Remifentanil Down-regulates GIRK2 Expression in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion and Spinal Dorsal Horn / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo observe the changes in the expression and distribution of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit 2 （GIRK2） in the dorsal root ganglion （DRG） and spinal cord dorsal horn of rats with remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia. MethodsHyperalgesia was induced by intravenous infusion of remifentanil 4 μg/kg/min for 2 h in adult male SD rats. At 6th hour and on days 1， 3 and 5 following remifentanil treatment， we used immunofluorescence to examine the changes in the GIRK2 distribution and expression. Immunoblotting was used to detect GIRK2 expression of the total protein and membrane protein in DRG and spinal dorsal horn of rats. Behavioral testing was applied to evaluate the effect of intrathecal injection of GIRK2-specific agonist ML297 on thermal nociceptive threshold on day 1 after remifentanil infusion. Resultsmmunofluorescence results showed that GIRK2 was mainly co-localized with IB4-positive small neurons in DRG and nerve fibers in spinal dorsal horn. GIRK2 expression was significantly downregulated following remifentanil treatment. Immunoblotting results revealed that on day 1 following intravenous infusion of remifentanil， compared with those in the control group， GIRK2 expression levels of the total protein and membrane protein in DRG （0.47 ± 0.10 vs. 1.01 ± 0.17， P < 0.001； 0.47 ± 0.11 vs. 1.06 ± 0.12， P < 0.001） and spinal dorsal horn （0.52 ± 0.09 vs. 1.10 ± 0.08， P < 0.001； 0.54 ± 0.10 vs. 1.01 ± 0.13， P < 0.001） were all significantly decreased. The behavioral results showed that intrathecal ML297 effect on thermal withdrawal latency was significantly reduced following remifentanil treatment （P < 0.001）. ConclusionsRemifentanil might induce hyperalgesia via down-regulating GIRK2 expression in rat DRG and spinal cord dorsal horn.

Effects of metformin and adiponectin on endometrial cancer cells growth / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the effect of metformin and adiponectin on the proliferation of EC cells and the relationship between metformin and adiponectin.@*METHODS@#The proliferation impact of different concentrations of metformin and adiponectin on two types of EC cells ishikawa (IK) and HEC-1B was confirmed by CCK-8 method. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the effect of different concentrations of metformin on the changes of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) of the EC cells both in mRNA and protein level and the role of compound C, an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, on the above effects.@*RESULTS@#(1) Both metformin and adiponectin could significantly promote the proliferation of endometrial cancer (EC) cells in a time and concentration dependent manner (P<0.05).(2)Metformin and adiponectin had synergy anti-proliferative effect on EC cells and the combination index (CI) value of IK cells was 0.906 34 and of HEC-1B cells was 0.827 65. (3)qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 after 5 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L metformin, respectively, stimulating IK and HEC-1B cells for 48 hours and the mRNA expressions of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were significantly increased when compared with the control group (0 mmol/L)(IK: AdipoR1 of 5 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L group: P<0.001,AdipoR2 of 5 mmol/L group: P<0.001; HEC-1B: AdipoR1 of 5 mmol/L group: P<0.001, 10 mmol/L group: P=0.023, AdipoR2 of 5 mmol/L group: P<0.001, 10 mmol/L group: P=0.024). When combined with compound C, the RNA levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were not different compared with the control group (0 mmol/L, P>0.05). (4) Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 after 5 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L metformin, stimulating IK and HEC-1B cells for 48 hours and the protein level was significantly increased when compared with the control group (0 mmol/L)(IK: AdipoR1 of 5 mmol/L group: P=0.04, 10 mmol/L group: P=0.033, AdipoR2 of 5 mmol/L group: P=0.044, 10 mmol/L group: P=0.046; HEC-1B: AdipoR1 of 5 mmol/L group: P=0.04, 10 mmol/L group: P=0.049, AdipoR2 of 5 mmol/L group: P=0.043, 10 mmol/L group: P=0.035). When combined with compound C,the protein levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were not different compared with the control group (0 mmol/L, P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#We find that metformin and adiponectin have synergy anti-proliferative effect on EC cells. Besides, metformin can increase adiponectin receptors expressions of EC cells both in mRNA and protein levels and this effect is accomplished by the activation of AMPK signaling pathway.

