Analysis of lipophilic components of Salvia miltiorrhiza roots and S. yunnanensis roots by UPLC and LC-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

Fingerprints of lipophilic components in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis were analyzed by UPLC-DADand UPLC coupled with mass spectroscopy to evaluate the differences and similarities of the lipophilic components in the two kinds of herbs.The UPLC analysis of 18 batches of S.miltiorrhiza and 16 batches of S.yunnanensis was performed on a 25℃Thermo Accucore C_(18)column(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6μm)by Shimadzu LC-20AD;mobile phase was 0.026%phosphoric acid(A)-acetonitrile(B)with gradient elution;flow rate was 0.4 m L·min~(-1);detection wavelength was set at 270 nm;injection volume was 2μL.The molecular structures of the lipophilic components were analyzed on a 25℃Thermo Accucore C_(18)column(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6μm)by Thermo U3000 UPLC Q Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS with a mobile phaseconsisting of 0.1%formic acid water(A)and 0.1%formic acidacetonitrile(B).The mass spectrometry was acquired in positive modes using ESI.There are 10 common peaks in the lipophilic components of S.miltiorrhiza.The similarity between the 16 batches of S.miltiorrhiza and their own reference spectra was greater than 0.942,and the average similarity was 0.973.There are 12 common peaks in the lipophilic components of S.yunnanensis.The similarity between the 18 batches of S.yunnanensis and their own reference spectra was greater than 0.937,and the average similarity was 0.976.The similarity between the reference chromatograms of S.miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis was only 0.900.There are three lipophilic components in S.yunnanensis,which are not found in S.miltiorrhiza,and one of which isα-lapachone.There is a lipophilic component in S.miltiorrhiza not found in S.yunnanensis,which may be miltirone.The two herbs contain 8 common lipophilic components including dihydrotanshinoneⅠ,cryptotanshinone,tanshinoneⅠ,tanshinoneⅡ_A,nortanshinone in which the content of tanshinoneⅡ_A,dihydrotanshinoneⅠand cryptotanshinone of S.yunnanensisis significantly lower than that of S.miltiorrhiza(P<0.01),and the contents of tanshinoneⅠand nortanshinone are significantly lower than that of S.miltiorrhiza too(P<0.05).There are significant differences in the types and contents of lipophilic components between the roots of S.miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis,and the similarity between the fingerprints of interspecies is much lower than that between the same species.Therefore,the roots of S.miltiorrhiza and S.yunnanensis are two kinds of herbs which are quite different in chemical compounds and compositions.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Hospitalization Expenses in 7558 Cases of Patients with Mental Illness / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To analyze the cost of mental illness inpatients in Heilongjiang Neuropathy and Psychopathy Hospital in the past 5 years, to understand the current situation and explore its influencing factors. Methods: The cost composition of 7 558 patients discharged from hospital from 2013 to 2017 was analyzed, and the single factor analysis and multiple factor regression analysis were carried out. Results:The hospitalization cost was increasing year by year, the drug cost ratio decreased year by year, and the treatment cost ratio increased year by year. The main factors that affected the average daily cost of bed, according to its effect on the average daily cost of bed, were: days of hospitalization, emotional disorders(mood disorders), age, patient source, full out-of-pocket expenses, full public expenses and number of hospitalizations. Other mental disorders, schizophrenia, schizophrenia, schizophrenia and paranoid disorders, New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance. Conclusion: The hospitalization costs of mental illness patients were affected by varied factors, and comprehensive control measures should be adopted to effectively control the increase of medical expenses of inpatients.

