[ effect of 8-weeks compound exercises training with omega-3 and l-carnitine supplementation intake on serum levels of visfatin in type 2 diabetic women]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of compound exercises with simultaneous omega-3 and l-carnitine supplementation on serum levels of Visfatin in type II Diabetic Women

Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study included a pretest and post-test with 5 experimental groups and one control group. Participants of the study were type II diabetic women, average age 52.7 +/- 1.6 years and body mass index 29.82 +/- 4.35 kg/m[2], who were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 individuals each: 1. Exercise+placebo 2. Exercise+omega-3, 3. Exercise+L carnitine, 4. Exercise+ omega 3+ L- carnitine, 5. L-carnitine+omega-3 and 6. The control group. Omega-3 supplementation groups daily consumed 2000 mg of omega-3 and L-carnitine group 500 mg L-carnitine either. Training included 3 sessions per week, each session consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise with 60-70% of maximum heart rate and 30-40 minute of circular resistance training with 60% of repetition maximum [1RM]

Results: T-test showed that visfatin levels in groups 3, 4 and 5 [p0.05

Conclusion: The results of this study, show that compound exercises, along with and simultaneous supplementation of Omega-3 and with l-carnitine, are appropriate stimuli to curtail visfatin levels and reduce risk factors in type 2 diabetic women

[ effect of three medicinal plants essential oils on the activity of peroxidise and polyphenoloxidase enzymes in broccoli [Brassica oleracea L.var. italic]]

Background: The enzyme activity of peroxidise and polyphenoloxidase establish enzymatic browning and leading to undesirable changes in fruits and vegetables

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant essential oils on reducing the activity of enzymes involved in enzymatic browning of broccoli

Methods: Broccoli inflorescences were treated with distilled water [control], ascorbic acid [17 ppm] and concentration of 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 ppm of Pennyroyal, black Cumin and Cumin essential oils in both in vitro and in vivo, then peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity were evaluated

Results: Cumin essential oil at 1000 ppm and all treated black Cumin essential oil under in vitro test as well as 500 ppm Pennyroyal essential oil, 500 and 750 ppm black Cumin essential oil, all treated cumin essential oil and ascorbic acid under in vivo test, significantly reduced peroxidase activity in Broccoli compared to control. Also, In vitro applied of essential oils including 500 ppm Pennyroyal, 500 ppm black Cumin, 2000 ppm Cumin and ascorbic acid treatment were dramatically decreased polyphenol oxidase activity in compare to control. The highest inhibition of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities respectively were achieved using concentrations of 500 ppm and 750 ppm black Cumin essential oil in vivo condition

Conclusion: The essential oils used in these experiments depending on the concentration used reduced polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in broccoli

effect of gamma irradiation on In vitro total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ferula gummosa Bioss.

Background: Ferula gummosa Boiss. is a medicinal and economical plant belonging to Apiaceae family. It is a native herb of Iran and is in serious danger of extinction

Objective: Gamma irradiation is an environmental stress and can consider as a new tool to change the content of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The effect of gamma irradiation on phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of F. gummosa callus was investigated in this research

Methods: Embryogenic axes were removed from seed coats and were cultivated on ½ Murashige and Skoog medium. After 2 weeks, roots were used as source of plant material for callus induction. Root explants were transferred into MS medium containing NAA [1.5, 3 and 4.5 mg/L] and BA [0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L], and the best medium of callus establishment was selected for gamma irradiation. Sub-cultured calli were irradiated at different doses of gamma irradiation from 0 to 25 Gray [Gy]

Results: The obtained data showed that MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L NAA and 2 mg/L BA was the best medium for callus induction. Under gamma irradiation, a significant decline was observed in the fresh and dry weight of irradiated-calli as compared to control one. Phenolic content increased under gamma irradiation especially at 20 and 25 Gy, and the best dose was 20 Gy according to growth response. Aqueous extract showed higher phenolic content than methanol extract. The 50% inhibitory concentration [IC[50]] obtained in the DPPH radical test decreased significantly under gamma irradiation espacially at 20 and 25 Gy.

