Evaluation of ED[50] and 5alpha-reductase inhibitor activities of some thiopyrimidine, pyrane, pyrazoline and thiazolopyrimidine derivatives

In this work, twenty-one thiopyrimidine [1-21] candidates containing a pyrane, pyrazoline and thiazolopyrimidine ring screened for their ED[50] and 5alpha-reductase inhibitors comparable to that of Anastrozole as positive drug. Some of the tested product showed moderate 5alpha-reductase inhibitors with lower toxicity. The detailed ED[50] and 5alpha-reductase inhibitor activities of the synthesized compounds were studied

Concomitant Outbreaks of Yellow Fever and Hepatitis E Virus in Darfur States; Sudan; 2012

Introduction: Yellow fever (YF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted to humans by infected Aedes mosquitoes; while hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a waterborne disease that is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Both diseases have very close clinical presentation; namely fever; jaundice; malaise; and dark urine; they differ in severity and outcome.Methodology: In this cross-sectional; laboratory-based study; an attempt was made to measure the correlation of concomitant YF and HEV infection in Darfur States during the previous YF outbreak in 2012.Results: Results found concomitant outbreaks of YF and HEV at the same time with very weak statistical correlation between the two infections during the outbreak period; with Cramer's V correlation 0.05 and insignificant p value of 0.86.Conclusions: This correlation indicates that clinicians and care providers in tropical areas have to deal with clinical case definitions used for disease surveillance very carefully since prevalence of HEV infection is relatively common and this increases the possibility of misclassification and missing YF cases; particularly initial index cases; in a season or outbreak

Fraser syndrome: Phenotypic variability and unusual findings in four Egyptian families

Background and aim: Fraser syndrome [FS] is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cryptophthalmos, cutaneous syndactyly, laryngeal malformations and urogenital defects. It may be also associated with ear, nose and skeletal abnormalities. There is a marked interfamilial clinical variability. However, there is strong phenotypic similarity and concordance of the degree of severity of the disease within a family. Our aim was to report new cases of FS from the Egyptian population

Patients and methods: The study was carried out on 6 new cases of FS from four Egyptian families. All patients satisfied the diagnostic criteria for FS

Results: Cryptophthalmos and ambiguous genitalia were each present in 5/6 of the studied cases, while syndactyly and urinary tract abnormalities were found in 4/6 of them. Nasal anomalies, sclerocornea and abnormal hair growth pattern were constant features observed in 100% of the cases. The frequency of additional anomalies in our series was also higher than those previously reported as umbilical abnormalities and contractures of large joints

Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings add further evidence for the clinical variability associated with FS. The studied cases showed inconsistent compatibility with life and variable expressions in prenatal sonographic findings and postnatal clinical manifestations

Satisfaction, self-use and perception of medical students in Majmaah University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, towards complementary and alternative medicine

Complementary and Alternative Medicine [CAM] is a growing industry in the health care system, and the use of CAM is rapidly evolving. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA], little research has addressed the satisfaction, use and perception of medical students towards CAM. The objectives of the current study were to assess the level of medical students' satisfaction and perception towards studying CAM and to determine their self-use of different modalities of CAM. This descriptive study was conducted by administering a questionnaire to the first and second batches of the medical students studying the CAM module at the College of Medicine, Majmaah University KSA. The instrument used in this study was a validated self-administered questionnaire, and the retrieved data were analysed using SPSS

Correlation between amino acid of some dietary protein and their atherogenic role in albino rat

