[Toxicity evaluation of malathion, carbaryle and glyphosate in common carp fingerlings [Cyprinus carpio, linnaeus, 1758]]

Common carp [Cyprinus carpio] fishes during release into the rivers estuary of the Caspian southern basin are generally exposed to a broad spectrum of agricultural pesticides. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three agricultural pesticides including Malathion, Carbaryle and Glyphosate on C. carpio in lethal level by determining LC[50] 96h and sub-lethal levels via cholinesterase [ChE] activity. The median lethal concentration using a standard method which is called OECD No. 203 [1992], was measured. About 300 fingerlings with average weight of 2.0 +/- 0.4 g were randomly selected and were then exposed to each pesticide in three treatments [0.1, 0.2 LC[50] 96h and negative control] in three replications. 5, 10 and 15 days after the test period, sampling from the head and body of fishes was carried out. The ChE activity was assayed with biochemical method described by Ellman. The LC[50] 96h for three glyphosate, malathion and carbaryle pesticides were obtained as 6.75, 1.3 and 12.67 mg/L, respectively. The mean values of ChE for both head and body under control conditions were found 1241.356 and 723.103 mU/min/mg protein, respectively. Therefore, the ChE activity of head was 1.7 times more than the body. During the test period, inhibition activitiy of ChE was significantly observed in the fishes treated by any of three components in comparison with control [p<0.05]. The ChE inhibition potential by carbaryle and glyphosate was lower than malathion as compared with control. The exposure time concentration exhibited a significant effect compared to the fishes treated by the investigated pesticide types. The used pesticide concentrations for non-target species which were ineffective and permissible according to the lethality bioassay test can lead to their enzyme responses and bio-damages

[Target audiences' awareness and perspectives about the guideline on "dissemination of health research results and innovations"]

Introduction: Media act as the most significant tool in dissemination of health news. The Health Ministry's guideline on public dissemination of results can be considered the first controlling policy in disseminating health news in the country. This study examines the level of awareness and perspectives of health journalists, researchers and health research managers on the aforementioned guideline

Methods: The study was conducted through both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative section, opinions of 23 individuals including researchers, health journalists and research centers' authorities were gathered through six in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions. The content of the interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis with Open code software. In the qualitative section, as a quick complementary study, the guideline's publicizing was reviewed by questioning the medical universities' public relations officers [41 universities] and researchers [24 individuals] whose research results had been disseminated in mass media in the past one month

Results: In the qualitative section, the guideline was examined for three domains of publicizing, content, and executive assurance. Most interviewees were unaware of the guideline. Concerning the content, not being comprehensive, and incompleteness of the guideline's items, lack of clarity of the items, absence of specification of target audiences, and lack of executive assurance were mentioned. In the quantitative section, 28 [71.8%] medical universities' public relations officers and 21 [87.5%] researchers were unaware of the guideline

Conclusion: The importance of public dissemination of health research and innovation findings grows accordingly with the increased production of science in the country. Implementing research governance and existence of compulsory guidelines seems necessary in this respect. The current guideline's content is defective, and this matter impedes its executive assurance. Therefore, we suggest revising it with the help of relevant stakeholders and experts [lawmakers, journalists, politicians, scientists, etc]

[Effect of experimental coccidial infection on cellular immunity induced by newcastle disease vaccination in broilers]

In order to evaluate the possible immunosuppressive effects of coccidial infection on Cell Mediated Immunity [CMI] of broiler chickens, 640 Ross male day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 equal groups of 160 [each consist of 4 replicates of 40]. The negative control group remained unchallenged, while the other three groups challenged with 3 different levels of high, medium and low doses of mixed inoculums of E. acervulina and E. maxima at 15 days of age. For the assessment of CMI, Macrophage Migration Inhibition [MIF] test was performed. For this purpose blood samples were collected at 15, 22, 36 days of age. No significant difference was observed among MIF of different groups at 15 days of age [p>0.05]. At 22 and 36 days of age a significant difference observed among MIF of high dose and control groups [p<0.05]. According to the results, it can be concluded that severe coccidial infection may compromise specific CMI activity in broilers

Effect of Ministry of Health and Medical Education structure on application of medical research