Conclusion: According to the obtained results, gamma radiation could increase radical scavenging activity by induction of phenolic compounds, and the aqueous extract identified as a proper extraction solvent for free radical scavenging activity in F. gummosa

[Effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving emotion regulation strategies and control glycemic in type 2 diabetes patients]

Introduction: psychological factors such as negative emotions play an important role in the management of diabetes mellitus one of the most common chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving emotion regulation strategies and glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes

Materials and Methods: this quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design. The study population included 40 patients with type II diabetes, selected by convenience sampling from the Samen Alaemmeh charity center and randomly divided in two, the experimental and the control, groups [n=20 each]. Subjects in both groups completed the Garnfski`s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire [2001, CERQ] both pretest and posttest, and Hb [A1C] was also measured at these times in both groups. Eight 90 minute sessions of emotion regulation group therapy were conducted in eight weeks. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis method with software spss-18

Results: data analysis showed that emotion regulation strategies and glycemic control in the experimental compared to the control group, at posttest were decreased [p<0.05]

Conclusion: based on the results of this study, emotion regulation training could be an effective method for improvement of emotion regulation problems and glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes

Physico-chemical properties of seeds in valuable medicinal species of the genus salvia l.

The seeds of some medicinal plants and their compounds have long been valued for their numerous health benefits. To investigate some physical and chemical properties of Salvia spp. Some physico-chemical properties in five species of Salvia seeds [consisted of S. officinalis L., S. macrosiphon L., S. hypoleuca L., S. sclarea L. and S. nemorosa L.] were measured at 8.73 +/- 0.09% moisture content [d.b.] in four categories of large, medium, small size and ungraded lots with replication. The largest major diameter [L[1]] value was recorded in S. hypoleuca L. The highest intermediate [L[2]] and minor diameters [L[3]], seed weight, volume, surface area, sphericity, arithmetic, geometric and square mean diameters, equivalent diameter and mucilage content were obtained in S. officinalis L. seeds. Also, the most percentage of oils content was observed in S. sclarea seeds. Maximum kurtosis index was obtained in S. officinalis L. for major and minor diameter, surface area, sphericity, arithmetic, geometric and square mean diameters and equinalant diameter, in S. hypoleuca L. for intermediate diameter and seed volume, and in S. nemorosa L. for seed weight. The highest skewness index was observed in S. hypoleuca L. for minor diameter, seed volume, surface area, arithmetic and square mean diameter and equivalent diameter, in S. nemorosa L. for major diameter and seed weight, in S. officinalis L. for intermediate diameter and sphericity, and in S. sclarea L. for geometric mean diameter. Conclusion: The maximum content of mucilage and oils were found in S. officinalis and S. sclarea, respectively. The mucilage content was significantly correlated to minor diameter and sphericity, while there was not significant correlation between content of seed oils and measured parameters

[ review on ocimum basilicum L. medicinal plant with a focus on the most important secondary compounds and its medicinal and agronomic properties]

Basil [Ocimum basilicum], a member of Lamiaceae family, is used in traditional Iranian medicine. Essential oils of basil leaves are composed of phenylpropanoids which are important in treatment of headaches, diarrhea, coughs, warts, worms and kidney malfunctions. The most important phenylpropanoid compounds contain eugenol, chavicol, methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol, myristicin, methyl cinnamat and elemicin. Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids that passes from shikimate pathway, are regulated by an enzyme group. Phenylalanine amonia-lyase [PAL], cinnamate 4 - hydroxylase [C4H], 4 - coumarate CoA ligase [4CL], P- coumarate 3-hydroxilase [C3H] and O - methyltransferases [EOMT, CVOMT, COMT] are known as key enzymes regulating at production of phenylpropanoids. The phenylpropanoids are also produced in the area of stress conditions and maintained the plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study is introducing Basil and its medicinal usages in Iran and an overview of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as an important part of the essence in basil and its evaluation of agronomic characteristics

[ ethnobotanical study on the medicinal plants of zarm-rood rural district of neka [mazandaran province]]

