Experiences of traumatic events, knowledge and attitudes concerning post-traumatic stress disorder, and resilience among nurses and paramedics working in emergency department / 한국간호교육학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to assess exposure to traumatic events, knowledge and attitudes concerning post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the level of resilience among nurses and paramedics working in emergency departments. @*Methods@#Data were collected from May 22 to June 12, 2022, using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The participants comprised 135 nurses and 80 paramedics working in emergency departments. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, a t-test, and an analysis of variance with Scheffé’s test. @*Results@#Compared with emergency room nurses, paramedics were more positive about the government’s spending on job opportunities for people with PTSD. There were no significant differences in attitude regarding government strategies and people with PTSD between nurses and paramedics. Paramedics had higher scores on the effective treatment for PTSD, while emergency room nurses showed higher scores on effective psychotherapy. General knowledge of PTSD differed according to sex (t=-2.33, p=.021) and education level (F=3.21, p=.042). Resilience scores differed significantly according to sex (t=2.02, p=.045), education level (F=4.10, p=.018), self-reported economic state (F=10.34, p<.001), and self-reported health (F=11.57, p<.001). @*Conclusion@#The findings support that emergency department nurses and paramedics are in need of self-care programs to support their mental health and indicate that intervention programs should be developed to enhance resilience in emergency department professionals.

Relationship among Oral Hygiene Management, Halitosis, Interpersonal Relationships and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of oral care, perceived halitosis, halitosis, interpersonal relationships and oral health-related quality of life and to examine the relationships among these variables.METHODS: The participants were 94 elderly people. The questionnaire included questions on oral care, perceived halitosis, interpersonal relationships, and oral health-related quality of life. Halitosis was measured using odor breath tester.RESULTS: A total of 63.8% of the elderly did not receive regular oral care. The halitosis score was 1.59, thus indicating moderate halitosis. The current perceived halitosis figure was 1.54, participants responded that they feel slight. There was no significant correlation between halitosis and perceived halitosis. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in halitosis and perceived halitosis according to the oral care. Perceived halitosis was negatively correlated with oral health-related quality of life. Interpersonal relationships were correlated with oral health-related quality of life.CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to actively promote the need for oral care among the elderly. Moreover, older people need regular oral care to prevent halitosis and improve their oral health-related quality of life.

Relationship among Oral Hygiene Management, Halitosis, Interpersonal Relationships and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly

BACKGROUND@#The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of oral care, perceived halitosis, halitosis, interpersonal relationships and oral health-related quality of life and to examine the relationships among these variables.@*METHODS@#The participants were 94 elderly people. The questionnaire included questions on oral care, perceived halitosis, interpersonal relationships, and oral health-related quality of life. Halitosis was measured using odor breath tester.@*RESULTS@#A total of 63.8% of the elderly did not receive regular oral care. The halitosis score was 1.59, thus indicating moderate halitosis. The current perceived halitosis figure was 1.54, participants responded that they feel slight. There was no significant correlation between halitosis and perceived halitosis. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in halitosis and perceived halitosis according to the oral care. Perceived halitosis was negatively correlated with oral health-related quality of life. Interpersonal relationships were correlated with oral health-related quality of life.@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is necessary to actively promote the need for oral care among the elderly. Moreover, older people need regular oral care to prevent halitosis and improve their oral health-related quality of life.

Male Nurses' Experiences of Being Rejected in Nursing Practice / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine and share experiences of male nurses who have been rejected during their nursing practice by their patients. METHODS: The participants were 12 male nurses who have worked in several hospitals. Data were collected through personalized in-depth interviews. Collected data were analyzed with the content analysis method. RESULTS: The results can be categorized into three main themes. 1. Rejection based on gender stereotypes of nurses' roles. 2. Nurses' reactions when nursing was rejected 3. Reestablishing the role as a nurse. The results of this study showed that male nurses were struggling to maintain their own positions as professional nurses. They were refused by their patients and they experienced a lack of skill and knowledge in nursing practice. They were harmed physically and psychologically from being turned down, and sometimes they had serious conflicts with female nurses. Meanwhile, the male nurses tried to be faithful to their role as professional nurses. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show the following findings. 1. The male nurses' experiences where mostly ones of understanding and cooperation with patients' caregivers. 2. The need for public relations advertising and systematic support from the media. 3. The need for improving gender equality for nurses. 4. Strengthening male nursing students' endeavors for sound nursing professionalism.

