Frequency of A2B Among the AB Blood Group Donors

Objective: The aim of the study is to detect the frequency ofA2B blood groups among the AB donors.Method: This cross-sectional observational study which wascarried out at Transfusion Medicine department, BangabandhuSheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from January 2018 toJuly 2018 over 142 subjects. After selection of healthy donorsblood group was detected by standardized tube technique.Anti- A1 lectin study was done for all blood donors with bloodgroup AB. Based on the serological reactivity, blood group wasclassified into A2B and Rh-D negative or positive.Results: In the study, it was found that among 142 AB bloodgroup donors, majority blood donors were male 130 (91.5%)and rest were female 12 (8.5%). Among 10 A2B blood groupdonors 25% were female and 5.38% were male. More than halfdonors 78 (54.9%) belonged to age 21-30 years. The meanage was 27.68 SD±6.76 years with ranged from 18 to 50years. It was observed that 132 (93.0%) belonged to A1Bsubgroup and 10 (7.0%) belonged to A2B subgroup. The studyalso revealed that 126 (95.5%) A1B individuals were Rhpositive, 6 (4.5%) A1B individuals were Rh-negative. All A2Bindividuals were found Rh-positive.Conclusion: From our study we found that, the frequency ofA2B among the female donors is more than four times higherthan the male donors. As the A2B is the rare subgroup but thefrequency of this subgroup in this study recommend the extraattention for the physician and staff working in the TransfusionMedicine department.

Serotonergic activity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response in alcohol administered and subsequently withdrawn rats

Present study aims to depict the role of serotonergic pathways in discrete brain areas [hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus] and their interaction with hypothalamic pituitary adrenal [HPA] axis in alcohol dependence and subsequent withdrawal syndrome in rats. Albino Wistar rats were fed a liquid diet containing alcohol for 4 weeks. Matched control rats were fed isocaloric amounts of the alcohol-free liquid diet, in which the alcohol contribution was substituted with maltose-dextrin. Brain regional tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT], 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5-HIAA] concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with flourimetric detector. Serum corticosterone was determined spectrofluorimetrically. Data analysis showed that there was significant increase in tryptophan [hippocampus], 5-HT [hippocampus and amygdale]and 5-HT turnover in all the three regions examined when alcohol administered rats were compared with matched controls. In contrast withdrawal from alcohol decreased brain tryptophan, 5-HT and its turnover. It is concluded that the prolong alcohol use boost functions of serotonergic neuronal pathways, in particular, hypothalamus that regulate HPA-axis function and develop tolerance and adaptation. In addition, withdrawal from alcohol exacerbates serotonergic functions that results in failure to suppress corticosterone levels and hence induce low mood states and other signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome

clinical trial of patient satisfaction with tooth and magnet supported overdenture by visual analogue scale [VAS]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of magnet retained overdenture treatment over tooth supported overdenture and degree to which subjective treatment outcome could be predicted by VAS [Visual Analogue Scale]. 10 patients were identified and conventional over denture was delivered, they form group A1. In the same patients magnets were attached to the abutments and the same over denture was converted to magnet retained over denture after 6 months. They form group A2. They finished a questionnaire with 10 statements on overdenture complaint. Visual analogue scale were used to investigate their satisfaction. Difference between the group were analyzed. Magnet retained overdenture was shown to be very effective on compare to tooth supported overdenture

St. John's Wort increases brain serotonin synthesis by inhibiting hepatic tryptophan 2, 3 dioxygenase activity and its gene expression in stressed rats

We aimed to investigate the effects of herbal St. John's Wort [SJW] on transcriptional regulation of hepatic tryptophan 2, 3 - dioxygenase [TDO] enzyme activity and brain regional serotonin [5-HT] levels in rats exposed to forced swim test [FST]