Medicinal usage of plants is a main part of indigenous people culture which has been formed during centuries in rural area. This knowledge is regarded as a suitable guideline to discovering of novel drugs in modern medicine. This study has tried to determine and introduce the medicinal plant species, the parts and the way of usage of plants of Zaram-rood in Neka area [North of Iran] using indigenous people questioning. The flora of the region was studied during the years of 1391 and 1392. At first, the villages and paths were carefully identified by using the appropriate geographical maps and the information was gathered by interviewing with knowledgeable indigenous people. The plant samples were collected from their natural habitats and identified by floristic references. They were deposited in Sari Payame Noor University Herbarium. A total of 64 medicinal plant species belonging to 51 genera and 34 families were collected and identified. The largest families from the viewpoint of species number are Rosaceae and Lamiaceae with 9 and 7 species, respectively. The most medicinal effects were observed in remedy of digestive, blood circulation, and urine excretion system disorders. Amongst identified medicinal plants, 16 species were introduced with new usages. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the area has more remained in old people memory and it is possible to be vanished in later decades. As a result, documenting of this knowledge is necessary. Moreover, there is a good chance to find species with more and useful pharmacological features through ethnobotanical studies

[ most used medicinal plant species of Dashtestan [Bushehr province], with emphasize on their traditional uses]

Dashtestan, with 6371 km[2] area, is situated at 85 km in the east of Bushehr city. Influence of some important ecological factores, such as neighboring to the Persian Gulf, passing two rivers of dalaki and shapoor and also presence of southern continuation of Zagros Mountains are leading to high importance of region in plant biodiversity view point. Study on the medicinal plant flora of the region and introducing some information of folk medicine and the most useful medicinal species were objected here. All ancient regions of the Dashtestan were discovered using appropriate geographical maps and then the plant species were gathered from various localities respectively. Vernacular information of collected plants and their usages in the folk medicine were questioned from well experienced people. In final stage the collected plants were identified scientifically after deposition in the herbarium. A total of 85 plant species representing 70 genera and 39 families are identified in the area. The most abundant families of the region are Asteraceae [10 species] and Lamiaceae [8 species] respectively, and the largest genera is Ziziphus [Rhamnaceae] with 6 species. The most folk medicine usage of them is in the remediation of digestive diseases. Traditional usage of medicinal plant is more accepted among the people of area. The most of medicinal herbs are used mainly in remediation of digestive diseases. Considering the culture of society and attention of people to medicinal plants, it may be an attractive object from the farmacological view point

[Analytical review on Persian poppy [Papaver bracteatum lindl.] as a native and economical medicinal plant]

Persian poppy or great scarlet poppy [Papaver bracteatuin LindI.] is proposed as a new source of raw material for codeine production and addiction treatment. This species as a native plant is growing in North and West of Iran. As for possible of illegal cultivation of opium poppy, cultivation of Persian poppy in Iran was associated with restrictions and despite the being abundant biodiversity of this plant in Iran, this plant was not considered yet. However, Persian poppy is lacking in morphine and rich in the baine. It has appropriate potential for domestication, mass production, and industrial processing as a valuable medicinal plant. For this reason, in this study was investigated kind of traits in this plant

[Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kazeroon, Iran: identification, distribution and traditional usage]

Kazeroon, with about 4060 km[2], is situated in the west of Shiraz [Fars province]. This region is an important area which shows a great plant biodiversity. Also this ancient region is one of the most important human migration roads in Iran and so traditional usage of medicinal plant is a familiar therapeutic way for native people. The traditional usages of the medicinal plants of region were focused and therefore some beneficial information was gathered using native people questioning. Medicinal plant flora of region was studied during 2007-2009. All ancient villages were discovered using various geographical maps and then the vernacular information of plants and their usages were collected from well experienced people and finally the collected plants were identified scientifically. 91 species [87 genera and 39 families] were reported from the rangelands around the Kazeroon. Lamiaceae, with 11 species, and Asteraceae with 9 species were the largest families respectively, and Plantago [Plantaginaceae] with 3 species was the largest genus in the medicinal flora of area. Medicinal plant species are used mainly in remediation of Digestive, Blood Transfer and Urinary system diseases respectively. Studied region shows high degree of species richness and its people are familiar with medicinal plants use. Therefore these traditional and local medicinal usage information of plants are more important and useful for future farmacological investigations