Effects of drying temperature, growing area and plucking time on two saponins from leaves of Hedera helix / 中成药

AIM To investigate the effects of drying temperature,growing area and plucking time on hederacoside C,α-hederin from leaves of Hedera helix L..METHODS Three batches of H.helix leaves plucked in different time from two growing areas were dried in a vacuum oven to the constant weight at 60 ℃,70 ℃,80 ℃,90 ℃ and 105 ℃,respectively.Two saponins in the processed leaves were determined by HPLC.The powders of the processed H.helix leaves of different batches were mixed with proper ratios,which were determined by least squares optimization method with constraints.RESULTS The content of hederacoside C in the processed H.helix leaves of the three batches increased while that of α-hederin decreased with increasing temperature.The relative error between measured value and desired contents of hederacoside C and α-hederin in the mixed H.helix leaves was less than 5.5％.CONCLUSION The effects of three factors on the content of two saponins in the H.helix leaves are in the order of drying temperature,growing area and plucking time.Mixing processed H.helix leaves of different quality statues reasonably can control the contents of two saponins in a certain range.

Comparison on celluar anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities of seven derivative combinations of Yaotongning with alkaloid as main part and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation on optimized candidate combination / 中草药

Objective: To investigate which kind of Chinese medicinal effective fractions will produce good comprehensive cellular pharmacological activities when they were combined with alkaloids from Strychnos nux-vomica and Ephedra sinica, and to evaluate in vivo pharmacological activities of the effective fraction combination screened by cellular experiments. Methods: The equal proportion mixture of alkaloids from S. nux-vomica and E. sinica was set as a sample (sample 1, A); Two samples (samples 2 and 3) were designed by respectively adding the equal ratio mixture of five flavonoids (F) at 50% into alkaloids from S. nux-vomica or E. sinica; Four samples (samples 4-7) were designed by respectively adding F, equal proportion mixture of four saponins (S), equal ratio mixture of six volatile oils/aqueous (V), and equal proportion mixture of six polysaccharides (P) at 50% into A. Murine macrophage cells and chondrocytes were exposed to the new recipes, and then the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of recipes for inhibiting (PGE2) in macrophages and the half effective concentration (EC50) for promotion of the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in macrophages were detected and compared. The interactions among the active fractions were evaluated by comparing the experimental EC50/IC50 values to their corresponding additive EC50/IC50 values calculated by the least square optimum method. The in vivo pharmacodynamics of the best combination was evaluated by the ear swelling model and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) model in mice. Results: Sample 4 has good comprehensive activities of cellular anti-inflammation and immunoregulation. Moreover, strong synergistic effect among the effective fractions in this sample was observed; Cellular anti-inflammatory activities of samples 5, 6, and 7 were equivalent with sample 4; Samples 5 and 7 had good comprehensive cellular immunoregulation activity; But the alkaloids mixture (A) and the combinations of S. nux-vomica or E. sinica alkaloids with F (samples 2 and 3) were significantly weaker than sample 4 in cellular anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, and chondrocyte-proliferation. Sample 4 also exhibits a certain effect on in vivo anti-inflammation and immunity in mice when A was decreased at 25% or 5%. Conclusion: It is not suitable to design a combination just by alkaloids from S. nux-vomica and alkaloids of E. sinica; Alkaloids from S. nux-vomica or alkaloids of E. sinica are also not appropriate to solely combine with the mixture of flavonoids (F). When A is combined with F, S, V, and P, respectively, synergistic or additive effects among the active fractions are usually observed. These active fractions help to strengthen comprehensive cellular pharmacological activities of A. Sample 4 not only has good cellular activities of anti-inflammation and immunoregulation but also has better in vivo effect on anti-inflammation and immunity, suggesting that it is feasible to screen the optimized Chinese medicine formula based on cellular pharmacological experiments.

Exploration of rapidly determining quality of traditional Chinese medicines by (NIR) spectroscopy based on internet sharing mode / 中国中药杂志