TDO mRNA expression was quantified using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain [RT-PCR] reaction and brain regional indoleamines were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detector. Behavioral analysis shows significant reduction in immobility time in SJW [500mg/kg/ml] administered rats. It was found that pretreatment of SJW to rats did not prevent stress-induced elevation in plasma corticosterone levels however it increases serotonin synthesis by virtue of inhibiting hepatic TDO enzyme activity and its gene expression, ascertaining the notion that there exists an inverse relationship between hepatic TDO enzyme activity and brain 5-HT. The drug also decreases serotonin turnover in all the brain areas [hypothalamus, hippocampus amygdale] in stressed rats endorsing its monoamine oxidase inhibition property. Inhibition of TDO enzyme activity and its gene expression by the drug provides new insights for the development of therapeutic interventions for stress related mental illnesses

Functional outcome of surgery in patients with acetabular fractures

High velocity injuries due to road traffic accidents can be managed conservatively or surgically depending whether the fracture is displaced or not. The objective of this study was to evaluate functional outcome of surgery in patients of acetabular fractures. It was a case series study conducted in Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences from 1[st] october 2007 to 15[th] December 2008. Thirty patients were included in the study fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Patients were followed up in the OPD and were evaluated for functional outcome by using Harris Hip Scoring System. Total 30 patients were operated during the study period. Mean age of patients was 33.5 years. Males were 22 and females were 8. Twenty-three patients had road traffic accident as a cause of injury and 7 were due to fall. Ninety-three percent of patients were operated within 2 weeks. Most common type of fracture was both column fractures. In only one patient sciatic nerve injury was present postoperatively. Average hospital stay was 7 days. Out of 30 patients, 21 patients were classified to have good score, 4 patients were classified to have excellent score while 5 patients were having poor result. The surgical management of displaced acetabular fractures yields good results

Acute effects of serotonergic antidepressants on tryptophan metabolism and corticosterone levels in rats

The aim of present study is to see the effects of antidepressants in relation to tryptophan metabolism and disposition and to know whether they share any common mechanism of action in this regard. These are the monoamine oxidase inhibitor [moclobemide], atypical tricyclic [tianeptine], selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] namely sertraline and citalopram and an herbal St John's Wort [SJW]. Liver tryprophan pyrrolase activity, serum tryptophan, corticosterone and brain indoles were determined after drug administration in Albino Wistar rats at a dose of 10mg/kg. All five antidepressants inhibited tryptophan pyrrolase activity. Serum total tryptophan concentrations were increased by 19% and 33% by tianeptine and moclobemide respectively, however 34% decrease in total tryptophan was observed after SJW administration. Free tryptophan was increased by all the drugs being maximum [65% P<0.001] by sertraline and minimum [15%, P<0.05] by tianeptine. Corticosterone levels were significantly [P<0.01] decreased by 52 and 58 percent by citalopram and St John's Wort respectively. By contrast an increase by 16% was observed by tianeptine. It was also observed that all the drugs increase brain tryptophan by 21-61 percent but increases in 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT] were observed only by two drugs that is moclobemide and SJW, however in comparison increases were greater [68%] after SJW administration. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5HIAA] concentrations were increased by 45-64% by all other drugs except tianeptine and moclobemide. It is concluded that attenuation of peripheral tryptophan metabolism and elevation of brain tryptophan contributes to the mechanism of action of antidepressants of different classes and pharmacological profile tested

St. John's Wort modulates brain regional serotonin metabolism in swim stressed rats

