHL and hepatitis B virus infection. A multidisciplinary discussion is conducted concern-ing the treatment of the patient. The standard treatment procedure for pregnancy complicated by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the cre-ation of a multidisciplinary team were also discussed.
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Aim To investigate the effect of Jinlida on cholesterol-related genes in skeletal muscle in fat-in-duced insulin resistance ApoE-/ - mice. Methods Ten male C57 BL/6 J mice were selected as normal group ( NF );50 male ApoE-/ - mice with a high-fat feeding after 16 weeks ( HF) were divided into model group, rosiglitazone ( LGLT ) , Jinlida low dose group ( JLDL, 0. 95 g · kg-1 · d-1 ) , Jinlida medium dose group ( JLDM, 1. 9 g·kg-1 ·d-1 ) , Jinlida high dose group (JLDH, 3. 8 g·kg-1·d-1), which were per-formed intragastric administration for 8 weeks. Oil red O staining of mouse skeletal muscle was used for fat ac-cumulation. Insulin receptor ( INSR) , insulin receptor body substrate-1 ( IRS-1 ) , low-density lipoprotein re-ceptor ( LDLR ) , cholesterol sensor ( SCAP ) mRNA and protein expression in mouse skeletal muscle were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR ( RT-PCR ) and Western blot. Results Compared with NF group, fasting blood glucose ( FBG) , choles-terol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) and low density lipo-protein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) of HF mice were signifi-cantly elevated, while high-density lipoprotein ( HDL-C ) significantly decreased ( P < 0. 05 ) . Compared with HF group, Jinlida group could reduce to varying degrees FBG, TC, TG and LDL-C in mice, and in-crease HDL-C ( P <0. 05 ) . Jinlida could downgrade fasting serum insulin ( FINS ) level, and improve the insulin sensitive index ( ISI ) ( P < 0. 05 ) . Jinlida could obviously improve skeletal muscle fat accumula-tion of mice. Compared with NF group, skeletal mus-cle INSR, IRS-1, LDLR mRNA and protein levels of HF group were significantly decreased ( P <0. 05 ) , while SCAP mRNA and protein level increased signifi-cantly (P<0. 05). Compared with HF group, Jinlida could increase to varying degrees INSR, IRS-1, LDLR mRNA and protein levels ( P < 0. 05 ) , and lower SCAP mRNA and protein levels ( P<0. 05 ) . Conclu-sion Jinlida can alleviate fat-induced insulin resist-ance in ApoE-/ - mice through regulation of cholester-ol-related gene expression.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of the non-supine position and the supine position during the second stage of labor on delivery outcomes.Methods In total,642 singleton term primiparas in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2013 and March 2014 were divided into the non-supine position group (n=320),which included the lateral (n=204) and hands-and-knees position (n=116),and the supine position group (n=322) according to primipara's choice.Delivery outcomes in the two groups were compared using the Student's t test,Mann-Whitney rank sum test and the x2 test.Results The incidence of caesarean section was similar in the non-supine position and supine position groups [0.9％(3/320) vs 1.9％ (6/322),x2=0.438,P=0.508].Compared with the supine position group,women in the non-supine position group had a higher incidence of perineal lacerations grede Ⅰ [85.2％ (270/317) vs 65.2％ (206/316),x2=33.884],longer duration of the second stage of labor [48.0 min (31.0-78.0 min) vs 41.0 min (25.0 67.3 min),Z=-3.066] and greater blood loss after 2 hours of labor [240.0 ml (200.0-287.5 ml) vs 210.0 ml (160.0-260.0 ml),Z=-3.736],but a significant reduction in posterolateral episiotomies [5.3％(17/317) vs 23.4％ (74/316),x2=41.908],perinealedema [13.6％ (43/317) vs 21.2％ (67/316),x2=6.430] and meconiumstained liquor [20.8％ (66/317) vs 33.2％ (105/316),x2=12.356] (all P＜0.05).In the non supine position group,fetal heart rate showed fewer early decelerations,variable decelerations and late decelerations than in the supine position group [10.1％ (32/317) vs 17.1％ (54/316),x2=6.593; 2.8％ (9/317) vs 6.6％ (21/316),x2=5.079; 3.2％ (10/317) vs 7.6％ (24/316),x2 6.139; all P＜0.05,respectively].Conclusions The non supine position during the second stage of labor may improve delivery outcomes.
