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Autologous cancer vaccine that stimulates tumor-specific immune responses for personalized immunotherapy holds great potential for tumor therapy. However, its efficacy is still suboptimal due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). Here, we report a new type of bacteria-based autologous cancer vaccine by employing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralized Salmonella (Sal) as an in-situ cancer vaccine producer and systematical ITM regulator. CaCO3 can be facilely coated on the Sal surface with calcium ionophore A23187 co-loading, and such biomineralization did not affect the bioactivities of the bacteria. Upon intratumoral accumulation, the CaCO3 shell was decomposed at an acidic microenvironment to attenuate tumor acidity, accompanied by the release of Sal and Ca2+/A23187. Specifically, Sal served as a cancer vaccine producer by inducing cancer cells' immunogenic cell death (ICD) and promoting the gap junction formation between tumor cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to promote antigen presentation. Ca2+, on the other hand, was internalized into various types of immune cells with the aid of A23187 and synergized with Sal to systematically regulate the immune system, including DCs maturation, macrophages polarization, and T cells activation. As a result, such bio-vaccine achieved remarkable efficacy against both primary and metastatic tumors by eliciting potent anti-tumor immunity with full biocompatibility. This work demonstrated the potential of bioengineered bacteria as bio-active vaccines for enhanced tumor immunotherapy.
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OBJECTIVE To study the metabolites of four diterpenoids of Euphorbia fischeriana in liver microsomes of rats and to investigate its metabolic regularity. METHODS In vitro incubation system of liver microsomes of rats was built. The jolkinolide A，jolkinolide B ，17-hydroxyl jolkinolide A and 17-hydroxyl jolkinolide B were added into incubation system of liver microsomes in rats activated by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ，incubated at 37 ℃ for 30 min，and then terminated the reaction with acetonitrile. Taking the negative group （adding acetonitrile firstly and then starting incubation for 30 min）as the reference，the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used ；Anaylyst®TF 1.7.1、PeakView® 2.2，MetabolitePilot 1.5 and MasterView 1.2 software were used to speculate and identify the fragmentation law of mass spectrometry and metabolites. RESULTS Four diterpenoids were easy to lose neutral fragments such as H 2O and CO in secondary mass spectrometry. Jolkinolide A and 17-hydroxyl jolkinolide A showed similar metabolism pathway ，including dihydroxylation，dehydrogenation，and monohydroxylation ；six and five metabolites were identified respectively. Jolkinolide B and 17-hydroxyl jolkinolide B showed similar metabolism pathway ，including monohydroxylation ，hydration and isomerization. Five metabolites were identified. CONCLUSIONS Both jolkinolide A and 17-hydroxyl jolkinolide A produce the metabolites of hydroxylation and dehydrogenation in liver microsomes of rats ；both jolkinolide B and 17-hydroxyl jolkinolide B produce the metabolites of hydroxylation ，hydration and isomerization in liver microsomes of rats. The metabolites of four diterpenoids are phase Ⅰ metabolites.
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OBJECTIVE：To study the improvement eff ects and p otential mechanism of chelidonine on CCl 4-induced hepatic fibrosis model rats. METHODS ：According to the random number table method ，a total of 48 rats were randomly divided into normal control group ，model group ，chelidonine low-dose ，middle-dose and high-dose groups （0.125，0.25，0.50 mg/kg），positive control group （Liver-protecting tablet ，0.42 g/kg），with 8 rats in each group. Except for normal control group ，other groups were given CCl 4-olive oil solution intraperitoneally for 8 weeks to induce hepatic fibrosis model. From the fifth week of modeling ， normal control group and model group were given water intragastrically ；administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically，once a day ，for consecutive 10 weeks. After last intragastric administration ，hepatic index of rats was calculated. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST），alanine aminotransferase （ALT）and hyaluronic acid （HA）in serum and the level of hydroxyproline （Hyp）in liver tissue were determined. The staining of collagen fibrin in rat liver was observed. The protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA），microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3（LC3）and p 62 as well as the phosphorylation level of phosphoinositide 3 kinase（PI3K），protein kinase B （Akt）and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）in liver tissue were determined ；mRNA expression corresponding to above protein were also determined. RESULTS ：Compared with normal control group ，the hepatic index ，the serum levels of AST ，ALT，HA and Hyp ，the percentage of positive staining area for collagen fibrin ，the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA and LC 3- Ⅱ were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Protein expression of p 62，phosphorylation levels of PI 3K，Akt and mTOR as well as mRNA expression of p 62，PI3K，Akt and mTOR were significantly down-regulated （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group ，phosphorylation levels of PI 3K and mTOR were decreased significantly in chelidonine low-dose group （P＜0.05）. The changes of above indexes in chelidonine middle-dose and high-dose groups （except for liver index ， HA level in middle-dose group ） were reversed significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS：Chelidonine can attenuate CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in rats ；the mechanism of it may be associated with activating PI 3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibiting autophagy.