Training and application of standardized patients in otolaryngology / 基础医学与临床

Objective To investigate the application of standardized patients in the department of otolaryngology. Methods Two otolaryngology scripts were designed and four standardized patients were trained. Ten students were offered standardized patients teaching twice. Students' and clinical teachers' feedback, as well as objective grading for each student were analyzed. Results The performance scores for all the standardized patients were o-ver 4 points(1-5 points). Standardized patients and clinical teachers have a high degree of consistency in grad-ing the students. 70%(7/10) of the students considered standardized patients' immediate comment as the most benefits. Conclusions Well trained standardized patients are competent for the role of an actor,evaluator and in-structor in teaching and assessing students. The standardized patients as a teaching component should be promoted in otolaryngology.

Content design and development model of medical microlecture platform based on Internet / 基础医学与临床

Microlectures have great advantages in improving the enthusiasm of medical students in self -learning be-cause of its short period and brief content,breaking through the limitations of time and space and realizing the share of educational resources.WeChat, QQ, Weibo and other communication software make daily use of micro-course possible in the education.This paper presents the content design and development model of electronic medical mi -cro-course platform,providing a theoretical basis and a model reference for the construction of electronic platform.

Biomechanical stability study on different internal fixation for acetabular fracture / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the biomechanical stability of the acetabular fracture with three different internal fixation methods.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixteen both-column acetabular fracture models were randomly divided into three groups:The specimens of 16 hip joints were randomly divided into 4 groups. Among them, 1 group of complete acetabulum were used as normal control group, and the other 3 groups simulated two column fracture models and were fixed in the following methods, respectively: anterior wall with screw and posterior with plate(SP), anterior wall with plate and posterior wall with screw(PS) and both wall with plate (PP). The degree of fracture displacement and the contact characteristics of the acetabulum were recorded by continuous vertical loading.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean longitudinal displacement under the load 800 N of SP, PS and PP three groups were (1.92±0.81), (2.09±1.13) and (3.44±0.75) mm, there was significant difference between SP and PP group (0.033). And the mean horizontal displacement of SP, PS and PP three groups were(0.63±0.33), (0.77±0.45) and (1.44±0.56) mm, there was significant difference between SP and PP group(0.047).Compared with normal control group in the acetabular area under the loading 800 N, the contact area of SP, PS and PP groups were increased by 6%, 9% and 27%, there was significant difference between PP and normal control group (0.027). Meanwhile, the mean stress of SP, PS and PP groups were increased by 4%, 29% and 39%, there was significant difference between PP and intact acetabulum group (0.003).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Anterior column screw combined with posterior column plate has better biomechanical stability and contact characteristics than other two methods.</p>

Application of low-concentration contrast agent and low-dose technology in 320-slice CT pulmonary angiography / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To explore the feasibility of low-concentration contrast agent and low-dose technology for pulmonary angiography by comparing the image quality and radiation doses to the patient by different tube voltages and concentrations of contrast agents.Methods Totally 60 patients suspected with pulmonary embolism were divided into C, L1 and L2 groups, of which,Group C had the scanning parameters of 120 kV and 350 mgI/ml,Group L1 had the parameters as 100 kV and 350 mgI/ml and Group L2 had the parameters of 100 kV and 270 mgI/ml.The three groups had the tube voltage as 500 mA, the contrast agent dose as 25 ml,physiological saline dose as 40 ml and flow rate as 4.5 ml/s.SPSS 19.0 software was used to compare and analyze the CT values of pulmonary artery segment,superior vena cava and ascending aorta,main pulmonary artery noises,the image quality as well as the radiation doses of volume scanning. Results The three groups had the main pulmonary aortas and their branches display clearly to meet clinical requirements.When compared with Group C,Group L1 had higher CT values of the main pulmonary aorta and its branches,higher image noise while lower radiation dose (P<0.01);Group L2 had equivalent CT values of the main pulmonary aorta and its branches (P>0.05),higher image noise while lower radiation dose (P<0.01).When compared with Group L1,Group L2 had lower CT values of the main pulmonary aorta and its branches (P<0.01),and equivalent image noise and radiation dose (P>0.05).Conclusion Low-concentration contrast agent and low-dose technology gains feasibility and advantages when used in 320-slice CT pulmonary angiography.