Most animal proteins are hypercholesrolimic and plant ones are not, therefore, searching for protein's amino acid composition role was observed. Biological trails of double six groups, 6 rats each, have been conducted for 4wks and 6wks of application. Groups fed on equalized 205 casein [C]dietary protein isolate namely wheat [W], soy [S], beef [B], pork [P], or turkey [T]. The assessment included blood total cholesterol [TC] and plasma lipoproteins [LDL, VLDL] and liver fat. Pork as animal protein and soy as plant protein have been found the most hypercholesterolemic. All rats fed animal protein diets had higher very low density lipoprotein [VLDL] than rats fed soy or wheat proteins. However, rats fed pork protein made the greatest LDL, VLDL, and TC; while it's HDL was low compared to those rats fed soy's, concurrently, liver index number of it remarkably reduced than the others. Biochemically, the most condensed amino acid [TAA] source was found in C followed by P, wherein the poorest one was W. Depending on the present data, animal proteins are more rich in containing essential amino acids [EAA], meanwhile, C represent the most balanced source for those followed with B and T. animal proteins make more than 84% casein' TAA, while plants, even soy, make less. Moreover, more than 75mg/g dry diet of animal AA are IAA and this were only 44 and 64 for W and S, respectively. This distinct AA soy protein profile comparing to both animals and plants might persist the biological deference. Moreover, it suppresses animal's in containing more cysteine, arginine and aspartic acids and contain much more Asp, His, Arg, Lys and much less Pro than W. surprisingly, P is the poorest animal protein source for EAA. The direct correlation between AA profile and atherogenicity is not clear. One explanation of this that wheat or soy diets have slower rate of digestibility with lower AA influx in blood stream and possible less interrupt lipid metabolism. This presumably occurred because of relatively lower amounts of EAA, e.g., lysine, Lucien, threonine, and tryptophan in wheat, or soy. Therefore, the next steps of those AA metabolisms may possess their negative efface on blood fat efflux by liver. It might be reasonable to conclude the following points: S then W less digestibility with remarkable indigestible proteins acts like dietary soluble fiber steadily lower cyclohepatic circulation to more blood LDL clearance, this may conjugate lower special AA influx in blood stream happened during feeding with animal proteins, meanwhile, some free AA, e.g., lysine, of fast influx in extracellular compartment can interfere lipids normal metabolism. Plant short peptides, i.e., three AA long or longer was acts as hormonal likes that may normally regulate lipids metabolism. In contrast, other animal short peptides, i.e., three AA long or fewer may acts as antagonistic hormonal likes that might up normally regulate lipids metabolism. Yet, the step of digestibility is the metabolic function ought to be further intensively studied in future

Mother's health awareness and nutritional status of children in Khartoum state-Sudan

The main objectives of the study are to investigate the relation between socioeconomic factors and mother's health awareness, and the impact of mother's awareness on her children's health. Comparative approach was made between three different socioeconomic strata. Sample size was 400 families, the main respondent was mother. Different quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were used [questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and observations]. Likert scale was also used to measure mothers' awareness. Anthropometric measurement and prevalence of diseases of under -ten years old children were both used to determine children health status. The study found that family income was the strongest factor affecting mother's health awareness [P=0.000], also mother's education and age are influencing factors. Accordingly, the children of the first class area were found to be healthier than the two other areas; the mean Z-score is [0.01]. Moreover, mother's health awareness leads to decrease the prevalence of malaria and pneumonia. Therefore, intervention health awareness programmes towards mothers are needed to improve children's health [e.g. nutrition, personal hygiene and home sanitation]. The government must also give more attention to the adoption of new policies for improving the general standard of living

Factors associated with patient delay in accessing pulmonary tuberculosis care, Gezira State, Sudan, 2009

Analyses of patient delays in seeking treatment for tuberculosis [TB] provide useful evidence for national TB control programmes. The objectives of this study in Gezira State/ Sudan were to estimate the extent of, and factors associated with, pulmonary TB patient delay in accessing care. A cross-sectional phase was conducted to determine the length of delay, followed by a nested case-control phase comparing patients delaying above or below the median time. The mean patient delay was 27.2 days, median 4 days [range 0-365 days]. There were no significant differences between case and control groups in terms of age/ sex, marital status, educational level or smoking status. However, patients living in urban areas, with low income status and who were housewives or unemployed were more likely to delay. Also patients with a history of contact with a TB patient, those who suspected TB and those with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were more likely to delay

Pattern of semen fluid abnormalities in male partners of infertile couples in Khartoum, Sudan

