The Benefit Risk Assessment of Consumption of Marine Species Based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered Approach / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the net health effect caused by the consumption of specific marine species based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered approach.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty species were collected from the Zhoushan Archipelago, China. Concentrations of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury (MeHg), and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the samples were analyzed for benefit risk assessment based on BRAFO-tiered approach.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Based on the BRAFO-tiered approach, reference scenario (no intake) and alternative scenario (intake of specific species of 200 g/week) were determined. The exposure to MeHg/DLCs via alternative scenario of all studied species did not exceed provisional tolerable weekly/monthly intake. However, the adult population with high DLCs exposure in China would significantly exceed the upper limit of DLCs via an additional alternative scenario of some species such as Auxis thazard. The results of deterministic computation showed that alternative scenario of all studied species generated clear net beneficial effects on death prevention and child IQ gain.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The alternative scenario of all studied species could be recommended to population with average DLCs exposure, and the reference scenario of species with relatively high DLCs concentration could be recommended to population exposed to high DLCs.</p>

Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in analyzing pharmacokinetics and distribution of deltamethrin in miniature pig tissues / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To characterize the pharmacokinetics and distribution profiles of deltamethrin in miniature pig tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pharmacokinetics and distribution of deltamethrin in blood and tissues of 30 miniature pigs were studied by GC-MS after oral administration of deltamethrin (5 mg/kg bw). Data were processed by 3P97 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum deltamethrin level was significantly lower in tissues than in blood of miniature pigs. The AUC0-72 h, Cmax, of deltamethrin were 555.330 ± 316.987 ng h/mL and 17.861 ± 11.129 ng/mL, respectively. The Tmax, of deltamethrin was 6.004 ± 3.131 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The metabolism of deltamethrin in miniature pigs is fit for a one-compartment model with a weighting function of 1/C2. Deltamethrin is rapidly hydrolyzed and accumulated in miniature pig tissues.</p>

The human body burden of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in residents' human breast milk from Beijing in 2007 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate contamination levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in human breast milk from Beijing residents, and evaluate the human body burden of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs of general population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 110 human milk samples were collected from 11 regions in Beijing in 2007. After 11 pooled samples were made, concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in breast milk pooled samples were measured by a high resolution gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (HRCG-HRMS) with isotope dilution.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For congeners of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in human breast milk from Beijing, the highest content of congeners was octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-118, and PCB-105 with the median of 20.6 pg/g fat, 4.07 ng/g fat and 1.63 ng/g fat, respectively. The concentration median of total dioxins in 11 pooled human milk samples from Beijing was 7.4 pg TEQ/g fat. The highest was 13.5 pg TEQ/g fat from Tongzhou, and the lowest was 4.3 pg TEQ/g fat from Pinggu.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The contamination level of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in human milk from Beijing is relatively low. However, with the rapid industrialization in China, the human body burden of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs will be likely to rise. Thus, further studies should be conducted to continuously monitor the trend of contamination level.</p>

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers load in human serum of Taiyuan city in 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study was conducted to characterize polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) load in human serum of Taiyuan city in 2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 42 blood samples were collected in Taiyuan city, 2010. Solid-phase extraction (SPE)-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry method was used to measure the concentration of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE)-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-66, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183 and BDE-209 and ΣPBDEs was calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the tested serum samples, ΣPBDEs ranged from 2.09 to 66.74 ng/g of lipid weight (lw), the median and mean was 6.32 ng/g lw and 9.84 ng/g lw, respectively. BDE-209 was the main source of ΣPBDEs and its concentration ranged from no detection to 64.99 ng/g lw, the median was 4.11 ng/g lw, accounting for 67.6% of ΣPBDEs. Second source was BDE-153 and its concentration ranged from 0.29 to 4.92 ng/g lw, the median was 0.62 ng/g lw accounting for 10.1% of ΣPBDEs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The overall load of PBDEs in the serum of local residents was low in 2010.</p>

Smoking status or age impact on urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in electrical and electronic equipment waste dismantling workers / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the smoking or age impact on occupational workers in electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) dismantling procedure, using 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine as a biomarker for oxidative damage to DNA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The pre-workshift and post-workshift urinary samples of 64 male workers in e-waste dismantling procedure were detected by solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (SPE-HPLC-ECD). The data were statistically analyzed by two factors, age or smoking status.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 8-OHdG levels in non-smokers' urines (n = 42) were higher than those in smokers' urines (n = 22). The levels in pre-workshift urines were detected at (8.25 +/- 4.23) micromol/mol creatinine in non-smokers, while the values were (5.44 +/- 1.18) micromol/mol in smokers. And, the levels in post-workshift were detected at (43.12 +/- 16.19) micromol/mol creatinine in non-smokers, while the values were (14.82 +/- 2.51) micromol/mol in smokers. The 8-OHdG levels in pre-workshift urines were not different between non-smokers and smokers (t = -0.81, P = 0.42), however after 1 day exposure, urinary 8-OHdG levels were significantly increased in non-smokers than those in smokers (t = - 2.33, P < 0.05). On the other hand, the subjects were divided into five groups according to their age. The 8-OHdG levels in pre-workshift urines were (1.86 +/- 0.66), (3.57 +/- 0.54), (8.12 +/- 4.10), (11.39 +/- 3.70) micromol/mol creatinine in < 20 years group (n = 6), 20 -years group (n = 22), 30 - years group ( n = 23), 40 - 49 years group (n = 11) respectively. No effect of age was found on the pre-workshift urinary 8-OHdG levels (F = 0.98, t = 0.41). However, it was found that the post-workshift urinary 8-OHdG levels increased along with the e-waste workers' age (F = 4.81, P = 0.03), and they were (4.19 +/- 2.85), (19.89 +/- 5.26), (28.89 +/- 14.61), (34.94 +/- 12.50) micromol/mol creatinine in < 20 years group, 20 - years group, 30 - years group, 40 - 49 years group respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The urinary 8-OHdG levels in the e-waste dismantling workers might be inhibited by smoking status. The post-workshift urinary 8-OHdG levels increased along with the e-waste workers' age.</p>

Simultaneous determination of melamine, ammelide, ammeline, and cyanuric acid in milk and milk products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop an analytical method for simultaneously qualitative and quantitative determination of melamine and triazine-related by-products including ammelide, ammeline, and cyanuric acid in milk and milk products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Melamine and triazine-related by-products namely ammelide, ammeline and cyanuric acid in the samples were extracted in a solvent mixture of diethylamine, water, and acetonitrile (10:40:50, V/V/V). After centrifugation, an aliquot of the supernatant was evaporated to dryness under a gentle stream of nitrogen gas, and then melamine and triazine-related by-products were derivatized using BSTFA with 1% TMCS. The derivatives of melamine and its analogues were determined by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reactional monitoring (MRM) with 2, 6-Diamino-4-chloropyrimidine (DACP) being used as an internal standard.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The linear detectable ranges were from 0.004 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg for melamine, ammelide, ammeline, and cyanuric acid with a correlation coefficient no less than 0.999. The recovery rates of the four compounds in spiked blank milk powder at concentrations 0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg were between 61.4%-117.2%, and the relative standard deviation was no more than 11.5% (n=6). The detection limits of melamine, ammelide, ammeline and cyanuric acid in milk powder were 0.002 mg/kg with a ratio of signal to noise of 3.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This GC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of melamine, ammelide, ammeline, and cyanuric acid in milk and milk products is sensitive and specific.</p>