The Effects of Child Care Helpers' Emotional Labor and Job Stress on Their Burnout / 한국직업건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aims to understand baby care helpers' degree of emotional labor, job stress, and burnout and analyze the effects of emotional labor and job stress on their burnout. METHODS: Data were collected from August 16 to September 6, 2016 for three weeks with child care helpers working in C city, D city, and S city as subjects. Multiple regression analysis was used in order to examine the factors influencing the subjects' burnout. RESULTS: Burnout in general characteristics differed significantly according to age (F=4.81, p=.011). As the most influential factors for burnout, emotional labor (β=.43) had statistically significant correlation with it, along with job stress (β=.16) and age (β=.14). These variables explained burnout (Adj.R²=0.29, p<.001) at a rate of 29%. CONCLUSION: It is judged that strategies and continuous management aimed at reducing child care helpers' emotional labor and job stress are necessary. As an approach from different aspects, it is required that variables related to emotional labor, job stress, and burnout are identified and there would be more researches in order to establish some national policies for child care helpers.

Effects of Hand Massage with Nail Art on Depression, Self-esteem, and Vital signs of Elderly Women living in a Nursing Home

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hand massage with nail art on depression, self-esteem and vital signs of elderly women. METHODS: The research design was one group pre and post test experimental design. Data were collected from December 7 to December 14, 2015. All participants had hand massage with nail art for 10 minutes. Depression, self-esteem and vital signs were measured before, immediately after the hand massage with nail art and one week later. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS/Win 12.0 Program. RESULTS: Depression (F=30.80, p<.001), self-esteem (F=60.02, p<.000), diastolic pressure (F=29.56, p<.001) and body temperature (F=13.87, p<.001) were significantly different compared to pre-study values. Systolic pressure (F=3.85, p=.059) and pulse rate (F=0.32, p=.576) had no significant difference compared to pre-study values. CONCLUSION: The findings of this research show that hand massage with nail art has positive effects on decreasing depression and improving self-esteem for senior women who chose nail polish colour by themselves.

A Predictive Model of Domestic Violence in Multicultural Families Focusing on Perpetrator

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to assess predictor variables of husbands in multicultural families and examine the relationship among variables after setting up a hypothetical model including influencing factors, so as to provide a framework necessary for developing nursing interventions of domestic violence. METHODS: The participants were 260 husbands in multicultural families in four cities in Korea. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 20.0. RESULTS: Self-control, social support, family of origin violence experience and stress on cultural adaptation directly affected to dysfunctional communication, and the explanatory power of the variables was 64.7%. Family of origin violence experience in domestic stress on cultural adaptation, and dysfunctional communication were directly related to domestic violence in multicultural families, and the explanatory power of the variables was 64.6%. We found out that all variables in the model had mediation effects to domestic violence through dysfunctional communication. In other words, self-control and social support had complete mediation effects, and family of origin violence experience in domestic violence and stress on cultural adaptation had partial mediation effects. CONCLUSIONS: The variables explained in this study should be considered as predictive factors of domestic violence in multicultural families, and used to provide preventive nursing intervention. Our resutls can be taken into account for developing and implementing programs on alleviating dysfunctional communication in multicultural families in Korea.

Comparison of Job Stress, Quality of Life Scale and Health Promotion Behaviors in Public Health Officials and General Administration Officials / 한국직업건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the job stress, health promotion behaviors and quality of life between public health officials and general administration officials. METHODS: Subjects were 60 public health officials and 71 general administration officials in G-City in Korea. Data were collected from January 25 to February 5, 2016 through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Job stress (t=4.060 p<.001) and quality of life (t=3.963, p=.025) were significantly different between public health officials and general administration ones, while health promotion behaviors were not significantly different between these two official groups (t=0.394, p=.606) CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggested that it was necessary for public health officials to develop intervention program aimed at reducing job stress. Also, it would be effective to focus on improving health promotion behaviors and quality of life for them.