Normal semen is a mixture of spermatozoa suspended in secretions from the testis and epididymis, which at the time of ejaculation, are combined with secretions from the prostate, seminal vesicles, and pulbourethral glands. Many factors affect the quantity and quality of semen parameters such as cigarette smoking, excessive exercise and alcohol consumption. The objectives of the study were to determine the pattern of semen fluid abnormalities [volume of the ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm morphology] in male partners of infertile couples in Khartoum, Sudan. This was a descriptive study, 100 records of couples who attended Sudan Assisted Reproduction Centre in Khartoum seeking fertility treatment from July - December 2008 were reviewed for the volume of the ejaculate, the concentration of the sperms, the motility and the morphology. Semen production was obtained in the centre or at home after 3-7 days of abstinence from intercourse. Production of semen was by masturbation in a sterile container. Evaluation of samples was made by a qualified andrology technician. Statistics was done by the computer using SPSS soft ware. Results showed that 41.5%, 53.9%, 3.1%, and 1.5% of men had a volume of < 2, 2-4, 5-7 and >8 ml respectively. 25%, 37% and 38% had normal, oligozoospermia and azoospermia respectively. As regards motility, 27.4% had normal motility 62.9% had sluggish motility and 9.7% their sperms were immotile. There were only 1.8% of men who had normal morphology. The study concluded that, few men had sperm profile that was consistent with reference values with regard to volume, concentration, motility and morphology. Morphology showed the least normality. Results showed that no subject in the cohort fulfilled the full criteria of normozoospermia

Prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking among medical students at King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh of Saudi Arabia

To determine the prevalence of smoking among medical students at the medical college at King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh, and assess the association between smoking and socio-demographical factors, smoking contacts, reasons for smoking and attempts to quit. Cross-sectional survey in which anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used to survey the cigarette smoking habits of the first-and second-year medical students in the Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City in June 2009. Overall 39.8% of the investigated students [153] had smoked before, and 17.6% were current smokers. The mean age of initiating smoking was 15.8 +/- 3.3]. There were significantly more males than females. The most important reasons for smoking were leisure, imitation of other people and a means of relieving psychological pressure. Reasons for not smoking were mostly health and religion-based. Smokers tended to have friends who smoked. Cigarettes smoking is highly prevalent among medical students in the Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City. Contact with smokers particularly friends are the major risk factors for the initiation of the habit. Health and religious considerations are important motives for not smoking, quitting or attempting to quit. These findings can be of help in designing future intervention strategies

Hypoglycemic and anti apoptotic effect of garlic in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is caused by many factor include oxidative stress that leads to apoptosis of beta cells of the pancreas and so the antioxidant therapy strongly correlated with decrease risk of diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of an aqueous extract of raw garlic in controlling serum glucose, plasma c peptide of insulin, level of reduced glutathione and catalase activity in pancreatic tissue, also to estimate caspase 3 activity expression in pancreatic tissue in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats treated daily with garlic extract intraperitoneally [IP] for 6 weeks. This study was carried on 30 rats: grouped into 3 group. Group 1, the control normal group, was injected IP daily with 0.5 ml saline and group 2; diabetic group was injected with streptozotocin, 60 mg/Kg body weight [BWt] IP in 0.5 ml saline once and group 3; garlic-treated group, was injected IP daily with 500 mg/kg of the garlic extract 2 weeks before streptozotocin and 4 week after streptozotocin injection. There was a significant increase in blood glucose in streptozotocin group II [p = 0.001] as compared with control groups [331.3 +/- 16.15 vs 101.8 +/- 4.02 mg/dl] respectively and significantly decreased after treatment with garlic extract [161.5 +/- 5.28 mg/dl]. C peptide was significantly decreased in streptozotocin group II [p = 0.001] as compared with control groups [0.034 +/- 0.003 vs 0.053 +/- 0.001 ng/ml] respectively and significantly increased after treatment with garlic extract [0.046 +/- 0.003]. Catalase activity of pancreatic tissue was significantly decreased in streptozotocin group [p = 0.001] as compared with control groups [11.10 +/- 0.73 vs 25.7 +/- 0.55 U/gm tissue] respectively and significantly increased after treatment with garlic extract [20.3 +/- 0.66]. Reduced glutathione content of pancreatic tissue was significantly decreased in streptozotocin group [p = 0.001] as compared with control groups [0.67 +/- 0.055 vs 1.23 +/- 0.076 mg/g tissue] respectively and significantly increased after treatment with garlic extract [0.89 +/- 0.080 mg/g tissue]. Also it was observed that the expression of caspase 3 protein in the pancreatic tissue was decreased after garlic treatment using western blot technique. These results revealed that aqueous extract of raw garlic may have antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity that could be used in treatment of diabetes mellitus

Factors affecting quality of life for patients with rectal cancer undergoing radiotherapy

