Women's participation; livestock management and its harmful effectson their health: a case study of Toba Tek Singh

Livestock production is of paramount importance in minimizing the vulnerability of poor and marginalized people in remote rural areas. Women play an active role in managing and care taking of the herd by participating in different activities of livestock management. The growing population is exerting pressure on all the resources and in future, it is expected that the livestock demand will also increase for fulfilling the demands of masses. Due to women's crucial role in livestock management activities, they are more susceptible to zoonotic diseases. The zoonotic diseases are becoming a threat by becoming responsible for the death of 2.2 million people every year and majority of the victims belong to developing countries. To find out health related issues while participating in livestock management activities. Survey. 2011-2012. the present study was conducted in rural areas of district Toba Tek Singh. One Union Council [UC] and three villages from the selected UC were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The sample size of the study was 120 respondents of rural females having forty respondents from each village. The study revealed that majority of the respondents was involved in grazing and fodder cutting activities and they are satisfied with their role. It was also noted that the highly educated respondents were more secure from diseases than that of less educated and illiterate respondents. It is the sole responsibility of the government and public sector department to run campaign regarding livestock diseases to whom human are susceptible so that the risks regarding this situation may be minimized

Ethnobotanical survey; common medicinal plants used by people of Cholistan desert

Medicinal plants are used for the production of different medicines and also for the treatment of different diseases

Study Design: Study is based on a survey

Setting: Traditional medicinal uses of common medicinal plants of Cholistan desert

Objectives: The present investigation is aimed to conserve and create awareness about the ethno medicinal value of the plants and their uses to draw the attention of pharmacologists, phytochemists and pharmaceuticals

Methods: In the study area a total of 33 plant genuses belonging to 21 families are reported. In current study the medicinal plants and their indigenous medicinal uses are only presented by interviewing the local informants and Hakims. The information gained by these sources is presented here. For every plant basic information like family of plant genus, botanical name, local name, plant origin, abundance, status, plant form, part used and medicinal importance are given

Results: Field observations showed that deforestation, over grazing, agricultural expansion and unscientific collection, processing and preservation of natural vegetation are the major threats in the investigated area

Conclusion: There is dire need to conserve plant resources of Cholistan desert

Reproductive health gender roles and relations as predictors of practicing of reproductive health rights among married women and men in Punjab, Pakistan

Practicing reproductive health rights is not an individual attribute but an outcome negotiated between partners. Large differentials can place the less powerful partner at risk by reducing his or her ability to negotiate safer sexual relations. Negotiation between partners is affected by material assistance which is given by men. Hence, the present study was designed to gauge the extent of practicing the reproductive health rights among married men and women and to see the relationship between respondents' characteristics and practicing of reproductive health rights by them. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from Punjab province. Well designed interviewing schedules were constructed in the light of research objectives and the conceptual framework of the study to collect data and draw inferences. A representative sample of 700 married women and 600 men were interviewed. The SPSS/PC+ 15.0 Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used for analyzing the data. A strong and positive association between the demographic characteristics of married men and women and their attitude towards the reproductive health behavior and those women who were currently engaged in paid jobs had highly favorable and consistent attitude towards RHR-Practices. It was strongly suggested that encourage women's employment by increasing their education level and creating jobs in every department and encourage women's participation in decision making process

role of Punjab rural support programme in providing health facilities to rural women; a case study of district Faisalabad

Despite the fact that women account for more than half of the total world population, they are still not considered equal to men. The health of rural women in Pakistan is very poor because of the lack of health services and competent health workers. Besides government health centres, hospitals and many Non-Governmental Organizations [NGOs] are also working in the rural areas for providing social services to rural women. Punjab Rural Support Programme is also working for socio-economic empowerment of rural women. PRSP began to provide health facilities to the poor people in villages through Basic Health Units [BHUs]. To analyze the role of PRSP in providing health facilities to women in rural area. A multistage simple random sampling technique was used for the study. District Faisalabad. The population for the study consisted of rural women only who were members of the Community Organizations [COs] of PRSP. Out of the eight towns of district Faisalabad, four towns which cover rural areas [Samundri, Iqbal town, Jaranwala, and Chak Jhumra] were selected. Four field units of PRSP are working in these four towns i.e. Salarwala in Chak Jhumra, Satiana in Jaranwala, Khidarwala in Samundri, and Dijkot in Iqbal Town. These field units had 214, 203, 170 and 238 female COs, respectively. A sample of 10% COs was selected from each field unit randomly. Thus the total selected COs were 82. Five members from each CO were selected at random. In this way the total sample size for the study was 410 respondents. A reliable and validated data collection instrument consisting of open and close ended questions was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS. It was concluded that respondents were satisfied with certain facilities like availability of female doctors in BHUs, availability of medicines and availability of competent and qualified paramedics. Provision of basic tests [blood, sugar, pregnancy and haemoglobin etc.] was very weak area which needed much improvement. It was also concluded that respondents were satisfied with the behaviour of staff at BHUs. However, provision of basic medical equipment needed attention from the authorities