An Integrative Review of Depression Related to Intervention Studies for Women in Korea Journals

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to provide basic data on the intervention for depression program development and application by analyzing the depression intervention studies for women that were published in Korea Journal (2000~2014). METHODS: The research method used was the integrative review. Nine studies were reviewed from the Nursing Articles and National Assembly Library of which 41 studies were from 126 research papers that met the inclusion criteria and analyzed using MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies) and according to general characteristics. RESULTS: There were non-equivalent control group pre-post test design (78%) in research design. 44% of articles in sample size were 14~26 participants and measuring tools were used CES-D (29%), BDI (I & II, 22%), GDSSF-K (22%). In quality of research according to MINORS, most of the papers got 2 scores except for the items of sample size calculation standard. Even though the similar intervention program were reported, the results could not compare because of diverse contents, duration, methods, and measuring tool with intervention program. As the results, aroma, massage, and counseling programs seemed to have significant effects of depression alleviation. CONCLUSION: The standard tailored program and measuring tool for depression alleviation of women was needed to develop.

Effect of Program Promoting Intention to Exercise Performance Based Theory of Planned Behavior in the Elderly

PURPOSE: This study is aimed at grasping the benefit/effect of program promoting intention to exercise performance based theory of planned behavior in the elderly who live in the rural areas with degenerative joint diseases (DJDs). METHODS: There were 2 groups; 32 people in the experimental group and 24 in the control group, all above the age of 60. Program promoting intention to exercise performance was applied to the experimental group for 12 weeks. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed a significant the increase of attitude towards exercise, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, exercising intention, and exercise performance. Also, pain as a physical function, joint stiffness, ADLs, body flexibility, parallel, perceived health state as a psychological function, and life satisfaction were significantly improved. CONCLUSION: We expect that program promoting intention to exercise performance is used in nursing practice for the elderly with DJDs are needed to manage lifestyle.

Importance and Performances of Visiting Nurse Services Provided under the Long Term Care Insurance System for the Elderly

PURPOSE: This study was attempted to provide quality improvement and revitalization of visiting nurse services by Importance-Performance Analysis of persons being provided with the services. METHODS: The subjects were 350 people being provided with visiting nurse services from a long term home care institution in the kangwon Province during the period of data collection between Aug. 16 and Sep. 15, 2011. Data analysis was conducted through t-test, ANOVA, and IPA by using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: As a result of the Importance-Performance Analysis of visiting nurse services, it turned out that the strength on reliability, assurance, and empathy should be maintained with good work and the aspects of responsiveness appeared to be intensively improved, and the tangibility proved to be subject to improvement. CONCLUSION: For the activation of visiting nurse services, methods for improving the performance in the intensive care area and management strategy establishment which highlights the advantages of strength maintenance area are needed.

Comparison of Comprehensive Health Status and Health-related Quality of Life between Institutionalized Older Adults and Community Dwelling Older Adults

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the factors of health-related quality of life in older adults according to the type of residency. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted. The subjects were 114 institutionalized older adults and 99 community dwelling older adults. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews by nurses using structured questionnaires composed of SF-36 (ver.2) and CGA-SF. RESULTS: The institutionalized older adults had more health problems and experienced lower quality of life compared to community dwelling older adults. Factors influencing health-related quality of life for institutionalized older adults were social support, educational level, and ADL, which explained about 25.7% of the total variance, while thoseof community dwelling older adults were IADL, experiencing fall, and weight loss, which had explanatory power of 31.8%. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that differentiated nursing strategies according to the type of residency are required to promote health-related quality of life for older adults.