[Comparison of marital conflict dimensions between substance dependence patients: Shishe, Crack, Opioids]

Satisfaction of marital relation is a fundamental factor in strength and mental health of family. Marital conflicts are of the most prevalent problems among addicted patients. The aim of this study was to compare marital conflicts among 3 groups of drug users [shishe, crack, opium]. In this descriptive-analytical study, 71 drug users [16 opiumusers, 18 crack users, 17 shishe users], who referred to nerve and psyche clinic in Isfahan, were randomly selected. The marital conflicts were evaluated using "CTS-11" scale and then we compared to a control group of 19 parcipitants. Data were analyzed using Anova and Shafe tests. Analysis between groups showed a significant difference in five subscales: Psychological aggression, Physical assault, Negotiation, Sexual coercion and Injury [P<0.05]. The mean of five subscales indicated that the Shishe abusers in all of the five subscales have higher mean score than control group and opium abusers group. Difference between opium abusers group and control was significant in all subscales except injury. The difference between scores in Crack and Shishe abusers was also significant just in physical assault [P<0.05]. It seems that marital problems treatment in these patients and training of anger control effective techniques, safe sexual relation training, conflict resolution training and problem resolution will perform the main role in the increase of satisfaction followed by the increase of family supportsand decrease of conflicts and dissatisfaction of marital relationships

[Effect of phenolic extracts of peel and pulp of tampson orange with different rootstocks on the inhibition of soybean oil oxidation]

Recently, undesirable symptoms have been reported from the consumption of synthetic antioxidant and in the laboratory animals have been led to carcinogenesis and liver damage. There have been many efforts to replace the synthetic antioxidant with natural antioxidants extracted from plant sources. The comparison of different rootstock of tompson orange regarding to phenolic and flavonoid compounds in both peel and pulp of the fruit and evaluation of antioxidant activity of selected extracts in soybean oil. Peels and pulps of four orange rootstocks were examined for their phenolic and flavonoid compounds. In order to investigate the antioxidant activity of selected extracts, different concentrations were added to soybean oil [without antioxidant]. Peroxide value [PV] and thiobarbitoric acid [TBA] index were measured at certain period of time and their activities were compared with synthetic antioxidant [butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT]]. The results showed that content of phenolic compounds in peel of poncirus rootstock was 31.1 mg GAE/g extract and was higher than other rootstocks and the minimum content of phenolic compounds was measured from pulp part of sour orange rootstock [6.9 mgGAE/g extract]. The lowest and highest among of flavonoid compounds were related to the pulp part of citromela rootstock [1.4 mgQuE/g extract] and the peel part of citrange rootstock [41.3 mgQuE/g extract] respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents in peel part were higher than pulp part in all the fruits tested. For the oven test, selective extracts in peel and pulp part of the fruit were poncirus and citromelo rootstocks respectively. More concentrated extracts [600 and 1000 ppm] could be to protect the crude soybean oil from oxidation. The peel extract with 1000 ppm concentration was the only natural extract which was comparable with BHT antioxidant of 200 ppm concentration. The results showed that the phenolic and flavonoid contents were different based on the type of rootstock. Peel and pulp extracts [peel, particularly] can act as a natural antioxidant and can be added to foods after supplementary experiments

[Effect of drying process on the phenolic-compounds content and antioxidant activity of two varieties of date-palm fruit Kaluteh and Mazafati]

