[Prediction of psychological capital through components of spirituality among nurses]

Spirituality is an important and protective factor in nurses' health. This research was administered with the aim of predicting the psychological capital through spirituality at work among nurses. Research method was correlation and the statistical population was the nurses of a public hospital, among them one hundred and frothy five persons were selected using accessible sampling method. Data gathering instruments were the previous made questionnaires, their reliability and validity has been verified, including psychological capital questionnaire and spirituality at workplace questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results of regression analysis revealed that among four components of spirituality at workplace, sense of community [p<0.01] and spiritual connection [p<0.05] have predictive power on self efficacy, spiritual connection [p<0.01] has predictive power on hope, and sense of community [p<0.05] has predictive power on positive life orientation. None of four components of spirituality at workplace have predictive power on resiliency. The results of current research showed that components of spirituality at workplace could reinforce the nurses' psychological capital. Therefore, reinforcement of spirituality is necessary in hospital environment, for better managing nurses' psychological capital

[ moderating role of work skills in Relationship between job stress, feeling energy and emotional exhaustion with deviant and organizational citizenship behaviors and creativity]

Work skills are among variables which promote the coping abilities of individuals with high job demands at workplaces. This research was administered with the aim of studying the moderating role of work skills in connection between job stress, feeling of energy and emotional exhaustion with deviant behaviors, organizational citizenship behaviors and creativity. Research population were included the employees of two industrial companies, among them, 275 persons were selected via stratified sampling. Research instruments consisted of job stress questionnaire, deviant behaviors questionnaire, organizational citizenship behaviors questionnaire, creativity questionnaire, feeling of energy questionnaire, and researcher made questionnaire of work skills. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis. Results showed that: 1. There are negative significant relationships between work skills with job stress, emotional exhaustion and deviant behaviors [p<0.01], but there are positive significant relationships between work skills with feeling of energy, creativity and organizational citizenship behaviors. 2. The results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that work skills have been moderated the relationship between emotional exhaustion with deviant and organizational citizenship behaviors. Findings of this research showed that when work skills are low; emotional exhaustion increases deviant behaviors, but decreases organizational citizenship behaviors. Also in high job skills, emotional exhaustion increases organizational citizenship behaviors.

[Comparison of stress between endodontists, postgraduate and undergraduate students during endodontic therapy]

Endodontic therapy is considered as one of the most stressful dental treatments. This study was designed with the aim of comparing stress levels during different stages of endodontic treatment among endodontic professionals under- and post-graduate students. In this ex-post facto investigation, three groups including professional endodontists [n=36], undergraduate [n=41] and postgraduate dental students [n=47] were involved by convenience sampling. A questionnaire including 48 items, with five-point scales [very few to very much], was prepared for this study based on interview. The questionnaire was filled out by participants in a self report method. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and Scheffe's post - hoc tests. The stress among undergraduate dental students in all fields were more than those of professionals and postgraduate dental students, except for the stress of local anesthetic injection with lidocaine. Stress levels of all three groups were significantly different in inferior alveolar block injections with lidocaine, with professionals having more stress than under- and post- graduate dental students. The most stressful aspect of endodontic treatment, among the three groups was canal obturation, followed by obturation of the molar canals, preparing molar access cavities in special conditions and taking the final radiographs. The suggested methods offered for occupational stress reduction, was experience and knowledge, adequate knowledge, concentration and self confidence, and trust to God, respectively. The stress among under graduate dental students in all fields was more than professionals and post graduate dental students, except for the stress of local anesthetic injections with lidocaine

[Reinforcing model of feeling of energy, empowerment and employees' creativity through ethical leadership]