The Effects of Senior Simulation Programs on Elderly Care Facilities Employees' Attitudes for Elderly Care, Understanding of the Aged, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance

PURPOSE: This research is to understand the effects of senior simulation on employees of elderly care facilities and utilize it in their job training. METHODS: This research is a nonequivalence control group pre-to-post quasiexperiment research. 18 employees who have experienced senior simulation are set as test group and 18 other employees who have not experienced senior simulation are set as control group. RESULTS: The hypothesis that 'the test group which has experienced senior simulation will show a positive change in their attitude on elderly care, compared to the control group' and 'the test group which has experienced senior simulation will show a positive change in understanding of elders, compared to the control group' was supported. The hypothesis that 'the test group which has experienced senior simulation will show a positive change in job satisfaction and performance of duties, compared to the control group' was dismissed. CONCLUSION: The senior simulation seems to contribute to elderly care facilities employees' change in their viewpoints of elders and broaden their understanding of them. The senior simulation was meaningful to provide basic help with implementing job training programs.

Factors related to Problem Behaviors in High School Girls

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between problem behavior, school stressor and family strength in high-school girls. METHODS: Data were collected from 200 high school girls in 2008. Data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between problem behavior and school stressor. There was a negative correlation between problem behavior and family strength. The predictors of problem behavior were school stressor, family strength, and monthly family income and these factors explained 43.0% of problem behavior. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest the necessity of developing nursing intervention programs for enhancing high-school girls' skills in interpersonal relationship and communication to decrease school stressor and increase family strength.

Hair Shaft Damage from Heat and Drying Time of Hair Dryer

BACKGROUND: Hair dryers are commonly used and can cause hair damage such as roughness, dryness and loss of hair color. It is important to understand the best way to dry hair without causing damage. OBJECTIVE: The study assessed changes in the ultra-structure, morphology, moisture content, and color of hair after repeated shampooing and drying with a hair dryer at a range of temperatures. METHODS: A standardized drying time was used to completely dry each hair tress, and each tress was treated a total of 30 times. Air flow was set on the hair dryer. The tresses were divided into the following five test groups: (a) no treatment, (b) drying without using a hair dryer (room temperature, 20degrees C), (c) drying with a hair dryer for 60 seconds at a distance of 15 cm (47degrees C), (d) drying with a hair dryer for 30 seconds at a distance of 10 cm (61degrees C), (e) drying with a hair dryer for 15 seconds at a distance of 5 cm (95degrees C). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and lipid TEM were performed. Water content was analyzed by a halogen moisture analyzer and hair color was measured with a spectrophotometer. RESULTS: Hair surfaces tended to become more damaged as the temperature increased. No cortex damage was ever noted, suggesting that the surface of hair might play a role as a barrier to prevent cortex damage. Cell membrane complex was damaged only in the naturally dried group without hair dryer. Moisture content decreased in all treated groups compared to the untreated control group. However, the differences in moisture content among the groups were not statistically significant. Drying under the ambient and 95degrees C conditions appeared to change hair color, especially into lightness, after just 10 treatments. CONCLUSION: Although using a hair dryer causes more surface damage than natural drying, using a hair dryer at a distance of 15 cm with continuous motion causes less damage than drying hair naturally.

Factors Influencing Elders' Preventive Behavior for Influenza A (H1N1)

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to examine the relations among anxiety, knowledge, health locus of control and preventive behavior, and to find factors related with preventive behavior. METHODS: The subjects were 269 elderly people of over 65 living in C City. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS. RESULTS: Health promoting behavior was significantly different according to chronic disease, contact with H1N1 patient and perceived health status. The variables that affected the level of preventive behavior were anxiety, knowledge, internal locus of control, external locus of control, chance locus of control and perceived health status. CONCLUSION: According to this study, promoting preventive behavior for H1N1 on the elderly builds up anxiety, knowledge, and health locus of control.