Date-palm fruit is an important horticultural fruit in Iran with a high nutritive value due to its contents of minerals, sugars, vitamins and antioxidant compounds. In this research the effects of drying process on phenolic-compounds content and antioxidant properties of two common date varieties in Kerman Province, Iran, namely, Mazafati and Kaluteh, were investigated. Two common date varieties in Kerman province, Iran, namely, Mazafati and Kaluteh, were chosen. They were dried by 2 methods - sun-drying and oven-drying at 500, 600, 700 and 800 C. The phenolic content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the antioxidant activity by reducing-power assay, total antioxidant capacity, and DPPH methods. The drying process causes a decrease in phenolic compounds in comparison with fresh dates. The reductions in both total phenolic-compounds content and total antioxidant activity increased by increasing the drying temperature. The highest and lowest contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were found in the sun-dried and oven-dried [at 800°C] samples, respectively. The Mazafati variety had a higher content of phenolic compounds [780 mg galic acid/100 g dry weight] and a higher antioxidant activity [35% radical scavenging DPPH] than the Kaluteh variety [720 mg galic acid/100 g dry weight and 28% radical scavenging DPPH, respectively]. Keeping date fruits at a constant temperature for a long period also led to decreases in the phenolic-compounds content. Drying process results in decreases in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of dates; the higher the drying temperature, the higher in losses in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity

effect of finger tip contact on the electromyography activity of ankle muscles

To investigate the effect of the light touch, vision and dual task interference on the surface electromyography [sEMG] activity of ankle muscles. Thirty right handed healthy persons stood in an upright and semi-tandem position and pressed the sensor plate in a rate less than 50 gr. sEMG activity was measured in three muscles [Tibialis Anterior, Proneus Longuse and Soleuse on both lower limbs by Biometrics sEMG]. Four positions were considered in semi-tandem standing i.e.: 1] No Touch, No Counting; 2] No Touch, Counting; 3] Light Touch, No Counting; 4] Light Touch, Counting. Each of the above positions was tested in two positions by means of Eyes Open, Eyes Closed. sEMG activity of the ankle muscles was lower in the light touch contact [LTC] [P<0.05], but higher during no-counting than counting [P<0.05]. LTC and the concentration on counting, stimulate the Central Nervous System for activating the postural muscles of hip and trunk. So the amount of imposed force on ankle muscles will be reduced

[ prevalence and relationship work factors and demographic with lower limb varicose veins in nurses]

Lower limb varicose Veins commonly occurs in the general population. The physical conditions during the work and conditions of employment are important risk factors that induced prevalence varicose veins are increased. For instance prolong standing posture and physical state is irreversible in the nursing profession. Thus the purpose of the present study was to determine the Prevalence and relationship work factors and demographic with lower limb varicose veins in Nurses. In the cross-sectional study was carried out in the 203 nurses in Amol hospital. It was done with the content of the subjects. After filling out the questionnaires by the subjects, they were examined based on CEAP classification system. The gather information was done by the use of Chi-Square, exact fisher and independent sample T test. A probably level of P<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. 145 nurses were female and age average was 34.2 years; 40.9 of them were over weighted. Prevalence of Varicose vein was 73.9%. There was a significant relationship between varicose vein and female gender [P=0.03], exercise [p=0.001], BMI [P=0.003], family history [P=0.01], regular bowel movement [p=0.005], age [P=0.04], weight [P<0.0001], over time work [P=0.001], sitting [P=0.01] and standing posture at workplace [P<0.00l]. Our results show a high prevalence varicose vein of the lower limbs in the nurses of Amol hospital. This disorder causes the physical problems and excess morbidity and it can affected on professional nurses' practices, so risk factor control and preventing of these factors are important

[Comparison of the effects of oral charcoal capsule with aluminum hydroxide syrup on pruritus in hemodialysis patients]