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Objective:To explore the reliability and validity of the community commitment scale (CCS) in community-dwelling elderly people.Methods:From May to August in 2020, a total of 526 community-dwelling elderly were investigated by community commitment scale, community's self-efficacy scale for preventing social isolation (CSES). SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 22.0 softwares were used to analyze the reliability and validity.Results:The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the community commitment scale was 0.818, and the Cronbach's α coefficients of social and belonging dimensions were 0.750 and 0.777, respectively. The Guttman split-half reliability coefficients were 0.799-0.835, and the test-retest reliability was 0.802. Each item-to-total score correlations were 0.614-0.753 (all P<0.05). The item level content validity index (I-CVI) was 0.830-1.000, the scale level content validity index (S-CVI/UA) was 0.875, and the average content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.972. Two common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 57.019%. The confirmatory factor analysis all indicators reached the adaptation standard (χ 2/ df=2.638, RMSEA=0.079, GFI=0.957, AGFI=0.918, TLI=0.936, CFI=0.956, IFI=0.957), and standardized regression coefficients were 0.63-0.80. Conclusion:The Chinese version of the community commitment scale has good reliability and validity and can be used to evaluate the social isolation of the elderly in the community.
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Objective To explore the consistency between the Chinese Version of Stressors in Nursing Students (SINS-CHI) and the Student Nurse Stress Index Scale (SNSI-CHI) in assessing the pressure of undergraduate nursing students.Methods A total of 960 nursing undergraduates from three universities in Henan province were randomly selected.SINS-CHI and SNSI-CHI were applied to all subjects and SPSS 21.0 was used to analyze the validity and reliability.Results The total score of SINS-CHI was (112.73± 26.07).The Cronbach's α was 0.926,the Guttman's partial reliability coefficient was 0.893,the test-retest reliability was 0.820,the content validity index (CVI) was 0.890,the sensitivity was 70.0％,and the specificity was 62.3％.The Yoden index was 0.323 and the area under the ROC curve was 0.710.The total score of SNSI-CHI was (58.71± 14.18).The Cronbach's α was 0.893,Guttman split-half reliability coefficient was 0.829,test-retest reliability was 0.966,CVI was 0.954,sensitivity was 71.4％,specificity was 63.6％.The Yoden index was 0.350 and the area under the ROC curve was 0.714.Conclusion The consistency of SINS-CHI and SNSI-CHI is good.
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Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) in patients receiving total knee arthroplasty. Methods The Chinese ver-sion of TSK-11 was translated from the original one,and adjusted for cultural adaptation. The reliability and validity of Chinese TSK-11 were tested among 254 eligible patients receiving total knee arthroplasty from a tertiary hospital in Henan province by convenience sampling. Results Three common factors which ex-plained 65. 177% of the total variance was extracted after the exploratory factor analysis,and each item had high factor loading quantity (>0. 4). The scale CVI was 0. 83~1. 00,the S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/Ave were 0. 91 and 0. 94,respectively. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0. 883,and the test-retest reliabil-ity was 0. 798. The item-to-total correlations ranged from 0. 424~0. 757 (P<0. 05). Conclusion The Chi-nese version of TSK-11 has been proved to be reliable and valid with fewer understandable items,and short completion time. It can be used as a valuable tool for evaluating kinesiophobia in patients following total knee arthroplasty.