Women reproductive health security; role of spousal communication

Around the world, the right to health and especially reproductive health right are far from a reality for many women. Reproductive health is of growing concern today. Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sexual life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how after to do so. Reproduction is a dual commitment but so after in much of the world, it is seen as wholly the women's responsibility. There are four major problems commonly encountered by women in family planning and contraceptive use: accessibility to family planning information and services, quality of services, gender responsibilities and spousal communication. These problems become major obstacles preventing women from regularity fertility or exercising the reproductive rights. The importance of good health and education to women's well being and that of her family and society cannot be overstated. Spousal Communication is crucial step toward increasing women's participation in improving their health rights. Therefore the study was conducted to investigate the perception of married women about the role of spousal communication in establishing reproductive health security. For this purpose 200 married women of age group 15-45 with having at least one living child were selected through multistage sampling technique from urban areas of district Faisalabad. The study explored in bi-variate analysis that those women who were educated, younger and had a high economic status had a perception that the spousal communication plays a significant role in the development of women's attitude towards their reproductive health security

Emerging human health pertinent to modern agriculture. Critical review

In developing countries week and dispersed link has been shown between agriculture and human diseases. In this regard present review was conducted and revealed several examples that there exist strong link between agriculture and diseases. Review categorized the major disease into zoonotic, vector borne and food associated. Zoonotic diseases were found to be transmitted by the livestock. Some of these diseases are also associates with vectors that were found to be transmitted by the agriculture. Mosquito is the major vector transferring malaria, cholera and skin diseases. Agricultural intensification is the major source of their climate change through increased emission of green house gases. Agricultural intensification, ecological disturbance and inadequate agricultural managements are the dominant reason revealed. Rate of future agricultural diseases such as zoonotic diseases emergence or reemergence will be closely linked to the evolution of the agriculture-environment nexus. Meanwhile, the available research is not enough to address these issues. Agriculture sector is for peace and sustainability and to strengthen this sustainability there is dire need of Convergence is needed between integrated pest management strategies and integrated vector management strategies to help farmers improve their agricultural practices while minimizing environmental risks to health. In addition, further research by the medical scientists and agricultural scientists is needed to explore the epidemiology of various diseases caused by the agricultural activities through promotion of vector

Neglected monteggia fracture: experience in eleven patients

To evaluate surgical options in the treatment of missed monteggia fracture dislocation. Case series Place and Duration of the Study: CMH Rawalpindi from May 2007 to August 2009. We have presented our surgical experience in 11 patients who reported to CMH Rwp from May 2007 to August 2009. They were treated by close reduction or surgically depending upon the patient age and delay. Boyd's approach was used for open reduction of the radial head in some cases. Postoperatively they were evaluated by Kim's elbow performance score Patients were all boys. Those below 12 years of age were included in the study. Excellent to good results were observed in those who were treated by open reduction of ulnar fracture by callus trimming with indirect reduction of radial head via interosseous membrane traction. Single forearm bone fracture should be treated as fracture dislocation until proved by adequate radiological survey and clinical examination

Frostbite: Severity and predisposing factors amongst Pakistan troops in Siachen

To know the severity and find out the exact causes and predisposing factors of frost bite, so that certain guidelines can be formulated for the troops and the people in command channel in order to minimize significantly the frequency and severity of this disability. Descriptive, questionnaire-based study Study was done in field hospitals of Siachen sector from May 2002 to April 2003. A total of 130 patients who suffered from frostbite in this duration were included, excluding injuries due to other causes. Proforma with questionnaire was completed by the doctor him self. The cumulative incidence was 29/1000 in one year. Maximum injuries were 1st degree [37.7%] and 2nd degree [33.1%]. Feet [56.9%] and hand's [26.9%] involvement was most common. There was a significant relation between lack of proper equipment or lack of knowledge and the injury. Maximum cold injuries [52.3%] were due to ill fitted, defective and soaked boots, socks and gloves. Majority of troops [47.6%] did not have basic knowledge to protect themselves from cold injuries. Maximum cases [about 84%] were seen in peak cold weather i.e. November - February. High altitude serving troops should wear appropriate clothing, properly fitted quality boots, socks and gloves. They should have proper education and training regarding how to deal with cold weather. They should also avoid wet clothing, movement in blizzard, prolonged exposure to severely cold wind, and should be replaced after short intervals from their posts