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The fasting and 2 h levels of glucagon, somatostatin ( SS), and C-peptide during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in 60 patients with type 2 diabetes and 34 normal subjects were determined. Compared with control group, the fasting levels of glucagon and SS and 2 h levels of SS after glucose loading significantly decreased,while the fasting and 2 h levels of C-peptide increased in diabetes group. The 2 h levels of these hormones were significantly higher than the fasting levels in two groups. Compared with control group, the increased folds of glucagon ( 1.40±0.48 vs 1.20±0. 30, P＜0. 05 ) and SS( 2.79±2. 17 vs 1.14±0. 22, P＜0. 01 ) levels after glucose loading were higher and that of C-peptide level ( 3.58 ±3. 10 vs 8. 33 ± 6. 99, P＜0. 01 ) was lower in diabetes group. The levels of fasting glucagon were positively correlated with that of fasting SS in two groups( both P＜0. 01 ). These results suggest that disturbance exists in hormones from α and δ cells besides the dysfunction of β cells in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Objective To evaluate the structure and function of left ventricle in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients without complications by myocardial velocity gradient (MVG) measured by myocardial velocity profile (MVP). Methods Thirty type 2 DM patients without complications and 30 healthy volunteers as controls were enrolled. The heart structure, systolic function and diastolic function of left ventricle were measured by echocardiography and the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated. Mitral annular systolic movement (Sm) , early rapid filling phase movement ( Em) and atrial contraction movement(Am) were measured by tissue Doppler image and the left ventricular MVG at diastole and systole in subendocardium and subepicardium (MVGs,MVGd) were measured by MVP. Results The diameter of left atria and left ventricle, thickness of interventricular septum and LVMI were higher in DM group than those of control group ( P <0. 05 or P <0. 01) , MVGs, MVGd, and Em were lower in DM group than those of control group( P <0. 05 or P <0. 01). There were no significant differences on E/A, Em/Am and E/Em between two groups. In addition, there were also no significant differences on Sm,left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fraction shortening between two groups. Conclusions Structure and function of left ventricle have changed in patients of DM without complications. MVG measured by MVP is an accurate and sensitive index to assess left ventricular systolic and diastolic function.
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The response of glueagon to the change of glucose and its relation to blood pressure in 71 eidely patients with type 2 diabetes was investigated. The results showed that the postprandial increment of glucagon in the group of patients with postprandial 2h plasma glucose increment<2.5 mmol/L was significantly higher than that in the group with plasma glucose inerement≥ 2.5 mmoi/L (P<0. 05). The postprandial increment of glucagon in patients with normal blood pressure was significantly higher than that in patients with hypertension (P<0.05). The results suggest that the decreased response of glucagon to the change in plasma glucose in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes is related to increased blood glucose and high blood pressure.
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AIM To investigate the beneficial effects of aminoguanidine(AG), a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, on cerebral ischemic injury of rats and the possible mechanism. METHODS The middle cerebral artery occlusion model was prepared with thread embolism. AG 100 mg·kg-1 was injected ip first at 2, 6 and 12 h, respectively, after ischemia, then 2 times a day for 3 consecutive days. The infarct volume of brain tissue was determined with tetrazolium chloride staining. The mitochondria in brain tissue were isolated for measuring integrity of electron transport chain (ETC), mitochondrial swelling, NO and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, ATPase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. In addition, the neuronal cells of newborn rats were cultured in glucose-free medium with sodium hydrosulfite for cell viability, lactate dehydrogenease (LDH) and NO analysis. RESULTS AG significantly reduced infarct volume, ameliorated neuronal ultramicrostructural damages induced by ischemia. And the swelling of mitochondria, the lesions of ETC, the contents of MDA and NO in mitochondria were markedly decreased, the activities of ATPase, SOD and GSH-Px in mitochondria were increased. In vitro, compared with the ischemic group, AG(10, 20 and 100 μmol·L-1)increased the cell viability and reduced the contents of LDH and NO in culture medium. CONCLUSION AG has protective effects on cerebral ischemic injury through inhibiting the production of oxygen free radical, increasing antioxidation, ameliorating energy metabolism, and beneficially improving the integrity of structure and function of mitochondria in brain tissue.
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AIM To investigate the beneficial effect of aminoguanide (AG) on cerebral ischemic injury and the possible mechanism. METHODS The model of focal cerebral ischemia in rat was prepared. Rats were divided into sham-operated group, ischemic group and AG group. Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups (n=6 for each): drugs were administrated at 2, 6 and 12 h after the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), respectively. AG (100 mg·kg-1, ip) was administrated, 2 times a day, for 3 consecutive days. The changes in infarcted volume and the contents of amino acids were assayed. RESULTS The infarcted volume (15.1±3.4, 18.4±5.1, 25.7±3.5) was much decreased compared with that of ischemic group (23.2±2.9, 28.0±3.9, 37.2±2.9) when AG was administrated at 2, 6 and 12 h after MCAO respectively (%, P<0.05, n=6). The contents of aspartate, glutamate, glycine and GABA in striatum, hippocampus and cortex in ischemic group were significantly increased compared with sham-operated group(P<0.05 or P<0.01, n=6). The contents of glutamate in striatum, hippocampus and cortex were markedly decreased when AG was given at 2, 6 and 12 h after ischemia respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.01, n=6). The contents of aspartate in striatum, hippocampus and cortex were markedly decreased when AG was given at 2 and 6 h, and the contents of aspartate in hippocampus and cortex were decreased when AG was given at 12 h after ischemia (P<0.05 or P<0.01, n=6). The contents of GABA in hippocampus and cortex were increased when AG was given at 2 and 6 h, and the contents of GABA in striatum and cortex were increased when AG was given at 12 h after ischemia(P<0.05 or P<0.01, n=6). Thecontents of glycine were increased in striatum, hippocampus and cortex when AG was given at 2 h, the contents of glycine were increased in cortex when AG was given at 6 h, and the contents of glycine in hippocampus and cortex when AG was given at 12 h after ischemia respectively(P<0.05 or P<0.01, n=6). CONCLUSION AG has beneficial effect on ischemic cerebral injury. The possible mechanism is that AG can decrease the contents of aspartate and glutamate, increase the contents of glycine and GABA.