Rectal cancer is a significant health problem for patient and results in bowel and sexual function problems. Quality of life is an important outcome measure that has to be considered when deciding treatment strategy for rectal cancer. It has become an integral part of the modern assessment of cancer treatment. This study has been conducted to assess the factors affecting quality of life for patients with rectal cancer undergoing radiotherapy. A descriptive exploratory study was conducted at the surgical outpatient's clinics and Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Department in Ain Shams University Hospitals. A purposive sample of 50 adult patients from both sexes with rectal cancer undergoing radiotherapy were recruited for the conduction of this study, from the above mentioned setting. [1] Patients' interview questionnaire sheet were used to assess factors affecting quality of life [pre treatment course, during radiotherapy and pre surgery], [2] Quality of Life Scale that was used to assess the impact of rectal cancer on the quality of life dimension [physical, psychological, social and spiritual] for the patients during and after radiotherapy and [3] A self-report 5 day diary to identify patients' complications during radiotherapy sessions. The prominent factors affecting on quality of life were patients' age and education, disease stage, side-effects, physical condition and nature of the surgery. There were statistically significant differences between the side-effects during and after radiotherapy, added to the improvement in physical and psychological domains of quality of life post radiotherapy by one month later. There were many factors affecting on quality of life for patients with rectal cancer undergoing radiotherapy [pre treatment course, during radiotherapy and pre surgery]. In addition strong positive correlation was found regarding to these factors and quality of life domains. Further studies are needed to focus on other factors affecting on quality of life for patients with rectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy

Pilgrims satisfaction with ambulatory health services in Makkah, 2008

The main objective of this study was to assess the level and correlates of patients' satisfaction with ambulatory health services provided for pilgrims during Hajj period in 2008. This was a facility-based, cross-sectional study conducted in the Makkah region during the Hajj season in December 2008. A two-stage technique was used to select 500 patients from those who attended the ambulatory health services. One hundred subjects were selected by systematic random sampling [every fifth] from each of the five hospitals included in the study and asked to fill in a pilot-tested self-administered questionnaire. A total of 487 questionnaires were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and t-test, Mann Whitney test and ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis test was used as appropriate after checking for normality. Level of significance level was set to be <0.05 throughout the study. From 478 subjects analyzed, 390 [81.6%] were man, 345 [72.2%] were married, 28.9% had either intermediate or high secondary school education, and 2.4% were skilled laborers. The total satisfaction score for health facilities was 20.45 +/- 4.03 of 25. The satisfaction scores were 20.15 +/- 4.7 of 25 for patient satisfaction with physicians and 21.35 +/- 4.5 for patient satisfaction with paramedical personnel. The overall satisfaction score was 61.5 +/- 4.5 of 75 points. There were significant relations between total satisfaction of health facilities with education level and with occupation [P = 0.012, 0.001, respectively]. The total satisfaction of patients with physicians was significant only with education level. The overall satisfaction score had a significant relation with occupation [P = 0.03], but a borderline relation with the education level [P = 0.056]. Satisfaction with ambulatory Hajj health services is acceptable. Some physicians and waiting area services need special attention to improve satisfaction levels with ambulatory health in the subsequent Hajj seasons

HER2 over expression in malignant palpable breast lumps of pre and postmenopausal women attending RICK

Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 [HER-2/neu] over expression in breast cancer is associated with poor outcome and decrease disease free survival [DFS]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the over expression of HER2/neu among premenopausal and postmenopausal females presented with malignant palpable breast lumps to Radio Isotope Center Khartoum [RICK]. The study was a case-control conducted among patients attending Radiation Isotopes Centre Khartoum [RICK]. A total of 328 women were randomly selected. Data were collected by a pre coded, pre tested questionnaire. Tissue biopsies of breast lumps had been analyzed using immunohistochemical techniques for HERR-2/neu over expression and its relation to other prognostic factors was evaluated. HER-2/neu + vein first pregnancy at 23 years, were 32 [41%] in the cases, 6 [35%] in the controls of premenopausal women, and 21[44%] in the cases, 5 [38%] in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu + veexpression in relation to age at menarche 12 years was 39 [51%] in the cases, 7[39%] in the controls of premenopausal women, and 36 [56%] in the cases, 7 [45%] in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ vein relation to Body Mass Index > 29 kg/m2 showed 7 [37%] in the cases, 2 [33%] in the controls of premenopausal women [x2=0.024], and 8[38%] in the cases, 2[40%] in the controls of postmenopausal women [x2= 0.006]. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to history of abortion or miscarriage [ever] was found to be 21 [39%] in the cases, 4 [33%] in the controls of premenopausal women, and 18 [44%] in the cases, 3 [33%] in the controls among postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the history of breast cancer in a first degree relatives was 3 [25%] in the cases, 1[50%] in the controls of premenopausal women, and 4 [22%] in the cases, 2 [28%] in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the use of oral contraceptives was 3 [37%] in the cases, 1[50%] in the controls among premenopausal women, and 3 [27%] in the cases, 1 [50%] in the controls of postmenopausal women. The study confirmed an etiological association between HER2/neu+ve and HER2/neu - ve and age at first pregnancy >/= 23 years, age of menarche at

