Polymorphs of clopidogrel bisulfate / 药学学报

This paper is to report the polymorphism of raw materials of clopidogrel bisulfate at home and abroad. By the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), samples are roughly classified into two groups, except one patent material. And the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) examination showed more detailed information for these materials. The results of the study could provide comprehensive basis for the quality evaluation of clopidogrel bisulfate.

Effective analysis of continous perfusion with Dandshen and heparin for treatment of femoral head necrosis / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of continous perfusion with Danshen and heparin for treatment of femoral head necrosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 2004 to June 2007,42 patients of femoral head necrosis were treated by contious perfusing with Dandshen and heparin, included 24 males and 18 females with an average age of 39.2 years ranging from 13 to 61 years. There were 18 patients on stage II, 13 patients on stage III, 11 patients on stage IV according to Ficat standard. The venous duct were inserted into femoral head then perfused Danshen and heparin into femoral head for 15 days. Every patient was carried out opacification before treatment and 1 month after operation. Every patient was evaluated according to Harris standard before treatment and 3, 6, 12 months after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were followed-up for 32 to 68 months (means 42.7 months). The average scores of 18 patients on stage II on 3, 6, 12 months after treatment were (88.43 +/- 3.41), (94.37 +/- 3.47), (92.84 +/-4.29), respectively, and the scores after treatment were higher than the score (78.23 +/- 3.47) after treatment. The average scores of 13 cases on stage III on 3, 6, 12 after treatment were (82.94 +/- 3.31), (88.60 +/- 2.31), (86.09 +/- 3.17) respectivly, and the scores after treatment were higher than the score (66.11 +/- 4.50) before treatment. The average scores of 11 cases on stage IV on 3, 6, 12 months after treatment were (61.31 +/- 4.06), (59.2 +/- 7.31), (54.62 +/- 8.20) respectivly,and the scores on 3, 6 months after treatment were higher than the score (50.16 +/- 2.35) before treatment,but there was no obvious difference between before treatment and 12 months after treatment. The rank of phlebography of 18 cases on stage II and 13 cases on stage IlI were improved obvi ously 1 month after treatment,but there was no obvious difference in 11 cases of stage IV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method of contious perfusing with Danshen and heparin into femoral head has the advantage of little damage and good effect. It refers to patients in early stage (II and II ).</p>

Development and validation of HPLC-UV-MS method for the control of four anti-diabetic drugs in suspected counterfeit products / 药学学报

An HPLC-UV method has been developed for the determination of valibose, miglitol, voglibose and acarbose, the four anti-diabetic drugs. The separation was accomplished successfully by using reversed phase chromatography (Prevail carbohydrate column, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with a gradient acetonitrile-phosphate buffer solution (pH 8.0) at a wavelength of 210 nm. Furthermore, the method of a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MS in positive ionization mode has been established. These two methods were successfully applied to the assay and qualitative detection of four alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the potential counterfeit anti-diabetic drugs.

The prevention and treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leakage following cervical spine surgery / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate curative effect of the prevention and treatment in cerebrospinal fluid leakage (CFL) after cervical surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Medical records of 607 patients who underwent cervical surgery at our hospital from Feb. 2004 to Feb. 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Six patients complicated by CFL after surgery were enrolled, of which 4 males and 2 females, age for 47-75 years with an average of 60 years. Course of disease was from 6 months to 5 years. 4 cases occurred at 1-3 days after operation and 2 cases at 5 days. 2 cases were treated through latero-incision drainage, 2 cases continuous subarachnoid drainage, and 2 cases pressure dressing. Clinical outcomes of surgical management were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CFL of all the cases was stopped within 1-3 days after operation,and subarachnoid drainage lasted 10-14 days with an average volume of 320 ml. Three cases had headache, nausea and vomiting; 1 case suffered from somnolence and hyponatremia, and symptoms subsided after treatment. All patients were followed up with an average of 30 months. No cerebrospinal fluid cyst or wound infection were found. There was no significant effects on neuromuscular function recovery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Timely and correct surgical intervention and postoperative management have good results for CFL. If it is severe, latero-incision drainage and continuous subarachnoid drainage should be adopted.</p>

