Impact of nursing instructions on neurodevelopmental state of hypothyroid neonates

Congenital hypothyroidism [CH] is the most prevalent endocrine disorder in the neonate. Lack of thyroid hormone during early development is at risk of brain damage and mental retardation. So the aims of this study were to: 1. Evaluate the neuro developmental state of the neonate with [CH], 2. Determine the impact of nursing instructions on maternal knowledge and practice regarding [CH], 3. Determine the impact of nursing instructions on neonates' neuro developmental state. This study included 60 neonates, divided into two groups. The studied and control groups, who were collected from Endocrinology Department at Zagazig University Hospital and Shiba Baby Clinic at Zagazig city. Three tools were used to collect the necessary data; a structured interview sheet for both mothers and neonates, assessment sheet and Behavioral Assessment scale for neonates. The results of the present study revealed that the majority of the studied neonates had above normal range body weight and below normal range physiological measure. In addition improper reflexes and poor behavioral responses. More over lack of maternal knowledge and practice in caring for their neonates. On the other hand there were significant improvement in mothers' knowledge and practice after nursing instructions and as a squeal of maternal improvement, the neonates' physical, physiological, neurological and behavioral status also were statistically improved. The study recommended: [1] Educational program should be mandatory to nurses who are working at well baby clinics about hypothyroidism [2] Iodine supplementation during pregnancy should be recommended. [3] Cord blood spots should be mandatory collected at delivery room from each neonate for estimation of T3 and T4 values. [4] Mass media must have a role in educating people about [CH]

Immediate nursing intervention offered to preschool age children with poisoning

Poisoning of children is one of the most common and important subjects in the field of pediatric nursing. A poison is a substance which, when introduced into the body, injures or destroys the tissues and enzymes. The objective of this study was to determine the different types of poisoning occurring at Zagazig city to preschool children as well as to evaluate the immediate intervention offered by nurses to these cases. This study included 100 preschool age children attending at the Emergency Department at Zagazig University Hospital with poisoning. This study included also 15 nurses. The results of the present study showed that: 1-The majority of the studied children were five years or more. 2. The most common type of poisoning was due to corrosives. 3-Low socioeconomic standard and illiteracy of mothers were the leading cause of poisoning among preschool children. 4-There was a significant correlation between mothers' education and immediate care given at home. 5- The majority of nurses provided satisfactory nursing care. 6- Twenty percent only of nurses gave instructions about poisoning prevention. From the results of this study, the following can be recommended: 1- Continuous educational programs for nurses working at Emergency Department. 2- Poisoning prevention program to parents and children to prevent childhood poisoning which includes: Safe storage place for hazardous substances and medications, availability of ipecac at home avoidance of reused empty bottles in drinking, and the immediate care which should be given at home to different types of poisoning

protective effect of nigella sativa oil and the derived thymoquinone and nigellone against thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats

The present study examined the effect of oral administration of Nigella saliva oil [NSO], thymoquinone [TQ], the main active principle of the volatile oil of NSO and nigellone [NG], the less toxic carbonyl polymer of TQ, on progress of thioacetamide [TAA] -induced liver fibrosis in rats. Sixty male albino rats weighing 150-200 g/rat were classified into 6 groups as follows: group I, [saline-control], group II [TAA-induced liver injury], group III [NSO-treated], group IV [TQ-treated], group V [NG-treated] and group VI [propylene glycol - treated]. NSO, TQ, NG and propylene glycol were given daily orally for 6 weeks starting with TAA administration. Propylene glycol was the vehicle of TQ and NG. TAA-injury [group II] caused a significant rise in the portal pressure and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor -alpha, transforming growth factor - beta[1] and malondialdehyde. Moreover, liver function tests [serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and serum albumin concentration] were significantly impaired in group II as compared to group I. Liver tissues obtained from rats treated by TAA had higher hydroxyproline and lower reduced glutathione contents as compared to saline-control [group I]. Administration NSO, TQ or NG caused significant and similar protective effects against all TAA-induced haemodynamic and biochemical impairments. This study suggests that NSO, TQ and NG are significantly and probably equally effective against TAA-induced liver injury and fibrosis. Inhibition of synthesis and/or release of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta[1] as well as inhibition of tissue oxidative stress may be of particular importance

Effect of psychosocial support on body-image and self-esteem of Insulin dependent diabetic school-age children

Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest chronic diseases in the world. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus [I.D.D.M] is chronic and irreversible disease, its onset usually occurs in childhood, the big incidence being at puberty. The needs of chronically ill children place specific dem and s on health care system; in addition care- givers have to be more initiators. Diabetes managements impose dem and s that alter the individual's life style forever, so psychological support is crucial. Psychological management of diabetes composed of three levels, which are, knowledge management skills, adherence/ self-care and psychosocial adjustment. Management of diabetic child should focus on empowering the child in self-care, respecting autonomy and encouraging independency. Self-esteem and body-image are important factors to be stressed in caring with chronically ill children. The aim of the current study was to assess body-image and self-esteem and evaluating the effect of psychosocial support on them. A pre/posttest quasi-experimental design was adopted to carry out the present study. Four tools for data collection were sociodemographic datasheet, medical history data sheet, Self-Esteem Inventory [SEI] developed by Coopersmith 1981, draw your -self test adopted from Bellack, and Fleming 1996. The psychosocial support activities were adopted from reading of related literatures to develop positive self-esteem and body-image. A convenient sample of 40 school age children was taken from inpatients diabetic ward in El- Monira Pediatric Hospital. The study Results revealed that 60% of the studied children were females their mean age was 9.65 +/- 1.66, highly significant differences were found as regard to pre and post-test self-esteem [t=11.210, p<0.001] as well as body- image [t = 3.986, p=0.001]. There was a statistically significant relation between child's family income and self-esteem post-test [r=. 039, p=.05], while there were no significant relation between child's sex, age, parent's education and self-esteem in the post-test. The study's results suggested a positive effect of psychosocial support on body-image and self-esteem of school-age children with IDDM.

Effect of nursing intervention on low-back pain among children and adolescents

Low back pain [LBP] in children and adolescents is a common problem that is frequently reported to the physician. Approximately 23% of elementary school children complain of backache and that percentage rises to 33% among the secondary school population. Little researches have been carried out to prevent LBP through health education. So, the aims of this study were to: 1] identify selected factors responsible for LBP; and 2] determine the effect of nursing intervention [health instructions] on LBP among children and adolescents. This study included 100 children and adolescents with mechanical LBP from the orthopedic clinic at Sporting Students' Hospital in Alexandria. Three tools were used to collect the necessary data: A structured interview sheet, anthropometric measurements sheet and Word Graphic Rating Scale for pain assessment. The results of the selected factors related to LBP revealed that the majority of the studied children were taking wrong position during study and in front of computer and carried the school bag on their back or shoulder. In addition, all children carried heavy school bag where its mean weight was 9.702 kg. Two thirds of the children were sitting for more than one hour in front of computer and had stress either at school or home. Winter was the season for LBP. It was found that nursing intervention had positive desirable effect on alleviating LBP. There are no statistical significant differences between the degree of pain and the selected factors responsible for LBP. Bases on these findings nursing instructions are recommended to be continuously recycled and considered in the plan of LBP care

Impact of cardiopulmonary resuscitation program on the retention of pediatric nurses knowledge and practice

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation [CPR] program on the retention of pediatric nurses' knowledge and practice. Successful resuscitation depends on several factors including the causes for cardiac arrest and availability of CRP. Another key factor is the ability of the pediatric nurse to perform CPR. Knowledge and practice of CPR were tested on 56 pediatric nurses who were working at Zagazig University Hospital. Knowledge was tested by a questionnaire sheet while practice was tested by a practical test using an infant manikin. The Resuscitation Council 1997 Guidelines were used as a guide. The results of the present study showed that the knowledge and practice of nurses in the baseline study were unsatisfactory. The mean total score of knowledge and practice of nurses were significantly improved in the up-date and six weeks after The mean total scores of knowledge and practice of the majority of nurses who were working at the emergency and the ICU departments were significantly better than those who were working at the out-patient and the in-patient departments. It is to be recommended that: 1- Every one, regardless of their seniority requires resuscitation up-dating.2-Continuous CPR program is essential to all pediatric nurses' categories and at different departments at least every two years

protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats

The present work was performed to study the possible protective effect of Nigella sativa Oil [NSO] on hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol, as a model of hepatotoxic agents. 50 adult male albino rats were used in this study, each rat weighing 120-150 grams. Animals were divided into 5 groups; 10 rats each group. Group [I] received saline intraperitoneal and served as control. Group [II] received paracetamol in a single dose 1 gm/kg intraperitoneally to each rats. Group [III] received Nigella sativa Oil [NSO] in a dose of 800 mg/kg orally daily for 4 weeks. Group [IV] rats of this group received Nigella sativa Oil orally once daily in a dose of 800 mg/kg for 4 weeks followed by a single dose of paracetamol i.p. [1 gm/kg]. Group [V] received a single dose of paracetamol [1 gm/kg] i.p followed by Nigella sativa Oil orally 800 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment all animals were sacrificed after an overnight fasting, and blood samples were collected for the biochemical ssessment of the standard liver function tests, serum transaminases [ALT, AST], alkaline phosphatase, total proteins and albumin. Malondialdehyde and glutathione were estimated in liver tissues in addition to histopathological examination of liver was performed in each group. The results of the present study showed that in group II there was a marked elevation of serum transaminases and decrease in total protein and albumin plus elevation of malondialdhyde and reduction of glutathione in liver tissues. Administration of NSO before or after paracetamol produced significant reduction in all parameters of liver function tests, also malondialdehyde in liver tissue decreased while glutathione showed a significant increase in liver tissues. Also there was an improvement in histopathological finding of the liver. The results of our study showed that Nigella sativa Oil can significantly protect and treat the liver against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity

Study of the effect of lithium on plasma glucose, insulin and glycogen in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Lithium [Li] is used widely in different psychiatric disorders. It has variable and inconclusive effects on glucose tolerance. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of lithium on plasma glucose [G], glucagon and insulin, and their responses to IV G in male wistar rats. Plasma G, glucagon [by RIA], insulin [by RIA], and serum Li [by flame photometry] were measured before and 30 min after IV Li chloride [4 mEq/kg] in 10 normal and 10 streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [under light ether anaesthesia]. These parameters were also determined before, at 30 and 90 min following combined IV administration of Li chloride [4 mEq/kg] and G [0.5 g/kg] in 10 normal and 10 diabetic rats. In normal rats, Li injection resulted in a significant increase in mean plasma G [55%] and glucagon [91%]. This was associated with a significant drop in mean plasma insulin [71%]. Combined Li and G administration was followed by an increase in both mean plasma G [42%] and glucagon [98%]; a further elevation was observed at 90 min. The addition of G to Li failed to alter the inhibitory effect of the latter on plasma insulin which persisted till 90 min.. In diabetic rats, mean fasting plasma G and glucagon were significantly higher than those in normal rats, while mean plasma insulin was significantly lower [p < 0.001]. Administration of Li was associated with a further significant increase in plasma G and glucagon and a decrease in plasma insulin. Addition of G to Li failed to alter the responses of mean plasma G, glucagon and insulin, when compared to Li alone. These changes did not persist at 90 min as in normal rats. Serum Li levels [basal and after Li injection] were comparable in normal and diabetic rats. We conclude that acute Li administration is associated with an increase in plasma glucose in both normal and diabetic rats. This hyperglycemia is due to accelerated glucagon and diminished insulin secretion

Effect of nitrendipine on some cardio vascular parameters and aortic contractile response in doca-salt hypertensive rats

Long-term administration of nitrendipine [N] in DOCA hypertensive rats for four weeks led to a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure [SBP] accompanied by a temporary increase in heart rate [HR]. the relationship between Alpha adrenoreceptors and the sensitivity of contractile responses induced by norepinephrine [NE], phenylephrine [PE] and clonidine [CL] in the presence of [N] was also investigated on isolated aortic strips from normotensive and DOCA hypertensive rate. Nitrendipine [10-5 M] suppressed NE, PE and CL induced responses both in DOCA hypertensive and normotensive rats only in the presence of each agonist [starting from 10-7 M]. this might be due to a decrease in the slow component of the contractile responses which depend mainly on the extracellular ca-influx. NE, PE and CL elicited contractile responses with greater magnitude in aorta from DOCA rats than from normotensive rats, probably due to increased vascular responsiveness in the hypertensive rats. It can be concluded that [N] is an effective antihypertensive agent which caused minor increase in HR eventually attenuated. The differential responses to NE, PE and CL in DOCA hypertensive and normal rats may be due to increased sensitivity of the postsynaptic Alpha adrenoreceptors in the DOCA hypertensive rats