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OBJECTIVE： To analyze the metabolites of jolkinolide B in rats， and predict its metabolism pathway. METHODS： The rats were randomly divided into blank group （0.5％ CMC-Na， ig） and administration group （jolkinolide B， ig， 100 mg/kg）， with 8 rats in each group. The fecal samples were collected at ＞0-12， ＞12-24， ＞24-36 hours after administration； the urine samples were collected at ＞0-2， ＞2-8， ＞8-12， ＞12-24， ＞24-36， ＞36-48 hours after administration； the blood samples were collected at 1， 2， 8， 12， 24， 36 hours after administration. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with Analyst® TF 1.7.1 and PeakView® 2.2 software were used to analyze and identify the metabolites in the samples after treated with ultrasonic extraction， solid phase extraction and protein precipitation. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： Prototype drugs and seven metabolites were detected in rat’s fecal samples， and one or two metabolites were detected in urine and blood samples， respectively. After intragastric administration， the metabolism of jolkinolide B in rats is mainly through ring opening， oxidation， dehydration， deoxygenation and hydrogenation of phase Ⅰ， but no phase Ⅱ metabolites were detected.
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OBJECTIVE： To study the inhibitory effect of dictamnine on the viability of mice spleen lymphocyte in vitro and explore its potential mechanism. METHODS： The primary spleen lymphocytes of mice were isolated and cultured. The cells were treated with 0 （blank control）， 50， 100， 150 μmol/L dictamnine for 24 h. MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability； Lactic dehydrogenase （LDH） assay was used to determine release rate of LDH. Early apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. Necrosis rate was detected by Hoechst 33342 and PI double staining； Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expressions of Caspase 3 and Cleaved-Caspase 3 in cells. Comet assay was used to detect DNA damage in cells （reflected in the proportion of DNA tail area）. RESULTS： Compared with blank control， 100， 150 μmol/L dictamnine could significantly inhibit the viability of lymphocytes （P＜0.01）. 150 μmol/L dictamnine could significantly increase the release of LDH （P＜0.05）， and release rate reached 79.37％. 50， 100， 150 μmol/L dictamnine could improve the early apoptotic rate of lymphocyte， but there was no statistical significance （P＞0.05）. 150 μmol/L dictamnine could significantly increase the necrosis rate （P＜0.05）， and necrosis rate reached 78.64％. 50， 100， 150 μmol/L dictamnine could increase the protein expression of Caspase 3， but there was no statistical significance （P＞0.05）， while 50， 100 μmol/L dictamnine could improve the protein expression of Cleaved-Caspase 3 significantly （P＜0.05）. DNA damage was induced in a dose-dependent manner by dictamnine， in which 100 and 150 μmol/L dictamnine could significantly increase DNA tail area （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： Dictamnine can inhibit spleen lymphocyte viability， and the mechanism may be related to inducing spleen lymphocyte necrosis and DNA damage.
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Objective@#To evaluate the performance of Vitek MS, an automated mass spectrometry microbial identification system, in identification of clinical filamentous fungi isolates, which provide a new insight into filamentous fungi identification strategy.@*Methods@#Twenty-five isolates of filamentous fungi genetically confirmed by molecular sequencing method were inoculated in different culture conditions to analyze the potential influences of culture conditions on the identification of filamentous fungi with Vitek MS. Further evaluation of the performance of Vitek MS in filamentous fungi identification was carried out with 207 clinical isolates of filamentous fungi and the comparison of the results with those of morphology and sequencing analysis.@*Results@#The performance of Vitek MS in filamentous fungi identification was not significantly influenced by culture conditions. Vitek MS successfully identified 87.9% (182/207) of all tested filamentous fungi. Lacking of reference MS spectra in Vitek database was the main reason that the other isolates could not be identified. Vitek MS was superior to the traditional morphological method in identification of filamentous fungi especially non-Aspergillus molds at species level.@*Conclusion@#Vitek MS is an efficient approach for clinical filamentous fungi identification. Continuous enrichment of the species coverage in database will be of great importance for improving the performance of Vitek MS in identification of filamentous fungi.