Integration of health services and medical education the brief manifest of Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education [MOHME]- has been studied mainly from the perspective of health service and medical education quality so far. The objective of present study however, is to examine the impact of integrated structure of MOHME on domestic research utilization. Macro-level policy makers in charge of designing the national research and innovation system are expected to benefit from the results of this study. The study was conducted inform of Grounded Theory and through interview's with a wide range of persons ranging from policy makers to healthcare providers in medical and non-medical groups. Integration' has not fully evolved yet. Beyond the structural changes that have been created at the higher levels of MOHME and medical universities, a set of processes should have been defined for attainment of the desired goals. Neither the created structural changes have covered the level of educational and research groups, nor the set of needed processes has been defined. The issue of inadequate research utilization is not limited to health sector, but is also present in other pillars of the national research and innovation system. From the perspective of health research, the national research and innovation system should be defined at the macro level before making any decisions about changing the current structures. The reason is that the main problems of the research system in Iran are not confined to medical sciences or the 'integration', but more general and drastic issues are existent. Any putative structural changes in the 'integration 'and medical sciences should be viewed only as secondary to these main issues

need to revise assessment criteria of academic board members:assessment of research based knowledge transfer in Tehran university of medical sciences

In the past two decades, scientific publications in Iran has considerably increased in the context of medical science and the number of articles published in ISI journals has doubled from 1997 to 2001. Along with this quantitative development, it is interesting to know whether the researches done have led to a change in service provision and an improvement in the health of the society eventually. The aim of the present study was to examine the behavior of researchers in Tehran University of Medical Sciences about knowledge transfer activities. The other question was which factors could affect the researchers' behavior of knowledge transfer. The samples of study were all Tehran University of Medical Sciences' research projects that had received grants from inside and outside the university in 1383, had registered their contracts, had been finished by the time this study was done [the second half of 1385] and their reports had been sent. of 315 research projects that possessed the inclusion criteria, 301 projects were examined and their respective checklists were completed. The researcher's questionnaire was sent to the principal investigators of the projects and eventually 208 questionnaires were collected. Researchers stated that their passive activities of knowledge transfer to be more in the field of publishing articles. The mean score for researchers' performance in this field was 27% of the total score. The mean score of the researchers' performance in [active] activities was 6% of the total score attainable. The review of 301 research proposals showed that the total cost of the projects under study was a little less than 12 trillion rials, whereas in only 20 projects [6.6%], part of the cost had been provided by organizations outside the university. Among these, only 7 cases [2.3%] had considered costs for research-based knowledge transfer. In spite of the present expectations of knowledge transfer in the world, many academicians still use the methods of research based knowledge dissemination and not implementation. So, if it is necessary to 'connect knowledge to practice', it is also necessary to introduce considerable changes in organizational procedures and encouragement policies [e.g. employment and promotion of academic members]. The organizations themselves need to show commitment to knowledge transfer too. This means that apart from creating the necessary motivation in researchers, methods of implementation such as securing the necessary funds as part of the expenses of research projects and also training of researchers should also be considered

[Knowledge translation: a model for research utilization]

The present study was aimed to design a knowledge transfer model that would provide a conceptual framework for linking the different components of a knowledge translation cycle. Such a theoretical model will enable us to organize and evaluate the current situation and design further studies on the transfer of research generated knowledge. This research, performed in 2006-7 in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, utilized two district methodologies: the first part was a narrative review with the goal of identifying the existing knowledge transfer models; the second part included focus group discussions to find out the views and opinions of researchers and decision-makers concerning the factors that promote or hinder knowledge translation within the health system. The two studies have provided the input for designing a "Knowledge Translation Cycle" with five domains: Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Transfer, Research Utilization, Question Transfer, and the context of University. Within each domain, the model includes two components [with the exception of the university context]. This model offers a theoretical basis for identifying the basic requirements and the linking mechanisms for the translation of knowledge

[Self-assessment in research organization [Application of the knowledge translation model]]

The main purpose of the study was the development of a self-assessment tool for research organizations to enable them to assess knowledge translation in their own settings. The development of this self-assessment tool is done based on a narrative review and subsequent focus group discussions, to design a knowledge translation model that would provide a conceptual framework for linking the different components of a knowledge translation cycle, which reported previously. Repeatability of the self-assessment domains was assessed in the 21 participants using intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]. Each participant filled the form twice within a two-week interval. The internal consistency for each domain was estimated in the 45 study subjects using Cronbach's alpha. This self-assessment tool is an instrument that allows stakeholders in a research organization to review their own knowledge translation activities. This tool consists of 50 statements in four domains; 1- The research question, 2- Knowledge production, 3- Knowledge transfer and 4- Promoting the use of evidence. The respective ICCs and Cronbach's alpha for the four domains were 0.94 and 0.79 for the research question, 0.87 and 0.70 for knowledge production, 0.90 and 0.86 for knowledge transfer, 0.48 and 0.27 for promoting the use of evidence. This self-assessment tool is a way of listing the wide range of variables that affect knowledge translation at organizational level. Although the tool is intended for use by a group of people and not by individuals, it is not a survey instrument and its results should not be interpreted quantitatively. Therefore, this self-assessment tool can be useful for assessing the knowledge translation activities of each research organization, thereby identifying its shortcomings and seeking ways to improve them