Uremic pruritus is one of the most common and interruptive symptoms in patient with hemodialysis. Approximately, 60% of these patients suffering from this condition. There are several causes for pruritus, thus, various treatments are applied in order to control it. Comparison the effects of Oral charcoal capsule with Aluminum Hydroxide Syrup on pruritus in hemodialysis patients in 5 Azar hospital, Gorgan. Using a cross-over clinical study, we examined 30 patients with moderate and severe pruritus [two groups; n= 15 per group]. Subjects received oral charcoal capsule [6g daily in three doses] for two weeks as well as hydroxide aluminum syrup [30 cc; three times per day before each meal] for the same time. Wash out period was considered 48 hours. Pruritus severity was determined by visual analog scale [VAS] and measurement of pruritus scale [MPS]. Data were analyzed by SPSS using Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, unpaired and paired t-test. P=0.05 was considered as statistic significant level. Based on VAS and MPS, patients in the first group showed 40% moderate pruritus and 60% severe pruritus. However, patients in the second group showed 46.7% moderate pruritus and 53.3% severe pruritus at the beginning of the clinical trials. The results also showed that oral charcoal significantly decreased the severity of pruritus in both groups [alpha<0.05]. However, this effect was not the case for hydroxide aluminum syrup. This study showed that oral charcoal capsule was an effective drug to decrease pruritus in hemodialysis patients to compare with hydroxide aluminum syrup

Estimation of pollution brunt caused by environmental pollutants influential water Sabzevar

Nowadays, with population growth in urban areas, providing safe water and health are considered as the basicneeds of human, alongside the various pollutants due to urban activities, agriculture and industrial areas on adjacent ranges into urban water resources around the environment is such that study necessary to prevent the pollution of water resources and identification of pollution sources shows. The aim of this paper to identify research sources of water pollutants Sabzevar range of water supply in the city is using the data available. Sabzevar city with more than thousand years old and with a population of about 220 thousand people point to as the second city after Mashhad City in North East of Iran, today in the field of providing good quality drinking water with pollution problems that the groundwater resources of the serious issues is. Level range studied for this purpose, which is equal to 210.75 square kilometers Sabzevar drinking water sources [including 24 deep wells], the plain reservoir Sabzevar in the north, northwest and the West at intervals between 5 to 65 kilometer supply is .Therefore, the range affecting water resources include Sabzevar Northern Plains reservoir Sabzevar [code 4735] limit the salty river [Kal Shur] Sabzevar [main drainage plain] is. Drinking water of Sabzevar from underground water supply of plain Sabzevar affected various human activities [urban, agricultural and industrial] various pollutants into drinking water confine is Sabzevar. Recognizing the importance of these resources and also the amount of pollutants injected urban water infections, this study is trying to line with the comprehensive plan Sabzevar water pollution, water with good quality required for this area and reduce potential pollution of water resources must be examined. In case of Pollutants in urban water resources, several studies by various experts as a way accepted that some of them believe that the origin of urban drinking water pollutants due to human exploitation of the environment form of modern agriculture is a way, that the use of fertilizers for increasing efficiency of production and chemical pesticides against plant diseases and pests has aggravated this trend. On the other hand some believe that due sewages important activity centers, factories and urban pollution due to new types of heavy metals to soil and water, drinking water pollution in urban areas brings obtain. Range studied the amount of 1757.5 hectares of irrigated agricultural lands, 8611 hectares of non-irrigated agricultural lands, 1803 hectares garden land, 214582 urban population, rural population of 22162 people, 435 industrial units and there are 132756 animal units due to their emission into the resources groundwater is. Pollution of water resources due to the effect of effluent and sewages accept, share or pollution brunt due to activity or pollution center to two factors, Association sewage and wastewater volume and intensity and concentration of pollutants in depends. Amount of sewage, waste water and its effluent normally obey the water volume. Parts for use in potable, industrial and agricultural water ITom different sources of groundwater, the amount in the range of 206.77 million cubic meters effective water pollution reduction projects Sabzevar water is obtained. This amount, 178.9 million cubic meters [%86.51] in agriculture, 21.1 million cubic meters of drinking [%10.21] in urban, 3.67 million cubic meters [%1.78] in rural drinking, 1 million cubic meters [%0.49] in livestock and drinking and 2.1 million cubic meters [%1.01] in industry is consumed