Green tea extract administration protects against the nephrotoxicity induced by gentamycin and amikacin in rats

Despite their beneficial effects, aminoglycosides including gentamycin [GEN] and amikacin [AK] have considerable nephrotoxic side effects. This study investigaged the effects of green tea [GT] extract on biochemical and morphological kidney damage induced by GEN and AK in rats. Sixty male albino rats were used in this study and divided into 6 groups each contains ten rats. The first group was the control group injected with 0.4 ml saline. Each rat of the second group was given 12.5 ml of green tea extract [3%] twice daily to drink it orally for 25 days. The 3[rd] group received GEN [80mg/kg] once daily intraperitoneally for 10 days. The 4[th] group was administered AK [180 mg/kg] once daily intraperitoneally for 10 days. The 5[th] group received GT extract for 15 days then concomitant with GEN for 10 days. The 6[th] group received GT extract for 15 days then concomitant with AK for 10 days. GEN and AK groups showed significant increase in serum urea and creatinine [Cr] which was significantly decreased in green tea consuming rats before GEN and AK administration. GEN and AK treated rats showed significant decrease in the activity of calalase enzyme and reduced glutathione level in kidney tissues which were significantly increased in GT consuming rats prior to GEN and AK injection. Light microscopic examination of kidney tissues of GEN and AK groups revealed tabular necrosis and degenerative changes which were modulated by the consumption of green tea prior to GEN and AK administration. In conclusion green tea ameliorates and modulates GEN and AK induced-nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage by enhancing the antioxidant defense system

Comparison of physical activity patterns among diabetic and non diabetic adults in Saudi Arabia

Quantifying the magnitude and risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus in the community is essential for all intervention strategies. The objective of this study is to assess physical activity as a risk factor of diabetes mellitus by comparing physical activity patterns of diabetics and non diabetics. A community-based cross-sectional study using STEPwise approach among adults using a multistage, stratified, cluster random sample. Data was collected using a questionnaire which included patterns and durations of physical activity, sociodemographics, and history of diabetes, biochemical and anthropometric measurements. Of the total 4657 subjects, 712[15.3%] were diabetic [369[16%] for males and 343[14.6%] for females]. Of all subjects only 12.1, 20.2 and 46.1% were physically active in recreational, work and transport respectively. Diabetes was significantly negatively associated with total level of physical activity .All lower levels of physical activity in leisure, transport and work were significantly associated with increased risk of diabetes .Physical activity at work and walking or cycling for 10 minutes continuously were significant predictors of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus among adults in associated with lower levels of all patterns of physical activity. Specifically tailored and culturally sensitive physical activity interventions, is necessary for preventing, controlling diabetes. Females, elderly and retired persons need special attention

Maternal carriage of group B streptococcus during late pregnancy in Ismailia

Group B Streptococcus [GBS] infection has long been recognized as a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants. Maternal colonization with GBS is the most predominant risk factor for the development of invasive neonatal GBS disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the current colonization rate with GBS and the association of age and parity with the colonization status in our region. One-hundred and fifty pregnant women at 35-40 weeks of gestation attending the Gynecological clinics at Ismailia from September 2007 to April 2008 were enrolled in this study. One vaginal swab was collected from each patient with an informed consent, inoculated in selective enrichment broth medium, subcultured and identified by conventional procedures. A total of 38 specimens [25.3%] were found to be positive for GBS. Colonization rates were significantly higher in pregnant women >/= 30 years and after the third pregnancy. The colonization rate was found to be high in our region and thereby constitutes a group of women whose infants are at great risk of [3135 invasive infections. Increasing age and parity might enhance the risk of colonization with GBS

