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The sensitivity and resistance of host animals to Yersinia pestis are different among species and regions, and the indicator animals have natural resistance to Yersinia pestis. This article reviews the research progress on sensitivity, resistance and mechanism of plague infected animals to Yersinia pestis, in order to help improve the ecological research of plague and the prevention and control of plague.
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Yersinia pestis phage is a virus that is parasitic within Yersinia pestis and can specifically lyses Yersinia pestis. The adsorption sites of phage infesting host bacteria are called receptor binding protein (RBP), including extracellular membrane protein, lipopolysaccharide, teichoteic acid, pili, flagella, capsular polysaccharide, etc., of which extracellular membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide are the receptors of Yersinia pestis phage. RBP plays a decisive role in the process of Yersinia pestis phage infecting Yersinia pestis. Therefore, the classification, isolation and application of Yersinia pestis phage are summarized; the research progress in identification and structure of Yersinia pestis phage receptor is analyzed, which is helpful in understanding the cleavage mechanism of Yersinia pestis phage and the interaction mode with Yersinia pestis from the molecular level, and provide more powerful support for in-depth study on Yersinia pestis phage receptor.
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Objective:To study the basic situation of Yunnan Province Suncus murinus carrying plague phage and to explore its epidemiological significance. Methods:From 2015 to 2018, a survey of plague host animals was carried out in 10 investigation sites in the historical plague foci, new plague foci (after 1982) and stubborn plague foci of domestric mouse in Yunnan Province. The plague phage was isolated and cultured from the intestinal specimens of Suncus murinus. The growth of plaque was observed by double-layer plate method, and the morphology and structure of plague phage were observed under electron microscope. At the same time, intestinal samples were taken to detect the structural gene caf1 of F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis. Results:In this study, a total of 157 Suncus murinus were captured and 16 strains of plague phage were isolated, with a total isolation rate of 10.19%. There was no difference in plague phage isolation rate between historical plague foci (10.00%, 1/10) and stubborn plague foci (16.22%, 12/74), new plague foci (4.11%, 3/73, χ 2 = 0.00, P = 0.965; Fisher test, P = 1.000). However, there was a difference in plague phage isolation rate between stubborn plague foci and new plague foci (χ 2 = 5.88, P = 0.015). There was no significant difference in the isolation rate of plague phage among different sex, growth period and habitat ( P > 0.05). The plaque morphology of the isolated plague phage was diverse, of which four strains were myotavirus phages; and all samples were negative for F1 antigen structural gene caf1. Conclusions:Suncus murinus is widely distributed in the domestic mouse plague foci in Yunnan Province, and the animals carry a certain number of plague phage. Regular surveillance of Suncus murinus and their plague phage has a certain guiding significance for the surveillance and early warning of plague in Yunnan Province.
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Inflammatory response is an important immune mechanism of the body, formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 1 is a pattern recognition receptor expressed in immune cells, and its binding with ligands is the basis for immune cells to realize various physiological functions in infectious inflammation. FPR1 plays an important role in inflammatory response, and changes in amino acids caused by its gene polymorphism affect a variety of diseases. Plague is an inflammatory disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Yersinia pestis, its pathogen, has a strong ability of immune escape and attacks on host immune cells. In this paper, FPR structural characteristics, expression and distribution, FPR1 gene polymorphism, ligand and its relationship with plague are reviewed, with a view to further understanding the role of FPR1 in the occurrence and development of plague.