The Influence of Social Support on Job Satisfaction of Migrant Workers / 산업간호학회지

PURPOSE: In Korea, the number of migrant workers is increasing. However, migrant workers have low job satisfaction due to poor working environment, and insufficient social support. This study aimed to investigate the role of social support for job satisfaction of migrant workers. METHOD: We have analyzed the survey data of 397 migrant workers collected from free clinic for migrant workers located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do. RESULT: When the migrant workers received monetary and emotional supports from supervisors and colleagues, their job satisfaction turned out to be significantly high. The factors that influence job satisfaction of migrant workers are as follows: involvement in manufacturing industry, over 9 hours of daily sleep, monetary and emotional support from supervisors. Their job satisfaction strongly influenced by these factors. CONCLUSION: Social support will increase job satisfaction of migrant workers and it will subsequently decrease job turnover rate and increase productivity as well as quality of life.

A Study on Knowledge of Oral Health, Behavior, Self-Efficacy, Belief, and the Number of Dental Caries of Elementary School Students

PURPOSE: To understand the differences and correlations of the knowledge of oral health, behavior, self-efficacy, belief, and the number of cavities in accordance with the general traits of elementary school students. METHODS: The survey was conducted at 2 elementary schools in D city, which 740 respondents were analyzed. RESULTS: A group of students who have received health education has plentiful knowledge of oral health and have more cavities. Also, a group of students who have been to dental clinics recently have more knowledge of oral health, follow guidance on oral health, and have high level of belief in health. The more knowledge of oral health the students have, the better they behave for oral health and the higher self-efficacy and belief in oral health become. Students with higher self-efficacy show more knowledge of oral health, more appropriate behavior, and stronger belief in oral health, while the number of cavities are much less. CONCLUSION: Health education contributes to improving the level of knowledge of oral health. Comprehensive programs beyond simple introduction of knowledge will be needed to improve behavior, self-efficacy, and belief in oral health. It is recommended to include a health clinic within a program for improving oral health in school so that it can help more students get oral health.

An Analysis of the Research on Effect of Smoking Cessation Intervention

PURPOSE: We reviewed all the articles on effect of smoking cessation intervention to find out the way of improvement of it. METHOD: 48 researches were published in Korean journals from 1980 to 2007. The research were analyzed according to: major of first author, subjects, application of theoretical framework, contents of intervention, a term of intervention, the time of evaluation on effect of interventions, research design, dependant variables, and effect of interventions. RESULTS: Research on effect of smoking cessation intervention increased rapidly in the 2000's. At this time. 72.9% of research was published. Most of research subject were students. Theoretical framework were applied in 20.8% of articles. The most common intervention was education(39.4%). The effect of combined program on outcome variable was found to be stronger than only education program. Experimental design was used in 29.2% and quasi-experimental design was adapted in 43.8% of articles. 1-6 months intervention was in 35.4%. The long term intervention more than 1month was found to be effective. Health behavior related index was measured as a dependant variable in 62.3%. CONCLUSION: Accordingly, long term program to apply to various subject is needed.

Premenstrual Discomforts and Coping in University Students

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to identify premenstrual discomforts and coping patterns and their effects. METHOD: The participants of this study were 297 female university students in C area. The Menstrual Discomfort Questionaire (MDQ) and coping method lists were used as measurement tools. RESULTS: There were significant differences premenstrual discomforts according to age (F=5.76, p=.003) and according to health condition (F=3.43, p=.034). The mean scores of the sub-categorical factors of premenstrual discomfort were 2.35 points for pain, 2.29 for instability and 2.25 for water retention. The worst symptoms among the subcategories of premenstrual discomfort were as follows: backache (M=2.68) in the pain subcategory, irritability (M=2.53) in the instability subcategory and swelling(M=2.40) in the water retention subcategory. Their common coping patterns were "coping according to menstrual period", "active behavioral coping" and "evasional coping". Frequently used coping methods were "taking a rest and sleep (99.3%)" and "taking a warm shower (86.2%)". Effective coping methods were "taking a rest and sleep (89.5%)" and "taking a warm shower (87.1%)". CONCLUSION: Most participants have their own coping pattern. Some methods were very effective to PMS but some were not effective to PMS. To manage PMS, effective coping methods should be encouraged for female university students. To keep up with effective coping, education and counseling should be continued. It is considered necessary to make the same research with a larger number of samples and more specified assessment.