Interchangeability among carbamazepine formulations: the impact over epilepsy patients

Abstract The treatment of epilepsy is complex and a matter of concern is the interchangeability among different formulations available for antiepileptic drugs. To evaluate the effects of interchangeability among carbamazepine formulations on patients with epilepsy. This is a prospective cohort study that included adult outpatients diagnosed with epilepsy and under pharmacological treatment with carbamazepine. Before switching the brand/manufacturer, the "Interchangeable Pharmaceutical Product in the Treatment of Epilepsies" questionnaire was applied. The questionnaires "Adverse Events Profile" and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31, so as the plasma carbamazepine concentrations, were evaluated before and after the brand/ manufacturer switch. Physical-chemical tests aiming to assess tablets quality were performed in accordance with the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia 5th edition. The study population was composed by 14 patients (mean age: 44.6 years), with 10 of females. From those interviewed, 10 had no knowledge about the three antiepileptic drugs formulations available. The frequency of adverse event "problems with skin" incresead (p=0.023) and "upset stomach" decreased (p=0.041) after the changeover. The adverse events profile was associated with only two quality of life domains: "energy/fatigue" (p=0.048) and "total score" (p=0.018). Divergent results between generic and reference formulations were observed in purity-water test (reference: 1.96%, generic: 4.84%) and dissolution test, in which the generic formulation presented 66.27 to 85.77% of carbamazepine dissolved after the third level. Conclusions: Objective differences before and after the brand/manufacturer switch were not observed, in spite of patients' perceptions. Despite that, more studies in the field are necessary, especially on the interchangeability among generic antiepileptics, in order to better elucidate switching consequences on patients' life.

Effects of kinesiology taping in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review / Os efeitos do Kinesiotaping em crianças com Paralisia Cerebral: Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Introduction: Cerebral Palsy is a group of non-progressive movement and posture disorders. There are many rehabilitation methods for children and adolescents with these disorders. Kinesiology Taping(KT) is becoming a popular as an option of rehabilitation method for these children. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to summarize evidence regarding the methods of Kinesiology Taping use in children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy and its effects. Materials: A search of scientific papers in the databases Medline, Scielo and PEDro was conducted with no data or language restriction. For this search the keywords "Kinesio taping", "Kinesiology Taping", "Taping", and "Bandages" combined with "Cerebral Palsy" were used. The search was conducted between May of 2015 and November of 2016. Results: Eleven studies were included in the review, six were randomized controlled clinical trials, four were quasi-experimental studies, and one was a case study. In general, the studies followed the guidelines proposed by the Kinesiology Taping creator; they used corrective techniques and muscle contraction facilitation/inhibition techniques. Results varied according to techniques used and outcomes chosen. Conclusion: There is strong to insufficient evidence of KT effects in motor function related outcomes. Stronger quality level studies are necessary to support use of KT in clinical practice.

Resumo Introdução: A Paralisia Cerebral é definida como um grupo de distúrbios não progressivos de movimento e de postura. Existem diferentes métodos de reabilitação para crianças e adolescentes com Paralisia Cerebral. Dentre eles, o uso do Kinesio Taping vem se tornando comum. Objetivo: O objetivo da presente revisão sistemática é sumarizar evidências relativas a métodos de aplicação do Kinesio Taping e seus efeitos em crianças e adolescentes com Paralisia Cerebral. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca da literatura científica nas bases de dados Medline, Scielo e PEDro sem restrição de idioma. Para esta pesquisa foram utilizadas as palavras-chave "Kinesio taping", "Kinesiology Taping", "Taping" e "Bandages" combinadas à "Cerebral Palsy". A busca aconteceu entre Maio de 2015 a Novembro de 2016. Resultados: Foram selecionados onze estudos, sendo seis ensaios clínicos controlados e aleatorizados, quatro ensaios clínicos não controlados e um estudo de caso. Os estudos no geral seguem os modelos de aplicação do taping propostos pelo criador da técnica, utilizando técnicas corretivas e técnicas de facilitação/inibição da contração muscular. Há pobre evidência de efeitos e estes variam com os métodos de aplicação utilizados e os desfechos escolhidos. Conclusão: Há evidência forte a insuficiente quanto aos efeitos do KT desfechos relacionados às funções motoras. São necessários estudos com maior qualidade metodológica para justificar o uso do KT na prática clínica.

Drug utilization profile in adult patients with refractory epilepsy at a tertiary referral center / Perfil de utilizacao de farmacos por pacientes adultos com epilepsia refrataria em um centro terciario de referencia

Objective To evaluate the utilization profile of antiepileptic drugs in a population of adult patients with refractory epilepsy attending a tertiary center. Method Descriptive analyses of data were obtained from the medical records of 112 patients. Other clinical and demographic characteristics were also registered. Results Polytherapies with ≥3 antiepileptic drugs were prescribed to 60.7% of patients. Of the old agents, carbamazepine and clobazam were the most commonly prescribed (72.3% and 58.9% of the patients, respectively). Among the new agents, lamotrigine was the most commonly prescribed (36.6% of the patients). At least one old agent was identified in 103 out of the 104 polytherapies, while at least one new agent was prescribed to 70.5% of the population. The most prevalent combination was carbamazepine + clobazam + lamotrigine. The mean AED load found was 3.3 (range 0.4–7.7). Conclusion The pattern of use of individual drugs, although consistent with current treatment guidelines, is strongly influenced by the public health system. .