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Objective:To explore the biochemical characteristics, virulence factors and other phenotypes of the strains of Yersinia pestis isolated in Jianchuan County Yunnan Province in 2017, and to analyze the nature and source of the new plague epidemic. Methods:Three strains of Yersinia pestis (JC109 rat, JC109 fleas and JC113) isolated from Daqing Village, Jinhua Town, Jianchuan County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province in 2017, and 2 associated strains of Yersinia pestis (LJ01 in Yulong County, Lijiang City and LJ04 in Gucheng District of Lijiang City), 5 control strains ( Yersinia pestis JC1332, LJ485, BN2636, EV-76 and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis PST-1), preserved by the Central Laboratory of Yunnan Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention were collected. The biochemical characteristics and ecotypes of Yersinia pestis were analyzed by using arabinose, rhamnose, denbiose, maltose and glycerol fermentation experiments and nitrate reduction experiments. Combining pigmentation factor (pgm), virulence antigen (VW) detection and nutritional requirements test results to determine the virulence of Yersinia pestis. Results:The Yersinia pestis JC109 rat, JC109 fleas and JC113 all fermented arabinose, maltose and glycerol, but didn't ferment rhamnose and denbiose; and the nitrate reduction test was positive. The ecological type belonged to the Himalayan Marmot plague strain of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The virulence factors pgm and VW tests were positive, the nutritional requirement type was phenylalanine dependent and glutamate independent. It had the same phenotype as the LJ01 strain, but different from the JC1332 strain. Conclusions:The newly isolated strains in Jianchuan County are the same as those in the Lijiang Yulong wild rodent plague foci. This outbreak may have been imported from the Lijiang Yulong wild rodent plague foci to the south.
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Objective:To analyze the distribution and epidemic trend of human plague in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018, and to provide basis for prevention and control of the plague.Methods:The epidemic data of plague in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018 were from the epidemic surveillance and summary data of Yunnan Institute for Control and Prevention of Endemic Disease over the years, and from "the Records of Yunnan Institute for Control and Prevention of Endemic Disease". The data were collected and collated, and the descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemic situation, time distribution, regional distribution and population distribution of the plague.Results:From 1950 to 2018, human cases occurred successively in the plague foci of 38 counties (cities, districts) in 10 prefectures (cities) in Yunnan Province, with a total of 3 463 confirmed cases and 637 deaths, which could be divided into two epidemic cycles: the end of recent history epidemic period (1950-1955) and the relapse epidemic period (1982-2005). The case fatality rate of human plague in the plague foci of domestic plague in Yunnan Province was 18.00% (615/3 416), and that of wild rodents plague was 46.81% (22/47), the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=25.267, P < 0.01). At the end of recent history epidemic period, the case fatality rate was 21.46% (633/2 950), and 0.78% (4/512) at the relapse epidemic period, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=124.478, P < 0.01). Of the 513 cases diagnosed after 1986, the epidemic season was mainly from July to November (441 cases), and the population was generally susceptible, mostly in people aged 15-45 years old (217 cases). Conclusions:The epidemic scope of human plague in Yunnan Province is relatively wide, and shows the periodicity of epidemic-rest-re-epidemic-re-rest, which generally shows a downward trend. However, due to the persistence of the epidemic focus, the prevention and control of human plague still needs to be paid attention.
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Objective:This article explored the experience of nursing care for patients receiving acellular bovine pericardium with implant based breast reconstruction.Methods:A total of 100 cases from February 2017 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative use AIDS decision-making to reduce the decision-conflict of patients, and correctly assess the risk factors and aesthetic needs of patients, to assist the selection of appropriate prosthesis. Intraoperative use of antibiotics immersion prosthesis and mesh to prevent infection, and follow the principle of no contact; Postoperative attention should be paid to breast reconstruction, skin observation and catheter care, to avoid infection, skin necrosis and seroma and other complications. And for patients to develop a detailed discharge plan, do a good job of continuing care.Results:Of the 100 patients in this group, local skin necrosis occured in 1 patient, 1 had nipple necrosis, 1 had "red breast" syndrome and 2 had infection.All 100 patients successfully completed the surgery, with high satisfaction for breast reconstruction. The follow-up time ranged from 3 to 21 months, among which the score of breast satisfaction was 96.63 (on a 100-point scale), and the score of patients′ satisfaction with the medical team was 98.78.Conclusions:Careful perioperative nursing can reduce the incidence of related complications, make patients correctly predict the outcome of surgery, and improve the success rate of mesh and prosthesis implantation.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic trend of the domestic rodents plague natural foci among animals in Yunnan Province,so as to provide a basis for formulating plague prevention and control strategies.Methods Monitoring and summarizing data of plague epidemic situation in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018 were collected from Yunnan Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention.Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the prevalence of plague among animals.Simple linear regression equations were established using SPSS 21.0 software to analyze the correlation between plague epidemics and rat density,dyeing rate and human plague in 1982-2007.Results From 1950 to 2018,51 counties (cities) in 12 regions (prefectures) were confirmed to have animal epidemics in Yunnan Province,and 1 722 epidemic spots were found.A total of 7 152 monitoring sites had been set up in 98 counties (cities).From 1950 to 1956,the plague epidemic in Yunnan Province was confined to western Yunnan;the 1957-1981 was the resting period;1982-2007,the epidemic spread from west and southwest to south,central,southeast and east of Yunnan Province;after 2008 entered resting period again.The epidemic season of plague was mainly from June to November.Simple linear regression equation analysis showed that the regression equation Y =9.112 + 44.848X between animal plague (Y)and rat density (X) and the regression equation Y =2.261 + 0.139X between human plague (Y) and animal plague (X) were statistically significant (F =9.306,5.371,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The epidemic trend of plague among animals in Yunnan Province is a "wave type".There is a correlation between animal plague and rat density and human plague.It is the key to prevent the occurrence of animal plague and human plague by monitoring the plague epidemics in animals.