Natriuretic effect of glucagon in starved and fed rats

The study was carried out on 40 male albino rats [a fed group and a starved group]. Half of the animals in each group received intravenous injection [1.5 ng/g b. wt.] for 4 consecutive days. Glucagon treatment prevented starvation induced sodium retention and was observed to enhance the glomerular filtration rate [GER] and to lack an influence on the renal Na+ - K+ ATPase enzyme. So, it can be concluded that the natriuretic action of glucagon can be considered to be performed at the glomerular level

Effect of diltiazem and captopril on renal pathology in glycerol induced acute renal failure in rats

To evaluate the effect of pharmacologic vasodilators on glycerol induced acute renal failure, we studied untreated animals and those given Diltiazem and Captopril at a period of 24 hours 3 days and seven days after the onset of acute renal failure. At each time comparative assessment of renal histology were performed. Diltiazem a calcium channel blocker significantly reduced the extent of tubular cell necrosis and was associated with a more rapid histologic recovery. Captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, did not influence renal pathology throughout the observation period. Diltiazem was benificial and offered significant protection against glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats; it may have a protective effect at least in early stages of acute renal failure in humans

Experimental canine pancreatic allogenic segmental transplantation: the short term role of octreotide in the control of the exocrine secretion problems of the transplant

The transverse pancreatic segment was transplanted from donor dogs to alloxan-diabetic recipient dogs determined by leukocyte cross-matching test. Nine transplantations were performed of which 4 dogs received. Octreotide [somatostatin derivative] therapy that gave marked improvement of the survival, local surgical results and diabetes control, in comparison to the other 5 dogs that did not receive the drug. This is attributed to suppression of the exocrine component of the transplanted segment

Changes in renal function induced by long term treatment with bisoprolol, compared to other beta-adrenocepter blockers

The effect of long term treatment with bisoprolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker on some kidney function tests in the rat was studied and compared to atenolol and propranolol. Results showed that the oral administration of bisoprolol [10 mg/kg] caused a highly significant increase in plasma creatinine by 83% and 88% when measured after 3 and 5 weeks of daily treatment, respectively [P <0.001]. Significant increase [P <0.001] in plasma urea reaching 46% and 53% difference from control values was found when measured after 3 and 5 weeks of daily treatment, respectively. On the other hand, no significant change in plasma creatinine and urea levels were observed after oral daily treatment of rats with atenolol [50 mg/kg] for 1, 3 and 5 weeks. Treatment of rats with propranolol [30 mg/kg] elevated plasma creatinine level insignificantly by 6%, 24% and 25% when measured after 1, 3 and 5 weeks, respectively [P >0.05]. This was accompanied by minimal changes in plasma urea. All three beta-blockers tested, had no significant effect on total plasma proteins. Results showed that beta-adrenoceptor blockers produce changes in the kidney function regardless of their cardioselectivity. The possible mechanisms of action by which bisoprolol induced such changes were discussed

Biochemical changes induced by dopamine hydrochloride in dogs exposed to hemorrhagic shock

The present study was done to test the effectiveness of dopamine in correcting the biochemical derangements occurring in haemorrhagic shock in dogs. Moreover the effect of dopamine on oxygen consumption as well as on the activity of sodium - Potassium adenosine triphosphatase [Na + K+ATP-ase] of the liver and kidney tissues was studied. In the haemorrhagic shocked dogs there was a significant decrease in oxygen consumption and a significant increase of Na + K + ATP-ase activity of the liver and kidney tissues. There was also a significant increase in blood glucose, free fatty acids [FFA], blood lactate and pyruvate levels. Dopamine Hcl caused a significant increase in oxygen consumption of liver and kidney tissues. On the other hand, it decreased significantly the activity of Na + K + ATP-ase. There was no effect on the blood glucose and free fatty acids levels of the shocked dogs but there was a significant decrease in the blood level of pyruvate and lactate. These results are then discussed

Effect of experimental chronic exposure to tobacco smoke on the plasma level of some suprarenal cortical hormones, angiotensin II, serum sodium and potassium

Twice daily exposure of male rabbits to tobacco smoke inhalation under controlled test conditions led to significant increase of plasma aldosterone as well as angiotensin II. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone and both serum sodium and potassium were not significantly affected. These results were discussed