Objetivo Avaliar o perfil de utilização de fármacos antiepilépticos em uma população de pacientes adultos com epilepsia refratária atendidos em um centro terciário. Método Análises descritivas dos dados obtidos dos registros médicos de 112 pacientes. Também foram consideradas as características clínicas e demográficas. Resultados Foram prescritas politerapias com ≥3 antiepilépticos a 60,7% dos pacientes. Em relação aos fármacos de primeira geração, carbamazepina e clobazam foram os mais frequentemente prescritos (a 72,3% e 58,9% dos pacientes, respectivamente). Dentre os novos antiepilépticos, a lamotrigina foi o mais prescrito (36,6% dos pacientes). Ao menos um antiepiléptico de primeira geração foi encontrado em 103 das 104 politerapias; ao menos um novo antiepiléptico foi prescrito a 70,5% da população. A combinação mais prevalente foi carbamazepina+clobazan+lamotrigina. A carga média de antiepilépticos foi 3.3 (0.4 a 7.7). Conclusão O padrão de utilização de antiepilépticos, embora concordante com guias atuais, é fortemente influenciado pelo sistema público de saúde. .

Lamotrigine therapeutic drug monitoring in a tertiary epilepsy centre / Monitorização terapêutica da lamotrigina em um centro terciário de epilepsia

Objective: to review the experience with lamotrigine therapeutic drug monitoring in a tertiary epilepsy centre aiming to characterize the plasma concentrations profile. Methods: inclusion of adults and children to whom lamotrigine concentrations were requested from October 2008 to April 2010. A chromatographic method was validated to determine lamotrigine concentrations. Reference range adopted (plasma): 2.5-15.0 mg/L. Results: 115 patients were included (86 adults, 29 children). Mean±standard deviation lamotrigine dosages for adults and children were statistically different (5.1±2.0 versus 7.4±3.4 mg/kg/day respectively, p<0.0001), so as lamotrigine concentrations (5.13±4.0 versus 9.0±5.6 mg/L respectively, p=0.0006). Approximately 68% of all quantifications were within the reference range. From the 29 quantifications below 2.5 mg/L, 27 corresponded to lamotrigine+enzyme inducers therapies. There was no correlation between lamotrigine concentrations and dosages neither for pediatric nor for adult groups. Patients on monotherapy had lamotrigine concentrations significantly higher than those on lamotrigine+inducers therapies (p<0.001), and patients on lamotrigine+valproic acid therapy had lamotrigine concentrations higher than those on lamotrigine+inducers (p<0.001). There was no significant difference among mean dosages according to different comedications. Conclusion: our observations about the influence of polytherapies on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics confirm the relevance of quantifying this antiepileptic drug plasma concentrations in the process of treatment optimization...

Objetivo: revisar a experiência de um centro terciário de epilepsia com a monitorização terapêutica da lamotrigina objetivando caracterizar o perfil de concentrações plasmáticas encontradas. Métodos: inclusão de todos adultos e crianças para os quais solicitou-se quantificação plasmáticas de lamotrigina de Outubro/2008 a Abril/2010. Um método cromatográfico foi validado para determinar as concentrações de lamotrigina. Intervalo de referência adotado (plasma): 2.5-15.0 mg/L. Resultados: 115 pacientes foram incluídos (86 adultos, 29 crianças). Média±desvio-padrão das doses de lamotrigina para adultos e crianças foram significativamente diferentes (5.1±2.0 versus 7.4±3.4 mg/kg/dia respectivamente, p<0.0001), assim como as concentrações (5.13±4.0 versus 9.0±5.6 mg/L, p=0.0006). Aproximadamente 68% das quantificações estavam dentro do intervalo de referência. Das 29 quantificações abaixo de 2.5 mg/L, 27 correspondiam a associações lamotrigina+indutores enzimáticos. Não houve correlação entre concentrações e doses de lamotrigina. Pacientes em monoterapia tiveram concentrações de lamotrigina significativamente maiores do que pacientes utilizando lamotrigina+indutores enzimáticos (p<0.001); pacientes em uso de lamotrigina+ácido valproico apresentaram concentrações maiores comparativamente àqueles em uso de lamotrigina+indutores (p<0.001). Não houve diferença significativa entre doses médias de acordo com diferentes comedicações. Conclusão: a influência de politerapias sobre a farmacocinética da lamotrigina confirma a relevância dese quantificar as concentrações plasmáticas deste antiepilético no processo de otimização terapêutica...