Propagation of Ginkgo biloba L. through tissue culture of various plant parts

Ginkgo biloba, often referred to as a living fossil, is the oldest living tree specie on earth and is well known for its resistance to adverse growing conditions as well as its ornamental beauty. Ginkgo has been used as a nutritional support for mental alertness, enhanced circulatory and blood vessel health. The beneficial effects are due to the presence of ginkgolides and bilobalide that represent together with the flavonoids the active constituents. Propagation of Ginkgo biloba to determine the best explants, medium, kind of hormone on regeneration through tissue culture of various plant parts. In this study factorial experiments were conducted to determine the best explants, medium, kind of hormone on regeneration, the percentage of callus and the weight of wet callus. The response of leaf, petioles and meristem explants on MS, B5, WPM mediums to six hormones were investigated. Every experiment has 3 replications. Every replication for each treatment had 6 samples containing 7 explants. After sterilizing explants, they exposed to the treatments in mediums of%7 Agar [5.7 pH] for 6 weeks. In these experiments only callus was produced therefore it seems that Ginkgo plant is recalcitrant. These results showed that shoot tip was the best explant and interaction of epical meristem and MS medium had the best effect on the production of callus. 1 mg/l NAA plus 0.5 mg BAP was the best hormonal combination. Petiole explant gave the least response

need to revise assessment criteria of academic board members:assessment of research based knowledge transfer in Tehran university of medical sciences

In the past two decades, scientific publications in Iran has considerably increased in the context of medical science and the number of articles published in ISI journals has doubled from 1997 to 2001. Along with this quantitative development, it is interesting to know whether the researches done have led to a change in service provision and an improvement in the health of the society eventually. The aim of the present study was to examine the behavior of researchers in Tehran University of Medical Sciences about knowledge transfer activities. The other question was which factors could affect the researchers' behavior of knowledge transfer. The samples of study were all Tehran University of Medical Sciences' research projects that had received grants from inside and outside the university in 1383, had registered their contracts, had been finished by the time this study was done [the second half of 1385] and their reports had been sent. of 315 research projects that possessed the inclusion criteria, 301 projects were examined and their respective checklists were completed. The researcher's questionnaire was sent to the principal investigators of the projects and eventually 208 questionnaires were collected. Researchers stated that their passive activities of knowledge transfer to be more in the field of publishing articles. The mean score for researchers' performance in this field was 27% of the total score. The mean score of the researchers' performance in [active] activities was 6% of the total score attainable. The review of 301 research proposals showed that the total cost of the projects under study was a little less than 12 trillion rials, whereas in only 20 projects [6.6%], part of the cost had been provided by organizations outside the university. Among these, only 7 cases [2.3%] had considered costs for research-based knowledge transfer. In spite of the present expectations of knowledge transfer in the world, many academicians still use the methods of research based knowledge dissemination and not implementation. So, if it is necessary to 'connect knowledge to practice', it is also necessary to introduce considerable changes in organizational procedures and encouragement policies [e.g. employment and promotion of academic members]. The organizations themselves need to show commitment to knowledge transfer too. This means that apart from creating the necessary motivation in researchers, methods of implementation such as securing the necessary funds as part of the expenses of research projects and also training of researchers should also be considered

[General health and its association with sleep quality in two groups of nurses with and without shift working in educational centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences [IUMS]]

The health condition of nurses as caregivers influences the quality of care received by patients. To reach the maximum performance, nurses themselves need be health. Nurses, because of the nature of their career confront many types of stresses in their work environment and they are among people that are prone sleep disorder because of working in morning, evening, night and especially, rotation shifts. The aim of this study is comparison of the general health and sleep quality of nurses in two groups of without shift and with shift working in IUMS- 2006. It was a descriptive - analytical study. The setting was hospitals affiliated to IUMS. Five hundreds and twenty nurses were recruited using stratified random sampling. To survey the general health and sleep quality of nurses General Health Questionnaire - 28 and Pitsberg Sleep Quality Index tools were used. Chi - Square test indicatod that there was a significant difference between general health of without shift and with shift workers, so that general health of without shift workers was better than rotation shift ones. The sleep quality of without shift nurses was also better than rotation shift ones [r=0.692, P<0.001]. There was a direct correlation between general health state and sleep quality [P<0.001]. Based of the finding of this study, appropriate and efficient managmant and careful planning of working shifts is suggest to reduce sleep disturbances in nurses. Promotion of nurse's quality of sleep can promote their general health and eventually promotes the quality care of patients