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Malnutrition secondary to dysphagia in stroke patients can hinder the recovery process of patients. Enteral nutrition therapy is an effective method to improve the nutritional status of patients. However, there is still no uniform regulation in China, which can not guide medical staff to effectively implement enteral nutrition therapy. This article reviews the recent advances in enteral nutrition management in stroke patients abroad, including screening for malnutrition in stroke patients, timing and methods of enteral nutrition therapy, potential risks and precautions for treatment, in order to provide enteral nutrition for stroke patients in China. Provide a reference for treatment and management.
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Objective To detect gap junction protein Cx45, gap junction protein Cx40 and Tumor Necrosis Fαctor-α(TNF-α) expression in the infarcted myocardium, and to study their combined effects. Methods Immunohisto-chemical staining (S-P immunohistochemical staining method) and qRT PCR detection of gap junction were used to identify protein Cx45, Cx40 and TNF-α respectively in 30 cases of late early myocardial ischemic stroke group and 30 cases of myocardial infarction due to sudden death group with control group being 20 cases of normal expression in myocardial group. The effect of the different expressions was compared in the different groups. Results Immuno-histochemical results: Between the two groups, Cx45 expression was higher in the sudden death group compared to normal myocardium. Cx40 expression was decreased significantly in the sudden death group when compared to normal myocardial group while TNF-α expression was high. The expressions had significant differences in the three groups (P<0.05). Qrt - PCR results showed that the mRNΑ expression of Cx45, Cx40 and TNF-α was consistent with their respective protein expression and that there was statistically significant difference in three groups (P<0.01). Cx45, Cx40 and TNF-α had a correlation in the three groups of cardiac muscle. Conclusion Gap junction protein Cx45, Cx40 and TNF-α expression can be useful indicators for the diagnosis of the cause of sudden cardiac death.
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The high mobility group A2 (HMGA2),one of non-histone chromatin protein,can specificly bind to AT-rich DNA sequences by its AT-hook and work as oncofetal gene and architectural transcription factor.HMGA2 expresses in almost all kinds of malignant neoplasms,which is closely related to the formation,development and poor prognosis of the neoplasms.HMGA2 plays a very important role in every biological process including cell proliferation,cell cycle,stem cell self-renewal,epithelial-mesenchymal transition and DNA damage repair.It is of great significance to study the effect and mechanism of HMGA2 in neoplasms.
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Hippo signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of organ growth,tissue regeneration,tumor occurrence and development.Transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ)is the downstream transcription factor of Hippo signaling,participates in the regulation of the entire signaling path-way.In recent years,many studies have found that over-expression of TAZ has a close relationship with the oc-currence,development and prognosis of breast cancer.Discussing the relationship of Hippo-TAZ with breast cancer and breast cancer stem cells may provide a new way for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the inhibitory effect of salinomycin on human breast cancer cells in vitro, and to explore the related molecular mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with salinomycin at different concentrations and at various time points. The effect of salinomycin on MDA-MB-231 cells proliferation was studied by CCK-8 method. The cell cycle status was examined by flow cytometry. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 in the Hedgehog pathway at mRNA and protein levels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with salinomycin was markedly inhibited in a concentration and time dependent manner. Salinomycin at concentrations of 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 µmol/L inhibited the growth at the rates of 11.18%, 25.88%, 50.03%, 92.65%, respectively. Salinomycin prevented MDA-MB-231 cells from G1 into S phase. Salinomycin at concentrations of 0, 0.8 and 1.6 µmol/L resulted in S-phase percentage of 25.03%, 11.85% and 35.21%, respectively (P < 0.05). RT-PCR and Western blot showed that the expression of key elements Shh, Smo and Gli1 in the Hedgehog pathway was inhibited by salinomycin in a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Salinomycin prevents breast cancer cell transition from G1 to S phase through downregulation of the target genes of Hedgehog signaling pathway, leading to an effective inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells.</p>
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Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1),the Ⅲ class deacetylation enzyme,is a kind of NAD + dependent histone deacetylation enzyme.The role of SIRT1 in tumor has the duality.It can inhibit inflammation,tumor angiogenesis and interact with tumor related gene to inhibit tumor development.However,it can also regulate tumor related genes,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition,promote tumor cell proliferation and tolerance of radiotherapy and chemotherapy,and maintain the stemness of cancer stem cells to promote tumor proliferation,invasion and metastasis.