Determination and pharmacokinetics of Glutathione Buccal Tablets tablet by HPLC / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the differences in the pharmacokinetics of Glutathione Buccal Tablets and tablets. Methods 20 volunteers received pharmacokinetic experiments, using single dose crossover parallel mode of administration, the HPLC method for the determination of plasma concentration time parameters to evaluate the pharmacokinetics. Results The difference was statistically significant the blood concentration of subjects after taking 0.25 to 5 h during the same time point of two forms of group, GSH tablet drug stability is better than that of GSH (P<0.05). GSH tablets into tablets Cloth (t1/2) 1.56 h, the half-life was significantly lower than that of GSH (P<0.05). GSH tablets tablets glutathione concentration peak time (tmax) of 1.75h was significantly higher than that of GSH (P<0.05) GSH tablets, tablets of glutathione concentration peak (Cmax) of 11.077, significantly higher than that of GSH tablets (P<0.05). Conclusion The peak plasma concentration of GSH tablets higher. Reach the peak concentration time and time longer, the pharmacokinetics of GSH tablets is better than that of GSH tablet, which has broad application prospect.

Determination and pharmacokinetics of Glutathione Buccal Tablets tablet by HPLC / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the differences in the pharmacokinetics of Glutathione Buccal Tablets and tablets. Methods 20 volunteers received pharmacokinetic experiments, using single dose crossover parallel mode of administration, the HPLC method for the determination of plasma concentration time parameters to evaluate the pharmacokinetics. Results The difference was statistically significant the blood concentration of subjects after taking 0.25 to 5 h during the same time point of two forms of group, GSH tablet drug stability is better than that of GSH (P<0.05). GSH tablets into tablets Cloth (t1/2) 1.56 h, the half-life was significantly lower than that of GSH (P<0.05). GSH tablets tablets glutathione concentration peak time (tmax) of 1.75h was significantly higher than that of GSH (P<0.05) GSH tablets, tablets of glutathione concentration peak (Cmax) of 11.077, significantly higher than that of GSH tablets (P<0.05). Conclusion The peak plasma concentration of GSH tablets higher. Reach the peak concentration time and time longer, the pharmacokinetics of GSH tablets is better than that of GSH tablet, which has broad application prospect.

Co-expression of the C-terminal domain of Yersinia enterocolitica invasin enhances the efficacy of classical swine-fever-vectored vaccine based on human adenovirus.

The use of adenovirus vector-based vaccines is a promising approach for generating antigen-specific immune responses. Improving vaccine potency is necessary in other approaches to address their inadequate protection for the majority of infectious diseases. This study is the first to reconstruct a recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus co-expressing E2 and invasin C-terminal (InvC) glycoproteins (rAd-E2-InvC). rAd-E2-InvC with 2×106 TCID50 was intramuscularly administered two times to CSFV-free pigs at 14 day intervals. No adverse clinical reactions were observed in any of the pigs after the vaccination. The CSFV E2-specific antibody titer was significantly higher in the rAd-E2-InvC group than that in the rAdV-E2 group as measured by NPLA and blocking ELISA. Pigs immunized with rAd-E2-InvC were completely protected against lethal challenge. Neither CSFV RNA nor pathological changes were detected in the tissues after CSFV challenge. These results demonstrate that rAd-E2-InvC could be an alternative to the existing CSF vaccine. Moreover, InvC that acts as an adjuvant could enhance the immunogenicity of rAdV-E2 and induce high CSFV E2-specific antibody titer and protection level.

Effect ofQi-reinforcing and Blood-activating Medication on Tumor Angiogenesis / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Angiogenesis is an important link of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. The tumor angiogenesis targeting strategy for the treatment of cancer has become a hot spot in oncology research currently. Signal transduction of tumor angiogenesis is a complex, multi-factor, multi-way and cross network system. Treatment for a single target is often not sufficient to halt or reverse its highly heterogeneous structure and abnormal shape. Therefore, it will be an important research direction that the combination of different pathways and mechanisms of medications effect on signaling pathway in tumor angiogenesis by multi-target. A number of experimental studies found that qi-reinforcing and blood-activating medication can play a regulating role of multiple targets, multiple pathways in tumor angiogenesis. It had different effect on tumor angiogenesis against tumor invasion and metastasis.Qi-reinforcing and blood-activating medication will have broad prospects in the treatment of tumor and angiogenesis.