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Objective@#To analyze the epidemic trend of the domestic rodents plague natural foci among animals in Yunnan Province, so as to provide a basis for formulating plague prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#Monitoring and summarizing data of plague epidemic situation in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018 were collected from Yunnan Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the prevalence of plague among animals. Simple linear regression equations were established using SPSS 21.0 software to analyze the correlation between plague epidemics and rat density, dyeing rate and human plague in 1982-2007.@*Results@#From 1950 to 2018, 51 counties (cities) in 12 regions (prefectures) were confirmed to have animal epidemics in Yunnan Province, and 1 722 epidemic spots were found. A total of 7 152 monitoring sites had been set up in 98 counties (cities). From 1950 to 1956, the plague epidemic in Yunnan Province was confined to western Yunnan; the 1957-1981 was the resting period; 1982-2007, the epidemic spread from west and southwest to south, central, southeast and east of Yunnan Province; after 2008 entered resting period again. The epidemic season of plague was mainly from June to November. Simple linear regression equation analysis showed that the regression equation Y = 9.112 + 44.848X between animal plague (Y) and rat density (X) and the regression equation Y = 2.261 + 0.139X between human plague (Y) and animal plague (X) were statistically significant (F = 9.306, 5.371, P < 0.05).@*Conclusions@#The epidemic trend of plague among animals in Yunnan Province is a "wave type". There is a correlation between animal plague and rat density and human plague. It is the key to prevent the occurrence of animal plague and human plague by monitoring the plague epidemics in animals.
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Objective To understand the genotype of the Yersinia (Y.) pestis strains isolated from Heqing county,Yunnan province in 2017 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of plague in this area.Methods Ten Y.pestis strains isolated from Heqing were typed by the detections of different region (DFR) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) as well as multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA).And the results were compared with those of the 93 Y.pestis strains from the adjacent plague foci of Heqing obtained from the established database for clustering analysis.Results The results showed that Heqing strains had the same type of DFR (Genomovar 05) and CRISPRs (Cluster Ca7,Type 22) with isolates from the plague focus in Lijiang.Heqing strains and Lijiang strains were in the same cluster in MST and only VNTR loci N2117 and M23 of Heqing strains were different from that of Lijiang strains.Conclusion The Y.pestis strains isolated from Heqing in 2017 were highly homogenous with the strains isolated from wild rodents in plague focus in Lijiang,and Heqing plague might be the result of further southward spread of Lijiang plague.
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Objective To understand the genotype of the Yersinia (Y.) pestis strains isolated from Heqing county,Yunnan province in 2017 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of plague in this area.Methods Ten Y.pestis strains isolated from Heqing were typed by the detections of different region (DFR) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) as well as multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA).And the results were compared with those of the 93 Y.pestis strains from the adjacent plague foci of Heqing obtained from the established database for clustering analysis.Results The results showed that Heqing strains had the same type of DFR (Genomovar 05) and CRISPRs (Cluster Ca7,Type 22) with isolates from the plague focus in Lijiang.Heqing strains and Lijiang strains were in the same cluster in MST and only VNTR loci N2117 and M23 of Heqing strains were different from that of Lijiang strains.Conclusion The Y.pestis strains isolated from Heqing in 2017 were highly homogenous with the strains isolated from wild rodents in plague focus in Lijiang,and Heqing plague might be the result of further southward spread of Lijiang plague.