Because of the numerous varieties of herbal species and active ingredients in the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the traditional methods employed could hardly satisfy the current determination requirements of TCM.The present work proposed an idea to realize rapid determination of the quality of TCM based on near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy and internet sharing mode. Low cost and portable multi-source composite spectrometer was invented by our group for in-site fast measurement of spectra of TCM samples. The database could be set up by sharing spectra and quality detection data of TCM samples among TCM enterprises based on the internet platform.A novel method called as keeping same relationship between X and Y space based on K nearest neighbors(KNN-KSR for short)was applied to predict the contents of effective compounds of the samples. In addition,a comparative study between KNN-KSR and partial least squares(PLS)was conducted. Two datasets were applied to validate above idea:one was about 58 Ginkgo Folium samples samples measured with four near-infrared spectroscopy instruments and two multi-source composite spectrometers,another one was about 80 corn samples available online measured with three NIR instruments. The results show that the KNN-KSR method could obtain more reliable outcomes without correcting spectrum.However transforming the PLS models to other instruments could hardly acquire better predictive results until spectral calibration is performed. Meanwhile,the similar analysis results of total flavonoids and total lactones of Ginkgo Folium samples are achieved on the multi-source composite spectrometers and near-infrared spectroscopy instruments,and the prediction results of KNN-KSR are better than PLS. The idea proposed in present study is in urgent need of more samples spectra, and then to be verified by more case studies.

Effect of six polysaccharides in formulas derived from Yaotongning on expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and proliferation of chondrocyte / 中草药

Objective: On the basis of formulas derived from Yaotongning (YTN) Capsules to compare the different cellular pharmacological activity of six kinds of Chinese materia medica (CMM) polysaccharides, thus to supply the evidence for the screening of candidate medicines for rheumatoid bone diseases. Methods: Six samples were designed by respectively adding the polysaccharides of Glycyrrhizae Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Cyathulae Radix, Ephedrae Herba, Epimedii Herba, and Taxilli Herba, at 50% into the six mixtures based on the derived formula of YTN. Murine macrophage cells and chondrocytes were exposed to the new recipes, and then the half-inhibitive concentration (IC50) and half-effective concentration (EC50) were applied to evaluating their activity for inhibiting secretion of PGE2 in Ana-1 cells induced by LPS and activities for stimulating the production of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in Ana-1 cells as well as activity for promoting IL-1β-induced proliferation of chondrocytes by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The interactions among the active fractions were evaluated by comparing the experimental EC50/IC50 values to their corresponding additive EC50/IC50 values, which were calculated by the least square method. Results: Among the six formulas derived from YTN, except for one of the two formulas mainly consisted by polysaccharides of Taxilli Herba or Epimedii Herba, whose activities for inhibiting the production of PGE2 in Ana-1 cells induced by LPS, promoting the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in Ana-1 cells, and stimulating the secretion of chondrocytes induced by IL-1β were significantly weaker than those of YTN. The activities of other four formulas which were respectively consisted by 50% one of polysaccharides from YTN material medicines were better than those of YTN or statistically equivalent to YTN. The sample mainly composed of polysaccharides of Cyathulae Radix worked well on inhibiting the production of PGE2 in Ana-1 cells induced by LPS, promoting the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β in macrophages, and stimulating the secretion of chondrocytes. Conclusion: The polysaccharides of Cyathulae Radix have the good effect on cellular anti-inflammation, immune regulation, and chondrocytes proliferation. It can be a candidate for the active fraction of polysaccharides in the prescription of rheumatoid disease.

Preliminary study on suitability of ozone sterilization in traditional Chinese medicine and its preparation / 中国中药杂志

Microbial contamination, growth and reproduction have a great influence on the quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its preparation. TCM may be polluted by microbial in the production process due to ambient air, facilities and appliances and operating personnel, which affects the quality and efficacy of the final product. The GMP certification inspection standard of TCM manufacturing enterprises clearly established: "Sterilization methods of Chinese herbal medicine, intermediate products, finished products should follow the principle whether or not to change its quality", "TCM powder that used as medicine directly should follow the principle whether to do microbiological examinations". So it's particularly important for product quality, corporate energy consumption and its efficiency to choose the scientific and effective sterilization techniques and methods. Ozone is a kind of safe, environmentally friendly, efficient and no residue emerging sterilization technology. It has been widely applied in various fields of medical and health care and production and living. This paper mainly analyzed the ozone sterilization technology of TCM, aiming to explore the principle of ozone sterilization, the advantages, application status and existing problems and so on. The management regulations and implementation rules of ozone sterilization were summarized to make sterilization of Chinese medicine in the production, management, quality control and other aspects standardized, reasonable and scientific, and to provide the theoretical reference of the ozone sterilization technology for TCM and its preparation.