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Salinomycin is a chemotherapeutic drug commonly used to inhibit the growth of tumor and specifically kill the cancer stem cells (CSC).The anti-cancer effect of salinomycin has attracted extensive attention at home and abroad,whihc is realized by inducing cancer cell apoptosis,suppressing cancer cell proliferation and invasion and reducing drug resistance.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of microRNA-140 (miR-140) on the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and the possible mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>miR-140 mimics, miR-140 specific inhibitor or small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Smad3 were transfected into human CRC cell line RKO cells respectively, using Oligofectamine or Lipofectamine2000. Quantitative real-time PCR (real-time PCR) was used to measure the expression levels of miR-140 and Smad3 mRNA. Smad3 protein was analyzed by Western blot. The in vitro cell migrating and invasive abilities were determined by wound-healing and Transwell chamber assay after up-regulating or down-regulating miR-140 or knocking down Smad3.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The Western blot assays showed that the Smad3 protein level was significantly reduced after up-regulating miR-140 (0.04 ± 0.01), compared with that of (0.47 ± 0.02, P < 0.05) in the control group and that of (0.52 ± 0.06) in the negative control group (P < 0.05 for both). The results of real-time PCR indicated that no significant difference was found in the levels of Smad3 mRNA between miR-140 transfection and NC groups (1.11 ± 0.13 vs. 1.00 ± 0.06, P > 0.05). The wound-healing assay showed that the migrating ability was dramatically attenuated by miR-140 compared with that in the control and NC groups, whereas no significance was found when compared with that of the Smad3 siRNA transfected cells. The number of cells migrating through Transwell chamber without matrigel in the miR-140 group was (76.2 ± 4.4), remarkably lowered than that in the control (267.1 ± 4.9) and NC (336.1 ± 5.7) groups (P < 0.05 for both), but no significant difference between the miR-140 (76.2 ± 4.4) and Smad3 siRNA (83.5 ± 7.3) groups. Transwell chamber with matrigel assay showed that number of cells penetrating through the membrane was (109.5 ± 7.4) in the miR-140 group, significantly lower than that in the control (403.1 ± 5.1) and NC (392.6 ± 8.4) groups (P < 0.05 for both), while Smad3 siRNA transfection had a similar effect (138.8 ± 3.6)(P > 0.05). Down-regulation of miR-140 increased the level of smad3 protein expression, and partially reversed the inhibition of the cell migration and invasion mediated by miR-140. Co-transfection of miR-140 inhibitor and Smad3 siRNA had no significant effect on the Smad3 protein expression and the abilities of cell migration and invasion.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>miR-140 regulates the Smad3 expression at the post-transcriptional level. miR-140 suppresses the migrating and invasive abilities of CRC cells, possibly through down-regulation of Smad3. The findings of this study suggest that miR-140 may have a unique potential as a possible biomarker candidate for diagnosis and therapy of tumor metastasis.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement , Cell Proliferation , Colorectal Neoplasms , Metabolism , Down-Regulation , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Genetics , MicroRNAs , Neoplasm Invasiveness , RNA, Messenger , RNA, Small Interfering , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Smad3 Protein , Genetics , Metabolism , Transfection , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
MicroRNA (miRNA) controls the proliferation of breast cancer cells in many ways such as cell apotosis,cell cycle and methyltransferase.Also,it controls the metastasis of breast cancer cells in many ways such as microenvironment,epithelial-mesenchymal transition and vessel formation.Large amounts of recent studies indicate that miRNAs are specifically expressed in breast cancer tissue and play important roles in proliferation,metastasis and treatment of breast cancer.
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The development and progression of gastric cancer is a multi-factor,multi-gene,multi-stage and multi-approach sequential process.Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)is so far the first discovery of a dual specificity phosphatase activity of the tumor suppressor gene,which regulates the cell cycle and multiple signaling pathways of gastric cancer and plays an important role in the development and progression of gastric cancer.Further studies on PTEN will provide a new way for the early diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Cancer stem cells located in specific microenvironment,that play an important role in the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells.Hypoxia is one of the important features of tumor tissue microenvironment.A series of studies results show that the hypoxic microenvironment of tumor stem cells could promote tumor metastasis,which provides new clues for understanding tumor pathogenesis and tumors treatment.
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BACKGROUND: Generally speaking, neuroendocrine cells have been not observed in normal breast tissue but found in breast carcinoma tissue which was affected by local microenvironment and hormone level during differentiation of breast epithelial stem cells.OBJECTIVE: By detecting expressions of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), cytokeratin-8 (CK8), and chromogranin-A (CgA) in breast carcinoma tissue, to explore the possible mechanism of neuroendocrine cells observed in breast carcinoma tissue during differentiation of multi-lineage potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.METHODS: BCRP, CK8, and CgA were used as markers for SP stem cells, glandular epithelium differentiation, and neuroendocrine differentiation, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of BCRP, CK8, and CgA in breast tissues of 89 subjects and analyze their correlation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both BCRP and CK8 expressions were observed in normal breast tissues, hyperplastic tissues, and breast carcinoma tissue. BCRP expression was increased in the breast carcinoma tissue; CK8 expression was decreased with the abnormal differentiation of breast tissue; CgA expression was only detected in breast carcinoma tissue. BCRP expression was significantly correlated with positive CgA expression (P < 0.01), but it was no correlation with positive CK8 expression in normal breast tissues, hyperplastic tissues, and breast carcinoma tissue (P=0.069). The results suggested that neuroendocrine cells were not observed in both normal breast tissues and hyperplastic tissues but in breast carcinoma tissue, which possibly correlated to differentiation of multi-lineage potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
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Lgr5 is one of the G protein-coupled receptors families, the newest research displays that it has the potency as the special marker of stem cell, it also has a great relationship with tumor formation and development. Lgr5 may be a marker of tumor stem cells, and can be the new treatment target.
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The quality control for undergraduate teaching is an essential factor for a university toward the success;therefore uni-versities put the control as first priority among other conventional works.This study is trying to elucidate the most important com-ponents in the quality control system from different points of view including human sources and educational process.Some suc-cessful planning and practice on the quality control in our university in past decade has been summarized and discussed in this study.
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Through feedback from questionnaire,relevant problems are summed up,further understanding of the status of medical students' clinical practice is found.then some problems,such as low positivity of students,week didactical consciousness of teachers and inflexibility of practice system,are researched to table some proposals for reformation of clinical practice.