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Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of clinical bacterial isolates in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) in 2017. Methods A total of 9 515 non-duplicate clinical isolates were collected from January 1 to December 31, 2017. Disc diffusion test (Kirby-Bauer method) and E-test method were employed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. Results Gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci accounted for 68.2％ and 31.8％, respectively among the 9 515 clinical isolates. Methicillin-resistant strains in S. aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) accounted for 25.6％ and 73.3％, respectively. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) -producing strains accounted for 47.6％ (877/1 842), 27.6％ (335/1 213) and 33.0％ (59/179) in E. coli, Klebsiella spp (K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca) and P. mirabilis, respectively. Enterbacteriaceae strains were still highly susceptible to carbapenems, with an overall resistance rate of ≤ 3.8％. The resistance rates of K. pneumoniae to imipenem and meropenem were 8.5％ and 8.2％, respectively. About 72.7％ and 70.4％ of A. baumannii isolateswere resistant to imipenem and meropenem. The resistance rate of P. aeruginosa to imipenem and meropenem was 14.8％ and 10.0％, respectively. The prevalence of extensively drug-resistant strains in A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was 31.7％ (239/753), 1.0％ (10/1 035), and 3.0％ (33/1 117), respectively. Conclusions The common bacterialisolates show various level of resistance to antimicrobial agents. Laboratory staff should improve communication with clinicians to prevent the spread of resistant strains.
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Objective To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of the Student Nurse Stress Index Scale ( SNSI-CHI ) among Chinese nursing students. Methods A random sampling method was used to collect 1100 nursing students who were from two medical universities of Henan Province, China,and SPSS 17. 0 and AMOS 17. 0 software were used. Results The average total score of SNSI-CHI was 58. 46±13. 90. The Cronbach's α was 0. 886,the test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient( ICC) of SNSI-CHI was 0. 996 (95％CI:0. 992-1. 000,P<0. 01). The item-to-total correlations ranged from 0. 351 to 0. 664 ( all P<0. 01) . The content validity index( CVI) was 0. 954. The result of exploratory factor analysis ( EFA) was that three factors together explained 75. 013％ of the total variances,and the confirmatory factory analysis( CFA) also indicated a good fit (χ2/df=1. 347,GFI=0. 956,AGFI=0. 945,RMR=0. 032,RMSEA= 0. 025, NFI=0. 974, IFI=0. 993, TLI=0. 992, CFI=0. 993 ) . Criterion-related validity was between 0. 330 and 0. 903 ( all P<0. 01) . Conclusion The SNSI-CHI is proved to be reliable and valid in China, and it can be used to measure the stress of Chinese nursing students.
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Objective To test the agreement between two new self-care-related instruments,the Chinese version of the Appraisal of Self-care Agency Scale-Revised (ASAS-R-CHI) and the Chinese version of the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly (SASE-CHI) among older stroke patients by Bland-Altman method.Methods A random sampling was used to conduct this study in Neurology Department in a tertiary referral hospital in Henan Province,during November 2016 to October 2017.The sample consisted of 500 older stroke patients.Data were collected by a demographic questionnaire,SASE-CHI and ASAS-R-CHI.SPSS 21.0 was used to analyze the data.Results The mean total scores of ASAS-R-CHI and SASE-CHI were 54.98±5.06 and 61.92±7.34,respectively.Partial correlation coefficients between the total score of ASAS-R-CHI and SASE-CHI and their factors were from 0.217 to 0.953,showed significantly correlation (P＜0.01).The difference analysis and ratio analysis of Bland-Altman showed a good consistency of the two scales,with 5.0％ and 4.5％ of the points outside the 95％CI boundaries,separately.Conclusion There is a good agreement between the two instruments among older stroke patients.Each scale has its own characteristics,therefore the users should choose the most appropriate scale according to the specific situation.
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Objective To adopt the cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) to analyze the bone thickness of infrazygomatic crest with different vertical skeletal facial types in teenagers.Methods Sixty teenagers of skeletal class were collected,including each 20 cases of high angle,average angle and low angle.The CBCT scanning data of oral maxillofacial region were collected.The bone thickness at different coronary slices in buccal side of infrazygomatic crest region at 13,15,17 mm above the maxillary occlusal plane was measured.The measured data were analyzed statistically.Results The bone thickness of infrazygomatic crest was gradually thinned from down to up,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05);the bone thickness(except 3 points at 13 mm from maxillary plane) at each measured point in the high,average and low angle groups showed the change trend of low angle ＞average angle＞high angle,the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion In teenagers,the bone thickness of infrazygomatic crest in skeletal class Ⅱ is gradually thinned from cranial direction and rearward,the high angle is thinnest and the low angle is thickest.