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Objective To investigate whether the host animals of Yulong plague foci carry Yersiniapestis phage,and to identify isolated plague phage.Methods Rodent specimens were collected in 5 villages of Yulong plague foci in spring and autumn of 2016,respectively.Vaccine strain EV76 was used as breeding bacteria.Phage was isolated from the specimens by double-layer plate method and plaque morphology was identified.Results ① Totally 409 samples collected in spring failed in phage isolation.A total of 40 of Yersinia pestis phages were isolated from 444 samples in autumn,and the total isolation rate was 9.01％ (40/444).② The Yersinia pestis phages were isolated in all of 5 villages,and the isolation rate was of no significant difference (x2 =5.055,P ＞ 0.05).③ Of the 40 strains of phage,37 strains were isolated from Apodemus chevrieri,2 strains from Eothenomys Miletus and 1 strain from Crocidura Dracula.④Based on the appearance,the plaque of the phage was divided into three:large (diameter 1.5-2.5 mm),middle (0.5-＜ 1.5 mm) and small (＜ 0.5 mm).Conclusion There is a higher number of plague phage in the host animals of the plague foci in Yulong County of Yunnan Province,the plaques are diverse in morphology,and their biological characteristics may be polymorphic.
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Objective To analyze the factors related to the household abundance of rodents in rodent-borne disease foci in the western part of Yunnan province.Methods From July 2011 to October 2012,800 households (20 households in 1 village) were randomly selected in 40 natural villages of 10 counties in western Yunnan where rodent borne disease was endemic to conduct a study on relationship between rodent abundance and environmental factors.Five cages were placed in each household for 3 consecutive nights to capture rodents.The rodent species were identified based on their morphological characteristics.The data on potential factors related to rodent abundance were collected through questionnaires and field observation.A dataset was established by using EpiData software and the analysis was performed with hurdle regression model under R software.Results A total of 421 rodents were captured in 800 households,belonging to 9 species,6 genera,2 families,2 orders.Rattus tanezumi was the predominant species (66.03％).The final hurdle regression model showed that the probability of capturing rodents in the households where family member had high education level and the garbage was placed outside declined by 50％-68％ ; The probability of capturing rodents in the households of Dai and Yi ethnic groups increased by 2.16-2.87 times; The probability of capturing rodents in the households where rodents were observed or vegetables grown near houses increased by 1.54-1.59 times; In the households where many rodents were believed to exist,the probability of capturing rodents and the number of rodents captured increased by 1.59 and 1.84 times respectively.The number of rodents captured in the houses with cement or tile floor increased by 3.62 times.Conclusion The household abundance of rodents in the area in western Yunnan,where the rodent-borne disease survey was conducted,seemed to be closely related to the social economy status,human intervention and ecological environment.To control the abundance of rodents effectively,it is necessary to take these factors into consideration.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To create the fingerprint library of Yunnan Yersinia pestis by pulse field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)with Fse I enzyme digestion method and to study its epidemiological significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We used rare cutting restriction enzyme Fse? to digest Yunnan Yersinia pestis strains that were isolated from foci including Rattus flavipectus Plague Focus,Apodemus chevrieri-Eothenomys miletus Plague Focus and Yulong Plague Focus. Fingerprints to Bionumerics software were used for cluster analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>30 tested strains were divided into 16 genotypes with the similarity value as 79.8%-100.0% . 16 genotypes wee formed into 4 clusters, with one consisted of only EV76 while the other three belonged to Rattus flavipectus,Apodemus chevrieri- Eothenomys miletus and Yulong clusters, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PFGE genotypes of Yunnan Yersinia pestis accorded with its ecotypes and biovars, with clustered regional features. The strains isolated from Yulong showed an unique PFGE type, indicating a new clone group was identified.</p>
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Animals , Humans , Rats , China , Epidemiology , Cluster Analysis , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Genotype , Phylogeny , Plague , Epidemiology , Yersinia pestis , GeneticsABSTRACT
This paper introduced the development of 36-Item Short Form of Health Survey (SF-36), and application of researches in China, especially the applications in gynecological chronic pelvic pain related diseases, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, etc. It would be a tool of assessment for clinical study if combined with the specific disease quality of life questionnaires.