Effect of particle size on glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma powder / 中草药

Objective: To study the effect of particle size on the contents and in vitro dissolution performances of the active ingredients (glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin) in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma powder, for the purpose of providing the appropriate particle size during the preparation of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma powder. Methods: Seven Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma powder samples with different particle sizes were prepared in present work. Their micro-topography structures were characterized by particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was applied to qualitatively identify these samples. The contents and in vitro release performance of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin in the seven powder samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The contents of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin increased with the decrease of particle sizes of the Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma powder samples. When the powder sizes were in the range of 300-900 μm, 105-300 μm or less than 105 μm, the contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid were stable. And 105-150 μm sample had good release performance in vitro. Conclusion: Controlling the particle size between 105 and 150 μm during the granulation process of preparing Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma powder would make the contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma powder higher, stable and have good in vitro release performance.

A clinico-pathological comparison between Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis and IgA nephropathy in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the difference in clinico-pathological features between IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The medical data of 103 children with HSPN and 61 children with IgAN were retrospectively studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no significant differences in age, sex and disease course between the HSPN and IgAN groups (P>0.05). Clinical classification demonstrated that more severe conditions were found in the IgAN group than in the HSPN group and gross hematuria was more common in the IgAN group (P<0.05). Serum creatinine and cholesterol levels were higher in the IgAN group than in the HSPN group (P<0.05). Fibrinogen-related antigen deposition was more common in the HSPN group, while complement 3(C3) deposition was more common in the IgAN group. Interstitial fibrosis, tubular casts and tubular inflammatory infiltration were also more common in the IgAN group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Significant clinico-pathological differences can be found between HSPN and IgAN in children, and these differences do not support a one disease entity hypothesis.</p>

Is the transsacral axial interbody fusion a candidate surgical approach for fusing both L5/S1 and L4/5? / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Previous clinical and basic research of axial lumbar interbody fusion (AxiaLIF) all focused on the L5/S1. However, there is no data on the feasibility of this approach for the fusion of both L4/5 and L5/S1. This study aimed to explore whether transsacral axial interbody fusion is a candidate for the fusion of both L4/5 and L5/S1.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The subjects (n = 40) underwent lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The median sagittal MRI images were analyzed and five measurement markers were defined as follows: the center of the L4/5 disc (A), the center of the L5/S1 disc (B), the anterior margin of the S1/2 space (C), the sacrococcygeal junction (D), and the coccygeal tip (E). The measurement markers were connected each other to produce nine lines (AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD and CE) as the reference lines for surgical approaches. The distance between each reference line and the anterior and posterior margins of the L4, L5 and S1 vertebral bodies were measured to determine the safety of the respective approaches.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty subjects were capable of finding one reference line to fuse both L4/5 and L5/S1 via transsacral axial interbody fusion approach. The surgical approach reference line was AE or CE line. In the other 20 subjects, it was failed to find a reference line which met the safety criteria for fusing both L4/5 and L5/S1.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>About half of subjects were capable of finding a suitable AxiaLIF reference line to fuse both L4/5 and L5/S1. In some subjects, it was difficult to find a suitable AxiaLIF reference line to fuse both L4/5 and L5/S1.</p>

Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion versus posterior open-surgery in treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis / 中华骨科杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical results between minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar(mini-TLIF) and posterior open surgery in treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis.MethodsFrom March 2008 to August 2010,a total of 49 cases with lumbar spondylolisthesis underwent surgical intervention were retrospectively analyzed,including 23 cases with mini-TLIF and 26 with open surgery.Operation time,intra-operative bleeding,and radiation exposure times were recorded.Pre- and postoperative back pain was assessed by visual analogue scale(VAS),and lumbar function was evaluated by Oswestry disability index (ODI).The clinical results were assessed by Macnab criterion,and the pre and postoperative radiologic parameters were compared.ResultsThe mean follow-up time was 11 months(ranged,9-22).Both groups got good clinical results and satisfactory radiologic parameters.The group of mini-TLIF was superior to the group of open surgery in intra-operative bleeding,VAS of the second day postoperatively and the willingness of reoperation(P＜0.05).The ODI in the patients with open surgery were decreased from 31.2％±8.2％ to 16.1％±6.8％ corresponding to the pre-oporation and the final follow-up.The ODI in the patients with mini-TLIF were decreased from 34.4％±11.7％ to 15.3％±4.3％ corresponding to the pre-operation and the final follow-up.There is no significant difference of the change of ODI between two groups (t=0.673,P=0.412).The group of mini-TLIF need more operation time and were exposed to more X-ray when compared to the open surgery group(P＜0.05).ConclusionMini-TLIF and open surgery can both get satisfactory clinical outcomes in treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis.Mini-TLIF was superior to open surgery in intra-operative bleeding and VAS of the second day postoperatively,but it needs more operation time and radiation exposure.

Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of surgical trans-sacral axial L5/S1 interbody fusion / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Trans-sacral axial L5/S1 interbody fusion (AxiaLIF), a novel surgical procedure, recently adopted in clinical practice, has excellent clinical outcomes. However, there is inadequate data on the feasibility of the approach in all adult patients and the optimal surgical approach is currently unclear; therefore, further studies are required. In order to enhance the surgical approach for AxiaLIF, prospective anatomical imaging optimization is necessary. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to achieve an optimal procedural setting.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The subjects (n=40) underwent lumbosacral MRI examination. The median sagittal MRI images were analyzed and four measurement markers were defined as follows: the center of the L5/S1 disc (A), the anterior margin of the S1/2 disc space (B), the sacrococcygeal junction (C), and the coccygeal tip (D). The measurement markers were connected to each other to produce five lines (AB, AC, AD, BC, and BD), as reference lines for surgical approaches. The distance between each reference line and the anterior and posterior margins of the L5 and S1 vertebral bodies was measured to determine the safety of the respective approaches.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In all patients, Lines AB and AC satisfied the imaging safety criteria. Line AB would result in a significant deviation from the median and was determined to be unsuitable for AxiaLIF. Line AD satisfied the imaging safety criteria in 39 patients. However, the anal proximity of the puncture point proved to be limiting. For lines BC and BD, the imaging safety criteria were satisfied in 70% and 45% of patients, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The AxiaLIF procedure is a safe technique for insertion of fusion implants in all subjects. Line AC is a favorable reference line for surgical approach and safe for all subjects, while line BC is not suitable for all subjects.</p>

The clinical results of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis with lumbar instability / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical results of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) for lumbar spinal stenosis with lumbar instability.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Retrospective study was done on 42 cases of lumbar spinal stenosis with lumbar instability treated with bilateral decompression via unilateral approach and MIS-TLIF through an expandable tubular retractor from March 2010 to January 2011. There were 18 males and 24 females, and mean age was 61.7 years (rang, 48 - 79 years). The level of surgery was L(3-4) in 4 patients, L(4-5) in 26 patients, and L(5)-S(1) in 12 patients. All patients had symptoms of intermittent claudication. And 24 patients had symptoms of lower extremity pain and numbness in one side, and 18 patients had same symptoms in both legs. Operation time, intra-operative bleeding, postoperative hospital stay and complications were recorded. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for low back pain and leg pain were recorded before and after surgery. Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were also recorded before and after surgery. The Bridwell criterion was used for evaluating the interbody fusion, and the MacNab criterion was used for assessment after surgery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean operative time was 150.4 minutes (range, 120 - 170 minutes), and mean blood loss was 147.1 ml (range, 50 - 400 ml). The hospitalization time after surgery was 5 - 18 d, an average of 8.8 d. All cases were followed-up for 6 - 14 months (average 11 months). VAS score of low back pain before surgery was 7.3 ± 1.0, and were 2.9 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ± 0.8 at three months after surgery and the last follow-up respectively. VAS score of leg pain before surgery was 7.9 ± 0.7, and were 2.0 ± 0.5 and 1.0 ± 0.7 at three months after surgery and the last follow-up respectively. ODI score was 75% ± 6% before surgery, were 16% ± 6% and 12% ± 5% at three months after surgery and the last follow-up respectively. VAS and ODI scores showed statistically significant improvements (t = 3.110 - 56.323, P < 0.01). There were 40 cases were grade I and II, according to the Bridwell criteria. The clinical results were excellent in 16 cases, good in 22 cases and fair in 4 cases to the MacNab criteria at the final follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>MIS-TLIF is an ideal surgical method for single segment lumbar spinal stenosis with lumbar instability, but close attention should be paid to specific patients, surgeons and hospitals.</p>