Study on relationship between polymorphism sites of TIM4 and allergic asthma in the population of Han nationality from Hubei province of China / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate two single nucleotide polymorphism sites of T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein-4 (TIM4) and to detect their relationship with allergic asthma in a population of Hans from Hubei province of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The polymorphisms (8570G > A and 11515C > A) were detected with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 145 cases of allergic asthma and 130 healthy controls. The genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genotype frequencies of GG, GA and AA in 8570G > A polymorphism were 0.985, 0.015 and 0 respectively in the healthy population and 0.931, 0.069 and 0 respectively in the allergic asthma population. There was significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between the allergic asthma patients and control subjects (P=0. 030, P=0.032). The polymorphism of 11515C>o A was not detected.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The polymorphism of 8570G > A in TIM4 may be associated with allergic asthma in the population of Han nationality from Hubei province of China.</p>

Study on the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of GPR154 gene with allergic asthma in Han nationality in Hubei Chinese population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether two polymorphism sites of the G protein-coupled receptor 154 gene (GPR154) are associated with asthma in Han nationality of Hubei province in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 145 cases of allergic asthma and 120 healthy controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1)The genotype frequencies of SNP563704 were 0.324 for CC, 0.524 for CT, 0.152 for TT in allergic asthma patients in a Chinese population. The genotype frequencies of SNP522363 were 0.289 for CC, 0.521 for CG, 0.190 for GG in allergic asthma patients in a Chinese population. (2)No significant differences in the distributions of SNP563704 and SNP522363 polymorphisms were found between allergic asthma and healthy control subjects (chi square is 1.880, P> 0.05; chi square is 0.700, P> 0.05, respectively). (3)No significant difference in serum total IgE was found between patients with allergic asthma with different genotypes of SNP563704 and SNP522363 (F is 0.714, P> 0.05; F is 0.083, P> 0.05, respectively). (4) The distribution of frequencies of 4 haplotypes showed significant difference(chi square is 16.50,P< 0.01). The haplotype frequencies of CT and GT were remarkably higher in asthma subjects than those in controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The polymorphisms of SNP563704 and SNP522363 are not associated with allergic asthma in Han nationality in Hubei Chinese population. However, the haplotypes are associated with allergic asthma.</p>

Lyophilized standards for the calibration of real time PCR assay for hepatitis C virus RNA / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Since October 1997, an international standard for hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleic acid amplification technology assay, 96/790, has been available. We compared a series of lyophilized standards with known HCV RNA concentrations against the international standard in fluorescence quantitative PCR detection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A series of lyophilized sera were calibrated by ROCHE COBAS AMPLICOR HCV Monitor test against the international standard and sent to various manufacturers to analyse the samples using their own kits. Then calibration curves from the series were compared with that obtained from the external standard calibration curve with the manufacture's series.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The standard calibration curve with the series of lyophilized serum showed an excellent correlation (R(2) > 0.98), slope and intercept that were similar to those from the manufacture's series. When the standard calibration curve from the series of lyophilized standards were used to define the values of the given sample, lower coefficients of variation between kits from different manufactures were obtained.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results showed that the lyophilized standards could be used to setup the standard calibration curve for clinical HCV RNA quantitative PCR detection.</p>

Study on relationship between polymorphism sites of TIM-3 and allergic asthma in a population of adult Hans from Hubei province of China / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate two single nucleotide polymorphism sites of the promoter region in T cells immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein-3 (TIM-3) and detect their relationship with allergic asthma in a population of adult Hans from Hubei province of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The polymorphisms were detected with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and allelic specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR). The genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genotype frequencies of CC, CT and TT in -1541 C/T polymorphism were 0.961, 0.039 and 0 respectively in the healthy population and were 0.935, 0.065 and 0 respectively in the allergic asthma population. No significant difference in genotype and alleles frequencies was found between the allergic asthma patients and control subjects (P=0.314, P=0.321). The genotype frequencies of GG, GT and TT in -574 T/G polymorphism were 0.992, 0.008 and 0 respectively in the healthy population and were 0.941, 0.059 and 0 respectively in the allergic asthma population. There was significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between the allergic asthma patients and control subjects (P=0.046, P=0.048).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are polymorphism sites of the promoter region in TIM-3 , and one of these sites, the -574 G/T polymorphism site, may be associated with allergic asthma in the population of adult Hans from Hubei province of China.</p>

The research on the correlation between eotaxin-3 gene polymorphisms and allergic asthma / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study in the linkage between eotaxin-3 gene polymorphisms and allergic asthma susceptivity, blood plasma IgE or peripheral blood eosinophil in adult population of Han nationality from Hubei province of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), tetra-primer PCR technique and restriction analysis were applied to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The allele frequency of eotaxin-3 +2497 G, total levels of plasma IgE and peripheral blood eosinophil counts revealed the significant difference between control and allergic asthma group, that the P value was 0.011, 0.021 or 0.029 respectively. The allele frequency of eotaxin-3 +77 T and total levels of plasma IgE showed to have no significant difference between control and allergic asthma group, that the P value was 0.824 and 0.473 respectively. However, the peripheral blood eosinophil counts was significantly different between control and allergic asthma group, and the P value was 0.044.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Single nucleotide polymorphism of eotaxin-3 +2497 is associated with the asthma susceptibility, peripheral eosinophil counts and total levels of plasma IgE in adult population from Hubei province, and polymorphism of +77 is associated with peripheral eosinophil counts.</p>

Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of Interferon-gamma gene intron 1 +874 site and susceptibility of hepatitis B virus infection / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the possible relationship between the polymorphisms of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene intron 1 at position +874 and the susceptibility of hepatitis B virus infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>IFN-gamma gene single nucleotide polymorphism (intron 1 at position +874) were detected in 531 subjects including 231 chronic carrier of hepatitis B virus (group CC), 165 individuals who spontaneously recovered from HBV infection (group SR) and 135 healthy controls, by polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Significant difference of IFN-gamma +874 AA genotype frequency was found between group CC (TT, TA and AA frequencies were 9.1%, 12.1% and 78.8%, respectively) and control group (TT, TA and AA frequencies were 12.6%, 23.0% and 64.4%, respectively) (chi(2) = 9.60, P = 0.008), but no significant difference found between group SR (TT, TA and AA frequencies were 13.9%, 23.7% and 62.4%, respectively) and control group (chi(2) = 0.16, P = 0.92).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was association between IFN-gamma gene polymorphism (intron 1 at position +874) and chronic HBV infection. This study suggested the possibility that IFN-gamma gene polymorphism (intron 1 at position +874) might be important in determining an individual's susceptibility in the development of chronic HBV infection.</p>

Relationship of interleukin-18 gene promoter polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis B in Chinese Han population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the polymorphisms of interleukin-18(IL-18) gene promoters, and to disclose whether such polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in Chinese Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers method, the authors detected the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the promoter region of IL-18 gene at position -607C/A and -137G/C in 231 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 300 normal controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequency of CC genotype in IL-18 gene promoter region at position -607 was 0.22(66/300) in normal controls and 0.27(62/231) in patients. The frequency of CA genotype was 0.53(160/300) in normal controls and 0.50(116/231) in patients. The frequency of AA genotype was 0.25(74/300) in normal controls and 0.23(53/231) in patients. The frequencies of -137GG, GC and CC genotype were 0.67, 0.30 and 0.03 in normal controls respectively; whereas in chronic hepatitis B patients the frequencies were 0.79, 0.19 and 0.02. The genotype frequency of -137GG in chronic hepatitis B groups was significantly higher than that in normal controls(chi2: 8.55, P=0.003), but the frequencies of -607C/-137C and -607A/-137C haplotypes in chronic hepatitis B groups were significantly lower than those in normal controls. The association between genotype of IL-18 promoter region polymorphisms and hepatitis B virus(HBV) copies showed that the frequency of -607AA genotype in high HBV-DNA copies groups was lower than that in low HBV-DNA copies groups(chi2: 6.03, P=0.014).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The polymorphisms of the promoter region of IL-18 gene at position -607C/A and -137G/C are correlated with chronic hepatitis B in Chinese Han population. The people with -137C allele in the promoter region of IL-18 gene may be protected against HBV infection, and the IL-18 -607AA genotype may be linked to HBV-DNA copy.</p>

Exploring the possibility of a relationship between polymorphism in TIM-1 and allergic asthma in children of the Hans from Hubei province of China / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate two polymorphism sites of exon 4 in T cells, immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein-1 (TIM-1, also human hepatitis A virus cellular receptor-1) and to detect whether they are associated with allergic asthma in children of the Hans in Hubei province of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The ins/del and IVS 8+9 G/A polymorphisms in TIM-1 were detected with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP). The genotypes and alleles frequencies were calculated and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Two alleles, a wide type del and a variant allele ins were identified in the TIM-1 exon 4. The genotype frequencies of ins/ins, ins/del, and del/del were 0.065,0.326, and 0.608 respectively in the healthy population of the Hans. Another IVS 8/9 G/A polymorphism was also found. The genotype frequencies of A/A, G/A, G/G were 0.022, 0.196 and 0.783, respectively. (2) The genotype frequencies of ins/ins, ins/del, and del/del were 0.045, 0.318, and 0.636 respectively in the allergic asthma population in children of the Hans. No significant difference in ins/del polymorphism was found between allergic asthma patients and control subjects. Another 8/9 IVS G/A polymorphism was also found. The genotype frequencies of A/A, G/A and G/G were 0.009, 0.209 and 0.782 respectively in allergic asthma. No significant difference in IVS G/A polymorphism was found between allergic asthma patients and control subjects.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The genotype and allele frequencies in the two polymorphism sites in TIM-1 in healthy population of the Hans from Hubei province of China were similar to those in Japanese. The two polymorphism sites of TIM-1 are not associated with allergic asthma in Chinese children.</p>

