ABSTRACT
Since its emergence in December 2019, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted several countries, affecting more than 90 thousand patients and making it a global public threat. The routes of transmission are direct contact, and droplet and possible aerosol transmissions. Due to the unique nature of dentistry, most dental procedures generate significant amounts of droplets and aerosols, posing potential risks of infection transmission. Understanding the significance of aerosol transmission and its implications in dentistry can facilitate the identification and correction of negligence in daily dental practice. In addition to the standard precautions, some special precautions that should be implemented during an outbreak have been raised in this review.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aerosols , Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections , Cross Infection , Dentistry , Hand Hygiene , Infection Control , Methods , Pandemics , Personal Protective Equipment , Pneumonia, ViralABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effects of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) silence on the expression of insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) in insulin resistance (IR) model HepG2 cells and its possible mechanism. Methods The HepG2 cells were divided into blank group, TCF7L2 interference group, empty vector group, IR group, IR+TCF7L2 interference group, IR+empty vector group. IR-HepG2 cell model was induced by in vitro cultivation o the cells in high concentration of insulin (5 X 10-6 mol/L) for 24 hours; GOD-POD and 2-NBDG method was used to verify successful reproduction of IR-cell model. TCF7L2 specific siRNA lentivirus vector (LV-TCF7L2-siRNA) was constructed with TCF7L2 mRNA coding sequence as the interference target, and it was used to transfect the cells in blank group and IR group. Empty vector virus was used to transfect the cells in empty vector group and IR+empty vector group. The expressions of TCF7L2 and IDE mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR, and the changes in the expression of TCF7L2, IDE, insulin stimulated protein kinase B(AKT) and phosphorylated protein kinase B(p-AKT) were detected by Western blotting. The uptake rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Compared with that in control group, the glucose consumption and the uptake rate of 2-NBDG significantly decreased in IR group (P<0.01), proving that the IR cell model had been reproduced successfully. Western bloting and qRT-PCR revealed that the expression levels of TCF7L2 and IDE mRNA and protein were obviously decreased in IR group compared with that in blank group (P<0.05), in TCF7L2 interference group than in blank group and empty vector group, and in IR+TCF7L2 interference group than in blank group and IR+empty vector group (P<0.05). Afer physiological insulin stimulation, the expression levels of p-AKT protein decreased more signifcantly in IR group and IR+TCF7L2 interference group than in blank group (P<0.01), while no statistically signifcant difference in the total AKT protein level was found among all the groups. 2-NBDG uptake rate was significantly decreased in TCF7L2 interference group as compared with that in blank group and empty vector group, and also in IR+TCF7L2 interference group than in IR group and IR+empty vector group, respectively P<0.01. ConclusionTe mechanism of IR induced by the interaction of TCF7L2 and IDE might be related to the decreased expression of the insulin signaling pathway key enzyme p-AKT protein.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) levels with anthropometrics, glycolipid metabolism markers and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) patients. Methods Retrospective analysis were carried out in 40 AGHD patients (AGHD group, admitted to First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University) and 40 healthy adults from physical examination centre (control group) during June 2009 to September 2012. The general anthropometries and blood biochemical indexes were collected and compared between two groups. AIP, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment β-cell function (HOMA-β), LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and TG/LDL-C were calculated and compared between two groups. The correlation between AIP and these indexes was analyzed using Pearson correlation. Results Compared with control group, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), fasting insulin (FINS), HOMA-P, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, hs-CPR, IL-6, AIP were significant higher, but HDL-C levels were lower in AGHD group (P0.05). There was a positive association between AIP and all the WC, WHR, FINS, HOMA- β, HOMA-IR, TC, \LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/LDL-C, hs-CRP and IL-6 (r=0.349, 0.314, 0.347, 0.335, 0.297, 0.256, 0.576, 0.749, 0.702, 0.477, 0.226, respectively, P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that hs-CRP and IL-6 were independent risk factors of AIP. Conclusion AIP is significantly higher in AGHD patients than healthy people, and it shows a strong correlation with many risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.