Study on MSO/GO-based determination method for trace amount of aqueous Hg2+ / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a highly sensitive fluorometric nanobiosensor for determination of aqueous mercury ions (Hg(2+)) using optimized mercury-specific oligonucleotide (MSO) probes and graphene oxide (GO).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The nanobiosensor was assembled by attaching the self-designed MSO(1) (5' end labeled with fluorophore carboxyfluorescein (FAM), denoted as FAM-MSO(1)) and MSO(2) to the surface of GO through strong non-covalent bonding forces. Upon the addition of Hg(2+), the formation of the T-Hg(2+)-T configuration desorbed the FAM-MSO(1) and MSO(2) from the surface of GO, resulting in a restoration of the fluorescence of FAM-MSO(1). Using the specific mispairing of T-Hg(2+)-T and the changes in fluorescent signals in solutions, quantitative analysis of Hg(2+) could be performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average thickness of the prepared GO sheets was only 1.4 nm. For the Hg(2+) nanobiosensor, the optimum concentrations of FAM-MSO(1) and MSO(2) were both 1 µmol/L, the optimum volume of 0.5 g/L GO was 5 µL, and the limit of detection was 10 pmol/L; it had low cross-reactivity with 10 other kinds of non-specific metal ions; the fluorescence recovery efficiency was up to 65% in the re-determination of Hg(2+) after addition of Na(2)S(2)O(3).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The MSO/GO-based nanobiosensor is convenient to operate, highly sensitive, highly specific, highly accurate, and reusable. It can be applied to determine trace amount of Hg(2+) in aqueous solutions.</p>

Clinical outcome of surgical treatment of terrible triad of elbow / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical outcome of surgical treatment of the posterior dislocation of the elbow with coroniod and radial head fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2004 to March 2009, 9 patients with terrible triad of the elbow were reviewed. There were 7 males and 2 females (4 left elbows and 5 right elbows), with an average age of 41.2 years, ranged from 21 to 67 years. The radial head fractures were classified according to the Schatzker-Tile criteria: 4 patients had the fractures of type I, 3 patients had type II and 2 patients had type III. The ulnar coronoid fractures were classified according to the Regan-Morrey criteria: 2 patients had the fractures of type I, 5 patients had type II and 2 patients had type III. The general approach was used to repair the damaged structures sequentially from deep to superficial, through coronoid, anterior capsule, radial head, and lateral ligament complex to common extensor origin. If there was valgus instability in the elbow after the operation, the medial collateral ligament should be repaired with nonabsorption sutures. The plaster was applied for 7 to 10 days with elbow flexion in 90 degrees and the forearm in full pronation. Unrestricted motions and rehabilitation began at the 8th week after operation. Recovery of regular occupation depended on the degree of physical activity required, and it typically took 3 months for heavy physical laborers to return to work.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients were followed up from 6 months to 5 years, with a mean duration of (31 +/- 6) months. At the 3rd month after operation, the mean rang of motion in flexion and extension of the elbow was (102 +/- 3) degrees (ranged from 80 degrees to 110 degrees), and the mean range of motion in pronation and supination of the forearm was (135 +/- 6) degrees (100 degrees to 150 degrees). According to the criteria of the Mayo scoreing system, the results were excellent in 5 cases, good in 3 cases, and fair in 1 case. Three patients had heterotopic ossification at the 6th month after operation. Among them, 2 patients had no effects on elbow function and were not treated, 1 patient had effects on flexion-extension of the elbow and was treated with resection of heterotopic ossification through lateral approach combined with early rehabilitation, the MEP score of the patient improved from fair to good.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The key points for treating the terrible triad of the elbow are to restore the elbow normal anatomy and early rehabilitation to avoid the elbow stiff.</p>