Managers who rely on ethical values, have considerable effects on employees' feeling of energy, empowerment and creativity. Ethical leadership which is a relative new construct, has considerable role in creating healthy work climate. In this regard, this research was administered with the aim of investigating the role of ethical leadership on reinforcing feeling of energy, empowerment and employees' creativity. Research statistical population were the total of Haier factory employees in autumn of 1388. Among them, 332 persons as the research sample were selected with the use of stratified sampling [from personnel's list of each section]. Research instruments which used for assessment of variables including feeling of energy at work with 8 items, creativity at work with 9 items, psychological empowerment with 12 items and ethical leadership with 6 items. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, structure equation modeling and mediating regression analysis. Results showed that ethical leadership directly reinforces empowerment and energy at work and feeling of energy at work also reinforces empowerment. But in a process analysis, feeling of energy and psychological empowerment after being reinforced through ethical leadership, reinforce employees' creativity at work. The evidences of this research revealed the role of leaders and managers' tendencies to ethical leadership on feeling of energy at work, psychological empowerment and employees' creativity at work. On the basis of the findings, for reinforcing employees' vitality, empowerment and creativity, supervisors and managers' should be complied with ethical leadership principles in their management

[ analysis of relationship between loyalty and justice with employee's attitudinal health]

Encouragement of employee's loyalty along with considering the justice principles in organizational climate result in the attitudinal health. The attitudinal encouragement is essential for employees' productive and effective performance in organizations. On the basis of this issue, in this research, the role of loyalty and justice was analyzed on employee's attitudinal health [in the form of commitment and satisfaction]. Current research is a correlational research. Statistical populations were 700 employees of a organization related to the petroleum ministry. From them, 246 persons were selected for answering to the research questionnaires using simple random sampling. Research questionnaires were: reward and encouragement of loyalty with 3 items, distributive justice with 6 items, procedural justice with 6 items, affective commitment with 5 items and job satisfaction with 4 items. Data were analyzed with the use of Pearson's correlation coefficient and structure equation modeling. Results showed that there are positive significant relations between reward and encouragement of loyalty [0.757 and 0.66 respectively] with distributive and procedural justice. Therefore first research hypothesis was verified. The study of second research hypothesis showed that distributive justice is a complete mediator variable in relation between reward and encouragement of loyalty with job satisfaction. Finally the results of third research hypothesis showed that procedural justice has not a mediator role in relation between reward and encouragement of loyalty with affective commitment. The results of this research revealed that for encouragement of attitudinal health in satisfaction and commitment domains, employee's loyalty must be rewarded in a just and equity manner

Comparison of changes in respiratory system indices by spontaneous and controlled ventilation during pediatrics' general anesthesia

Chest wall in children is more compliant, slow twitch muscle fibers are less than adults and the alveolus are smaller hi size and lesser hi number. Airways are more expandable and smaller hi diameter. In the other hand the inhalational anesthetics can cause respiratory depression and rapid shallow ventilation. These changes can cause microatelectasia, low respiratory system compliance and increase hi work of breathing. Controlled ventilation probably will prevent these events. This study is going to compare behaviors of respiratory system under inhalational anesthesia. In a clinical trial, 60 pediatric patients between 6 months to 6 years of age, ASA I and II, who were candidates of elective surgery on extremities and lower abdomen, entered to study. Patients were randomly allocated hi two groups of spontaneous and controlled ventilation. In the first group hihalational and in the second group intravenous inductions was performed. Both groups were given halo thane [0.8-1%] hi a 50% mixture of N[2]O and O[2] for maintenance of anesthesia. HR, RR, BP, SPO[2] and T before hiduction and all of these plus EVT and peak and plateau APs, 5 minutes after induction and every 15 minutes thereafter were measured and dynamic and static compliance were calculated by using measured data. Data was analyzed by ANOVA, T student and Chi square tests. Patients hi spontaneous ventilation group had significantly more RR and EtCO[2] and less awakening time [p<0.05].Total mean of HR, SBP, DBF, SPO[2], T, PIP, PltlP, dynamic and static compliance after hiduction of anesthesia had no statistical differences between the two groups. There are no constant significant differences between the two groups hi respiratory system compliance, airway pressures and T and this study can not prove the development of significant changes hi respiratory system indices between the two groups. Thus microatelectasis [if developed] is not clinically important during less than one hour surgeries

[Evaluation of tourniquet effects on coagulation during knee arthroscopy]