The application of complexed PSA and its relative indexes in the diagnosis of prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the applicable value of complexed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From July 2001 to May 2002, 152 consecutive patients (21 were prostate cancer and 131 were benign prostate hyperplasia proved by pathologic diagnosis) whose serum total PSA (TPSA) ranged from 0.2 microgram/L to 21.9 micrograms/L were accessed. The measurement of total PSA, free PSA (FPSA) and complexed PSA was performed by chemiluminescence immuno-assay method. The correlation of TPSA and CPSA was analysed by SPPS 10.0. The receiver operating characteristic curves were generated by plotting the sensitivity versus specificity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Area under the curve was calculated for each assay. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the ability of CPSA, TPSA and FPSA/TPSA. Area under the ROC curve of CPSA, TPSA and FPSA/TPSA ratio were 0.811, 0.799 and 0.376, respectively. The specificity for the complexed PSA, TPSA and FPSA/FPSA ratio were 62%, 57% and 4.7%, respectively, at cutoffs yielding 95% sensitivity. CPSA was determined to be the best index among the three ones by logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The CPSA and TPSA level in serum may provide good differentiation effect of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia than FPSA/TPSA ratio. The CPSA performs better than TPSA. At the same sensitivity, CPSA has higher specificity.</p>

Study on the high-affinity IgE receptor beta gene polymorphism and its association with the susceptibility to allergic asthma in Han nationality of Hubei province / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine whether 2 polymorphism sites of the high-affinity IgE receptor beta (Fc epsilon RI beta) gene were associated with allergic asthma in Han nationality of Hubei province in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>DNA and clinical data were obtained from allergic asthma patients and were compared with those from a group of healthy control subjects. The subjects were genotyped for the -109C/T and a coding variant Glu237Gly in Fc epsilon RI beta gene by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The genotype frequencies were 0.403 for -109T/T, 0.491 for -109T/C and 0.106 for -109C/C in allergic asthma patients in a Chinese population. No significant difference in the distribution of -109C/T polymorphism was found between allergic asthma patients and healthy control subjects; however, a homozygosity for the -109T allele was associated with increased total plasma IgE levels in patients with allergic asthma (F=7.523, P<0.01). (2) The frequency of Gly237Gly genotype was 0.051 in patient group, and 0.020 in control group. The allele frequencies of Gly237 in the patients and control were 0.236 and 0.136 respectively. There was a significant association between Gly/Gly genotype and allergic asthma. Among allergic asthma patients Gly237Gly was significantly associated with high IgE.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These data suggested that the Gly237Gly genotype of the Fc epsilon RI beta gene conferred genetic susceptibility to allergic asthma in Chinese, which affected the total plasma IgE levels in the allergic asthma patients. And a homozygosity for the -109T allele was associated with increased total plasma IgE.</p>

Roles of intracellular calcium and monomeric G-proteins in regulating exocytosis of human neutrophils / 生理学报

Neutrophils play a major role in host defense against microbial infection. There are some clues indicate that neutrophils may also play a role in the pathophysiology of the airway obstruction in chronic asthma. We studied the roles of intracellular calcium and GTP gamma S in the regulation of neutrophils exocytosis using pipette perfusion and membrane capacitance measurement technique in whole cell patch clamp configuration. The results showed that the membrane capacitance increase induced by calcium revealed a biphasic process. The first phase occurred when the calcium level was between 0.2-14 micromol/L with a plateau amplitude of 1.23 pF and a calcium EC50 of 1.1 micromol/L. This phase might correspond to the release of the tertiary granules. The second phase occurred when the calcium concentration was between 20-70 micromol/L with a plateau increment of 6.36 pF, the calcium EC50 being about 33 micromol/L. This phase might represent the release of the primary and secondary granules. Intracellular calcium also simultaneously increased the exocytotic rate and the eventual extent in neutrophils. On the other hand, GTP gamma S can increase the exocytotic rate in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on the eventual extent of membrane capacitance increment (>6 pF) if the cell was stimulated for a long period (>20 min). GTP gamma S (ranging from 20 to 100 micromol/L) induced the neutrophils to release all four types of the granules at very low intracellular calcium level.