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Objective To evaluate the capability of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing analysis to identify clinical isolates of filamentous fungi.Methods A total of 267 filamentous fungi isolates collected from clinical specimens were analyzed by ITS region sequencing analysis.Alignment of acquired sequences with known sequences in GenBank and MycoBank was conducted to identify the species of those isolates.Results ITS sequences of the 267 isolates were amplified successfully.Among these isolates, 53.9％ (144/267) were identified to species level and 44.2％ (118/267) to genus level.Only five isolates were failed to be identified at genus level as they shared >95％ homology in ITS sequence with multiple genera.Conclusion ITS region sequencing analysis is preferred for identification of clinical isolates of filamentous fungi at genus level for its high universality and great capability.When species-level identification is required, some informative DNA markers besides ITS region should be included accordingly.
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Objective:To study the effects of deoxyadenosine(dAdo) on methotrexate (MTX) induced suppression of inflammatory bone destruction.Methods:The culture system of whole bone marrow cells (WBMCs) was utilized to evaluate osteoclastogenesis.TRAP staining and μCT analysis were utilized to evaluate osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in adjuvant arthritis rats.Results:In the bone marrow culture system,MTX-induced suppression of osteoclastogenesis was abrogated by the addition of dAdo.dAdo canceled MTX-induced suppression of osteoclastogenesis in the rats with arthritis,and significantly abolished the therapeutic effects of MTX on inflammatory bone destruction in the rats.Conclusion:The accumulation of dAdo may be one cause of the losing effectiveness of MTX in bone destruction.
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Objective:To explore the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)and its relationgship with the prognosis of breast cancer,and to provide evidence-based basis for the using of mTOR inhibitor in the treatment of breast cancer.Methods: A systemical literature search was conducted based on the following databases:PubMed,EMBbase,Cochrane Library,ISI Web of Science,and CNKI up to November 24,2015.The outcome measures were hazard ratio (HR)with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between the mTOR expression and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer.The primary end points including disease-free survival (DFS ), and overall survival (OS ). STATA 12.0 was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Results:A total of seven cohort studies,1 758 patients were included. The risk of recurrence and metastasis of the breast cancer patients with positive expression of mTOR was 2.05 times of the patients with negative expression of mTOR (HR= 2.05, 95% CI: 1.01 - 4.13,P = 0.003);the risk of death in the breast cancer patients with positive expression of mTOR was 2.63 times of the patients with negative expression of mTOR (HR = 2.63, 95%CI:1.45-4.80,P = 0.736).Conclusion:The positive expression of mTOR can significantly increase the recurrence,metastasis and death risk of the patients with breast cancer.
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Objective: To observe the effects of moxibustion pretreatment on the protein expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylation extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and activated protein-1 (AP-1), the key factors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling transduction pathway in gastric tissue of rats with stress-induced gastric mucosal damage, and to discuss the mechanisms of moxibustion therapy in promoting the restoration of damaged gastric mucosa. Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, and a moxibustion group using the random digits table, 10 in each group. Except the rats in the normal group, rats in the other two groups were used to make stress-induced gastric mucosal damage model using restraint and cold stress. Before modeling, rats in the moxibustion group were alternately treated with moxibustion at Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12), or Pishu (BL 20) and Weishu (BL 21), once a day, for a total of 8 d. Histological changes of gastric mucosa were observed under the light microscopy, the expression of gastric tissue p-ERK1/2 was detected by immunohistochemistry assay, and the protein levels of EGFR and AP-1 were measured by Western blots. Results: Compared with rats in the normal group, gastric mucosal damage was more serious, and protein expressions of gastric tissue EGFR, p-ERK1/2 and AP-1 increased in the model group (P Conclusion:Moxibustion at Zusanli (ST 36), Zhongwan (CV 12), Pishu (BL 20) and Weishu (BL 21) couldincrease EGFR, p-ERK1/2 and AP-1 expression levels in gastric tissue of stress-induced gastric mucosal damage rats, maintain the information transfer function of ERK signaling transduction pathway, and promote restoration of gastric mucosal damage.