Present study has investigated acute effects of Saint Johns Wort [SJW, 500 mg/kg] administration on behavioral, neuroendocrine responses and serotonergic activity following forced swim test [FST] exposure in rats. The results show that SJW increased swimming and climbing behaviour of rats during FST exposure. Swim stress produced significant reduction in serum total tryptophan [P < 0.01], increase in corticosterone [P < 0.01] and 5-hydroxytryptamine [serotonin, 5-HT] turnover in hypothalamus by 100% [P < 0.01], amygdala by 148% [P < 0.01], and hippocampus by 41% [P < 0.05] when compared with unstressed saline injected group. SJW in swim stressed rats when compared with saline injected stressed rats altered neither lowered serum tryptophan nor enhanced HPA axis response, however 5HT was found to be increased by 110% [P < 0.01], 163% [P < 0.01] and 172% [P < 0.01], in hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus respectively. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5HIAA] was also found to be increased in hypothalamus by 74% [P < 0.01], amygdala by 45% [P < 0.01] and hippocampus by 143.5% [P < 0.01]. Further SJW administration in unstressed rats showed decrease in tryptophan [P < 0.01], increase in corticosterone [P < 0.01], 5HT was found to be decreased in hypothalamus [47%, P < 0.01] and in amygdala [13%, P < 0.05] with no change in hippocampus, while 5HIAA was found increased in hypothalamus by 58%[P < 0.01], amygdale by 203% [P < 0.01] and hippocampus by 171% [P < 0.01]. The data shows that SJW affects circulating tryptophan and corticosterone in absence of conditioned stress but not in its presence. In conclusion, SJW increases intraneuronal 5HT metabolism but inhibits its release under adverse conditions proving its anxiolytic property. Thus, these effects produced by the SJW add to our understanding of the interactions between SJW and stress induced behavioral, neuroendocrine and serotonergic alterations

Effect of innate lipid solubility on buccal absorption of basic drugs

This study is designed, to find out the effect of innate lipid solubility on buccal absorption of basic drugs with similar pka values. Allopurinol hydrochloride, nortriptyline hydrochloride and procainamide hydrochloride with Pka values 9.4, 9.7 and 9.2 respectively were selected for in vivo [buccal absorption test] and in vitro [I-octanol/buffer partitioning coefficient] study at pH range 6-10. Results found that the mean percentage of buccal partitioning and/I-octanol partitioning of allopurinol hydrochloride was decreased with the increase in pH from 6.0-10. On the other had mean percentage of buccal partitioning and I-octanol partitioning of procainamide hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride was increased with the increase in pH from 6.010. It is concluded that although the drugs studied have nearly similar Pka values their lipid solubility is widely variable. A good correlation between buccal and I-octanol partitioning excluded the possibility of interaction between these drugs and I-octanol. Decrease in lipid solubility of allopurinol hydrochloride with increase in pH needs further evaluation

Myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury: reactive oxygen species and the role of neutrophil

A growing body of evidence suggests that oxygen radicals can mediate myocardial tissue injury during ischaemia and, in particular, during reperfusion. This review focuses on the role of neutrophil as a mediator of myocardial damage. Upon reperfusion, neutrophils accumulate and produce an inflammatory response in the myocardium that is responsible, in part, for the extension of tissue injury associated with reperfusion. It has shown that the inhibition of neutrophil accumulation and adhesion is associated with decreased infarct size. This strongly suggests that myocardial cells at risk region undergo irreversible changes upon reperfusion and accumulation of neutrophils. Several pharmacological agents [ibuprofen, allopurinol, prostacyclin, and prostaglandin E analogues] protect the myocardium from reperfusion injury. In addition, the mechanisms by which these agents act and directions of research that may lead to therapeutically useful approaches are also discussed in this review

Effect of cyproheptadine alone and in combination with aspirin on platelet aggregation

The antiplatelet effect of cyproheptadine was studied on platelet rich plasma [PRP] of 30 adult healthy human volunteers. It was compared with aspirin. Moreover, the combined effect of two drugs was also studied. The platelet aggregation [PA] was induced with adenosine diphosphate [ADP] and combination of 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT], and epinephrine. Cyproheptadine is found to be an inhibitor of PA. It is significantly more potent inhibitor of PA than that of aspirin [p < 0.001] in 5-HT plus epinephrine induced PA. It also has a synergistic effect with aspirin. Prophylactic therapy with combination of aspirin and cyproheptadine may be more beneficial in patients of occlusive vascular disease