Lower cervical spine injury treated with lateral mass plates and pedicle screws through posterior approach / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To treat injury of the lower cervical spine C6 to C7 with cervical lateral mass plates and T1 pedicle screws through posterior approach.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of 8 patients with lower cervical spine C6 or C7 injury (6 patients with fracture and dislocation in C6 and C7 and 2 with fracture in C7) were analyzed retrospectively in this study. For the preoperative American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification, Grade C was found in 3 cases and Grade D in 5 cases. Screws were placed on the lateral masses and the first thoracic pedicle with Margerl technique. Lamina or facet bone allografting was used to achieve a long-term stability.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the 8 patients were followed up for 5-37 months (mean: 15 months). No operative death occurred. There were no examples of aggravation of spinal cord injury or vertebral artery injury, cerebrospinal fluid leak, nerve roots injury, screw malposition or back-out, loose of alignment or implant failure. Clinical symptoms and ASIA classification were improved in all the patients. Postoperative MRI scanning confirmed the satisfactory screw placement in all the cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Lateral mass plates and pedicle screws through posterior approach are safe and beneficial for patients with lower cervical spine C6 or C7 injury.</p>

Study on direct economic-burden and its risk factors of osteoporotic hip fracture / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the net "per case" direct economic burden of osteoporotic hip fracture of in-patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), and to explore the related factors which will influence the burden of the disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data was from a retrospective questionnaire on 90 osteoporotic hip fracture in-patients of PUMCH above 50 years old from 1998 to 2002. The direct cost of fracture consisted of inpatient care, outpatient care, home care, appliance, and nutrition etc. Multiple statistics method was used to analyze the factors affecting the direct costs of disease.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average age of the studied population was 71.78 +/- 9.7 years, including 29 males and 61 females. Yearly direct economic burden for one patient of osteoporotic hip fracture was 32 776 RMB, in which hospitalization expense was 23 107 RMB, accounting for 70.5%. Factors which influencing total direct costs would include: length of hospitalization, occupation and the outcome of disease, while types of hip fracture,occupation and the length of hospitalization affecting the cost during hospitalization. The outcome of disease, length of hospitalization and rehabilitation influenced the cost during convalescence while age, type of payment and treatment, did not show significant influence on the cost of hip fracture.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Osteoporosis had become a serious public health problem among the elderly, bringing about the increase of economic burden all over the world both on social healthcare and families of the patients. Our data provided base for preventive health care or health insurance on osteoporosis.</p>

The use of lateral mass screws and pedicle screws for the treatment of injury of lower cervical spine / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the effect of the use of the cervical lateral mass plates screws and T(1) pedicle screws for the treatment of C(6) to C(7) injury through posterior approach.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>There were 8 patients in the study group; Each of them had been injured with low cervical spine C(6) or C(7). There were 6 cases with C(6)-C(7) injury and 2 cases with C(7) injury. According to ASIA classification, 3 cases were in grade C and 5 cases in D. The lateral mass screws were placed on the lateral masses using Margel technique. Lamina or facet bone allografting were used to achieve a long-term stability.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 8 patients were followed up from 5 to 37 months (mean 15 months). No operative death occurred. There were no cord or vertebral artery injury, cerebrospinal fluid leak, nerve roots injury, screw malposition or back out, loose of alignment or implant failure. Clinical symptom and ASIA classification were improved in all patients. Postoperative MRI scanning confirmed satisfactory screw placement in all cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This technique is safe and benefit to patients with low cervical spine C(6) or C(7) injury.</p>

Vitamin K and osteoporosis / 中国医学科学院学报

There is a closely relationship between vitamin K and osteoporosis. As a cofactor for carboxylase activity, vitamin K can facilitate the conversion of glutamyl to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues and influence the synthesis and excretion of gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin to increase the formation of bone. Vitamin K can also effectively inhibit the absorption of bone mass. Besides, there are increasing evidences that vitamin K can effect the synthesis and excretion of nephrocalcin and interlukin-1,6 that can regulate calcium balance and bone metabolism. Meanwhile, there is a consistent line of evidence in human epidemiologic and intervention studies that clearly demonstrate that vitamin K can not only increase bone mineral density in osteoporotic people, but also reduce fracture rates to improve bony health. However more researches are required before vitamin K is widely applied in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. The American Medical Association recently has increased the dietary reference intakes of vitamin K to 90 mg/d for females and 120 mg/d for males.