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Objective To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the sense of coherence (SOC) scale (13-items) among the older people.Methods A random sample of 1 032 old adults was selected from community in Jinzhou,Shenyang,Dalian of Liaoning.A demographic questionnaire,the SOC-13 scale,the WHO-5 and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to collect the data.All the data was analyzed by SPSS 21.0 and AMOS17.0.Results The item-total correlation coefficients of SOC-13 ranged from 0.625 to 0.760 (P＜ 0.01).The result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was that three factors explained 74.745％ of the total variances,and the CFA confirmed the hypothesized three-factor model.SOC scale had an ideal criterion(x2/df =2.908,CFI =0.975,GFI =0.949,NFI =0.963,IFI=0.975,RMSEA=0.061).Criterion related validity test showed that the total score of SOC-13 was negatively correlated with CES-D(r=-0.55,P＜0.01),and positively correlated with WHO-5 (r=0.73,P＜ 0.01).SOC-1 3 had a Cronbach's α of 0.916,the Guttman split-half coefficient was 0.828,and the retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient,ICC) was 0.872 (P＜0.01).Conclusion SOC-13 is a reliable and valid instrument,which can be used to measure the lever of sense of coherence among Chinese old adults.
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Objective To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of the Depressive Cognition Scale (DCS) among the older people.Methods The sample consisted of 570 old people,collected by a demographic questionnaire,the Chinese version of DCS,and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D),then all the data was analyzed by SPSS 21.0.Results The item-to-total correlation coefficients of DCS ranged from 0.65 to 0.84 (P＜0.01),and the average coefficient was 0.77.The content validity index(CVI) was 0.88.The result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was that one factor explained 59.72％ of the total variances,and the concurrent validity between DCS and CES-D was positive related (r=0.24-0.82,P＜0.01).Regarding CES-D as the gold standard,the sensitivity was 84.7％ and the specificity was 90.7％.The inter-item correlation coefficients of DCS ranged from 0.40 to 0.73 (P＜0.01);the Cronbach α was 0.82,and the retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient,ICC) was 0.92 (95％CI=0.86-0.95,P＜0.01).Conclusion DCS is proved to be a reliable and valid instrument,and it can be used to assess the depressive cognition and screen the early depressive symptoms of Chinese old adults.
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Objective Maxillary canine palatal impaction is a common deformity in stomatology and its etiology remains dis-putable.The aim of this study is to investigate the crown-root morphology of the adjacent lateral incisors in patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines using cone-beam computed tomography ( CBCT) in order to explore its etiology. Methods Using CBCT scanning, we examined 94 maxillary canines in 84 patients, including 27 palatally impacted maxillary canines in 24 patients ( the experi- mental group) , 37 buccally impacted maxillary canines in 30 age-and sex-matched subjects ( control group A) , and 30 normal maxil-lary canines in 30 age-and sex-matched subjects ( control group B) .We selected some necessary reference planes, measured the ori-entation and position of the chosen canines, and studied the morphology of the adjacent lateral incisors by CS 3D imaging, followed by statistical analysis of 17 of the linear variables obtained. Results Compared with control group A, the experimental group showed significantly shorter tooth length ([22.930 ±1.849]mm vs [21.240 ±1.651]mm, P<0.05), crown length ([9.270 ±0.559]mm vs [8.150 ±0.889] mm, P<0.05), and mesiodistal width at 4 mm to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) ([7.260 ±0.579]mm vs [5.900 ±0.581] mm, P<0.05) as well as shorter buccolingual width at the CEJ level, mesiodistal width at 4 mm to the CEJ, buc-colingual width at 4 mm apical to the CEJ, distance from the canine cusp to the coronal and occlusal planes, and coronal angulation of the canine (all P<0.05).There was a negative correlation between maxillary canine palatal impaction and age (P<0.05). Conclusion One of the main causes of maxillary canine palatal impaction is that the adjacent lateral incisor is too small to provide suf-ficient guidance to the canine.The severity of maxillary canine palatal impaction increases with the age of the patient.