Efficacy of limbal-conjunctival autograft surgery with stem cells in pterygium treatment

To determine the efficacy of limbal-conjunctival autograft surgery with stem cells in the management of primary and recurrent pterygium and determine the best corrected visual acuity after surgery. Surgical excision of pterygium and limbal-conjunctival transplantation with stem cells was of 40 eyes [of 31 patients] with pterygium. Thirty one cases were primary and nine cases were recurrent pterygia. Graft margins were secured to the recipient site while stem cells aspect was sutured to the limbus. After one year of follow-up, 37 of 40 [92.5%] eyes were free of recurrence. One of the three recurrent cases was aggressive [recurrence occurred two months after surgery] and the other two showed 2 mm corneal extension at 12 months follow-up. In 24 patients, out of 40 [60%], best corrected visual acuity improved more than two lines. Limbal-conjunctival autograft surgery, including stem cells, appears to be an effective surgical technique in preventing pterygium recurrence and it can also help in improving the best corrected visual acuity

Correlates of ever-smoking habit among adolescents in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

A cross-sectional questionnaire study of the correlates of ever-smoking among adolescents was made in Tabuk government schools in Saudi Arabia. Of 1505 students aged 12-19 years, 657 [43.7%] were ever-smokers [i.e. ever tried cigarette smoking, even 1 or 2 puffs]; 65.0% of males and 23.1% of females. In logistic regression analysis significant predictors for ever-smoking were: male sex, belief that smoking helps people feel comfortable in social situations, owning something with a cigarette logo, having pocket money >/= 20 riyals/day, poor school performance and having friends or parents who smoked

study on the effect of myrrh extract [commiphora molmol plant] on adult Fasciola worm in vitro

A new drug derived from botanical source myrrh was found to possess high therapeutic efficacy as a schistosomicidal, fasciolicidal and cestodicidal drug. However, no work was conducted to evaluate the effect of myrrh extract on Fasciola adult worms in vitro. To evaluate the fasciolicidal activity of myrrh extract at different concentrations and to detect the ultrastructural tegumental changes of adult Fasciola worms upon their exposure to different concentrations of myrrh extract using scanning electron microscopy [SEM]. Viable Fasciola worms were collected from the liver of slaughtered cows. They were transferred to a culture medium containing different concentrations of myrrh extract making the experimental groups. Two control groups were included; worms incubated in culture medium only and worms incubated in culture medium containing the drug solvent [cremophor EL]. Worms were observed at 1, 3 and 24 h after exposure and the number of dead worms was calculated, After 24 hours incubation, 2 adult worms from each group were processed for SEM. The present study indicated that myrrh extract had a rapid and severe effect on Fasciola worms in vitro, with widespread disruption to their tegument present after 24 h incubation in the drug concentrations used. The effect of myrrh extract was both time and dose dependent

Sudden natural death in Khartoum Mortuary

The sudden natural death is defined as: Death occurs within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms. The disclosing of the causes of sudden natural death is important for prevention and improving outcome. The objectives of this study were to determine the causes of sudden natural death in Khartoum Mortuary Descriptive, cross- sectional study of natural sudden death in Khartoum Mortuary, which was located in Khartoum Teaching Hospital and offers services to the state. The autopsy records of 2007, which were 150, were considered. Data were collected by a structured check list, and analysis was done by the SPSS soft ware. The most important systems involved in sudden natural deaths were respiratory [49.3%], cardiovascular [24%], gastro intestinal [15.3%] and cerebral [4%], while the leading causes of sudden natural death were pneumonia [20%], myocardial infarction [17.3%] and tuberculosis [14%]. Sudden natural death occurred in slightly higher ratio in the age group 40 years and below [50.1%], males were dominating [83%]. The commonest causes of sudden natural death, which were pneumonia, myocardial infarction and tuberculosis, were different from the literature in which the commonest causes were myocardial infarction followed by pulmonary embolism. The study highlighted the importance of respiratory diseases besides myocardial infarction as leading causes of sudden natural death, and the need for further researches in this issue