Tissue trauma, pain and surgical stress can increase coagulability in perioperative period. Tourniquet application can increase DVT by blood stasis and releasing tromboxane, but some studies concluded that tourniquet will increase fibrinolysis. In this study, the changes in coagulability and fibrinolysis due to tourniquet application were evaluated by thrombelastograph during knee arthroscopy. In this clinical trial, 30 patients without known risk factors of coagulopathies were studied. Blood sampling were done immediately before tourniquet inflation [TI] as well as 2 and 30 minutes after tourniquet deflation [TD]. Thrombelasthographic parameters including R-time, K-time, alpha angle, MA, LY30 and LY60 were measured and analyzed by t-paired test and ANOVA in SPSS software. The mean of R-time at 2 and 30 minutes after TD decreased and the mean of alpha increased in comparison with before TI [p<0.0001]. The mean of MA at 2 and 30 minutes after TD increased first and then decreased and LY30 decreased first and then increased in comparison to before TI [p, 0.001]. Tourniquet application initially can increase coagulability and the probability of thrombus formation after TD, but after a short time, compensatory clot lysis occurs by increasing fibrinolytic activities

[ role of citizenship participation, meritocracy and organizational structure on personnel's behavior and attitudes in organizations]

The main purpose of this research was study the role of citizenship participation, meritocracy and organizational structure [bureaucratic and traditional] in the organizational citizenship behavior, affiliation organizational commitment and trust to coworkers. From A group organizations [bureaucratic] one thousand and two hundred twenty two and from B group organizations [traditional] four hundred seventy seven [from throughout of Iran] were selected with the use of multi stage sampling method. Five questionnaire used in this research: meritocracy, citizenship participation, organizational citizenship behavior, affiliation organizational commitment, and trust to coworkers. The analysis of variances showed that meritocracy, citizenship participation and organizational citizenship behavior were significantly higher in A group [bureaucratic] organizations than B group [traditional] organizations. Afterward, organizational structure in the form of artifact variable entered to hierarchical regression analysis. The result showed that meritocracy in A group organizations significantly increased the organizational citizenship behavior. The same result also showed that in A group organizations, citizenship behavior adjusts the effect of meritocracy on citizenship participation. But in B group organizations, after control of meritocracy, it has significant relationship with affiliation organizational commitment and trust to coworkers. In order to develop citizenship Participation and Meritocracy, attention to organizational structure, specifically bureaucratic organizations, seems to be essential for future in Iran

Relational model between just world beliefs for self and others with mental health indicators: structural equations model

The just world beliefs, are the beliefs about justice presence in world and living conditions. These beliefs in many situations can affect human psychological states and behavior. This research was conducted with regard to these beliefs importance and the main purpose of this study was to investigate relational model between just world beliefs for self and others with general health, life satisfaction, positive and negative affect and automatic thoughts. The research statistical population was the total of Isfahan city habitants. Sample group was 400 persons [200 male and 200 female] which selected with use of multi-stage sampling method from Isfahan east, west, north and south regions. Questionnaires which used in this research were: general health questionnaire [with 28 items and four subscale include somatization, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression], positive and negative affect scales [PANAS with 20 items; 10 for positive affect and 10 for negative affect], automatic thoughts [with 30 items], life satisfaction [with 5 item] and just world beliefs questionnaires for self and others [each with 8 item]. The validity of the questionnaires investigated and verified with the use of face and content validity. The reliability of the questionnaires was also investigated and verified with the use of alpha and spilt- half methods [Speamar- Brown and Guttmann methods]. Data analyzed with using structural equations model [Path analysis]. The above analysis conducted with the use of LISREL statistical package [8.5 versions]. The results showed that from all of the research variables, only life satisfaction have significant directive path coefficient with just world beliefs for self [B= 0.339, P<0.01] and others [B=0.218, P<0.01]. Hence in next level, automatic thoughts have significant path coefficient with life satisfaction [B= -0.365, P<0.01]. And finally the result showed that there has been significant path coefficient between other research variables. The result of this research showed that most effective path for adjusting just world beliefs for self and others are: social dysfunction to general health, to automatic thoughts and to life satisfaction for just world beliefs [for self and other] respectively