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Objective: To investigate the beneficial effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine(L-NA) on cerebral ischemic injury and the possible mechanism by evaluating the effect of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) inhibitor,L-NA,on the contents of aspartate,glutamate,glycine and?-aminobutyric acid(GABA),respectively,in striatum,hippocampus and cortex of rat brain following cerebral ischemia. Methods:The model of focal cerebral ischemia in rat was prepared.Rats were divided into sham-operated group,ischemic group and L-NA group.Each group was further divided into 3 subgroup(n=6 for each): the middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) was maintained for 2,6 and 12h,respectively.L-NA(20 mg/kg,ip) was administrated after MCAO,two times a day,for 3 consecutive days.The changes of infarcted volume and the contents of amino acids were assayed. Results:The infarcted volume(IV%) was not significantly different among the ischemic groups with or without L-NA administrated 2 or 6 h after MCAO;and was markedly decreased in the ischemic group with L-NA administrated 12 h after MCAO(P
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Aim To examine the effect of selective inducile nitro oxide synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine(AG), on mitochondria injury in focal cerebral ischemia rats. Methods Rats were randomly devided into sham, ischemia and AG treatment groups. The model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats was prepared with thread embolism. AG was administered respectively at 2,6,12 h after MCAO. Rats were killed and mitochondria of cerebral tissue were isolated with differential centrifugation 3 d after AG treatment. Activities of ATPase, SOD and GSH-Px and contents of NO and MDA in mitochondria were measured. Ultrastructure changes of neuronal mitochondria were examined with electronic microscope after the ischemia and AG treatment. Results The contents of mitochondria NO and MDA markedly increased. The activities of mitochondria ATPase,SOD and GSH-Px markedly decreased in MCAO rats. Compared with ischemia group, the activities of ATPase, SOD and GSH-Px in mitochondria enhanced and the contents of NO and MDA in mitochondria decreased in ischemia 2,6,12 h group administered with AG. The study showed that the neuronal cytoplasm and the mitochondria swelled, the cristae were disrupted, dissolved or disappeared in MCAO rats. AG ameliorated these injuries induced by cerebral ischemia in rats. Conclusion AG can inhibit the production of NO, beneficially improve mitochondria energy pump and ameliorate oxidative injury after cerebra ischemia, and thus effectively protect brain damage induced by focal cerebral ischemia.
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Many studies have showed that nitric oxide(NO) might in duce dual effects during focal cerebral ischemic injury,namely neuroprotctive and neurotoxic effects.After cerebral ischemia, NO induced by endothelial NO synthase(eNOS) has neuroprotective effect. NO induced by neuronal NO synthase(nNOS) and inducible NO synthase(iNOS) has neurotoxic effect. Dual effects of nitric oxide have been becoming novel subjects for the protection of focal cerebral ischemic injury.
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Objective By exploring echocardiographic ch aracters and pathologic examination of noncompacted ventricular myocardium(NVM), to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias and embolism. Methods Echocardiographic examinations included four-chamber view, two-chamber view and short axis view of left ventricle, with an emphasis on observing left ventricular myocardium and endocardium approach to one-third of apex of heart. Results All 24 patients showed obvious echocardiographic findings characterized by prominent and excessive myocardial trabeculations and deep intratrabecular recesses in the affected ventricular cavity. Three cases complicated with other congenital heart malformations, 20 cases with congestive heart failure and only 2 cases were asymptomatic. Coronary arteriography was performed in 13 cases and revealed normal findings. Two cases eventually underwent heart transplantation because of severe congestive heart failure. Gross and histological findings demonstrated prominent muscular trabeculations, with deep intratrabecular recesses into lesion heart. Serial section from the base of the ventricle toward the apex revealed gradually weaker myocardium. Noncompaction of ventricular myocardium showed a thin, compacted epicardial and an extremely thickened endocardium by fibrous tissue. Conclusions Noncompaction of ventricular myocardium has characteristic echocardiographic manifestations and specific pathologic changes, which are different from those of primary enlarged type of cardiomyopathy.