Comparison of the new drug research and development platforms at home and abroad: A preliminary study / 国际药学研究杂志

The new drug research and development(R&D) platforms are comprehensive, open and continuously developing organic systems which integrate such elements as technologies and standards related to the R&D of innovative drugs and serve as pilars and integration media. These platforms are macroscopic and integrated at the governmental level, large and systematic in big pharmaceutical enterprises and research institutes, and detailed and professional in medium and small enterprises. The construction of new drug R&D platforms in China experienced germination and rudiment stages during "9th Five-year" period, and has now entered the full-fledged developing stage with the support of Scientific and Technological Major Special Project - "Key New Drugs Creation and Manufacturing", and has evolved from single technological R&D centers to integrated technology platforms with complete pipelines. By comparing the development of domestic and international new drug R&D platforms, this paper puts forward some suggesions on how to develop and manage the Chinese platform and examines its future prospects.

Analysis of the risk factors of upper urinary tract dilatation due to spinal cord injury / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the urodynamic risk factors of upper urinary tract dilatation (UUTD) secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-six SCI patients of Tangshan earthquake were divided into 2 groups by ultrasonography: 16 SCI patients (group A) with UUTD and 80 SCI patients (group B) without UUTD received urodynamic test. Responses were evaluated using single and multiple analysis after examination.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of male was significantly higher than that of female. Residual urine volume, maximum cystometric capacity, detrusor leak point pressure and the incidence of bladder low compliance in group A were significantly higher than those in group B. There were no significant differences in age, the incidence of detrusor hyperreflexia, relative safe bladder capacity, the incidence of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, maximum flow rate and maximum urethral closure pressure between 2 groups. Bladder low compliance was cardinal risk factors according to Logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>An early urodynamic examination and treatment for SCI patients are important to prevent from bladder low compliance and upper urinary tract damage.</p>

Clinical significance of expression of PSA, hK2, PSMA in the peripheral blood of patients with prostate cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find sensitive and specific micro-metastic markers for prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using nested reverse transcription-PCR, we examined the expression of PSA, hK2 and PSMA mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 51 patients with prostate cancer, 33 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 32 normal young people.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression rates of PSA, hK2 and PSMA mRNA were 52.9%, 43.1% and 64.7%, respectively in prostate cancer group, and 6.2%, 7.7% and 4.6%, respectively in control group (BPH patients and normal young people) with statistical significance (P < 0.01). Although the expression rate of PSA and hK2 mRNA increased with cancer progression, there was no statistical significance among patients in different stages. The expression rate of PSMA mRNA was higher than that of PSA and hK2 mRNA in each clinical stage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PSMA mRNA expression detected by nested RT-PCR is of greater value for the diagnosis, therapy choice and prognostic evaluation of prostate cancer patients.</p>

The preparation of fructose-modified chitosan microcarrier and culture of primary rat hepatocyte / 生物工程学报

Crosslinked chitosan microcarries were prepared by the reaction of glutaraldehyde with fructose-modified chitosan. Various factors that influence the preparation were studied and the reaction conditions were optimized. Morphology of rat hepatocyte cultured on chitosan microcarriers was observed using phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscope, the metabolic activity was measured. Rat hepatocytes cultured on chitosan microcarrier retained the spherical shape as they have in vivo and had high metabolic activity. Fructose can enhance the metabolic activity of hepatocytes and fructose-modified chitosan microcarrier is a promising scaffold for hepatocytes attachment, which can be used in bioartificial liver support system.