[Study on frequency and diversity of Eimeria species in broiler farms of Hamedan suburb, Iran]

Coccidian infection in poultry is the most common infection in the world and is the cause of mortality and great economic losses in poultry production. This study was aimed to determine the frequency and Eimeria species diversity in broiler farms of Hamadan suburb, Iran. A total of 16 broiler farms were randomly selected with different production age in 2012. The information about poultry production and hygienic management of the farms was recorded. During the course of the study, litter sampling was carried out two times per week for each two farms with the same production status. The litter samples were subjected to flotation technique for collecting Eimeria oocysts. The intensity of infection was determined on the basis of oocyst per gram of litter [OPG] using Clayton-Lane and McMater methods. Eimeria species diversity and frequency was also determined by using oocyst sporulation in 2.5% potassium dichromate and micrometry. A total of 12 [75%] broiler-chicken litters were positive for Eimeria oocysts. The intensity was significantly variable in the farms ranged from 2.2×102 and 1.45×105. According to Laboratory identification, four Eimeria species were detected in litter of all infected farms. The species frequency was E. tenella in 11 farms [69%], E. maxima in 10 farms [62.5%], E. acervulina in 8 farms [50%], and E. necatrix in 7 farms [44%]. The frequency and Eimeria species diversity in litter of industrial broiler-chicken of Hamadan suburb indicated a need to improve the hygiene and management principals of the farms in the region

Comparative study of the effect of garlic tablet and blueberry extract on cryptosporidum parvum oocysts in hank solution

Cryptosporidium is a common cause of diarrhea worldwide in both humans and animals. It causes severe and chronic diseases in HIV positive people and neonates. As yet no effective treatment has been found for it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of blue berry cherry, garlic and mixture of them on the Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in HANK medium. Different concentrations of blue berry cherry extract, garlic tablets and mixture of them, with dilutions of%100,%50,%25 and%12.5, were prepared and sterilized by filter 0.22. The oocysts were separated from the stool of young calves suffering from diarrhea and were concentrated by use of sucrose and Shyter methods. 100delta? of the concentrate containing 2×10[6] oocysts and 900? of the above mentioned dilutions [blue berry cherry extract, garlic tablets and mixture of them] were poured into the Ependrof vials [pipes] and kept into an incubator at 37?C for 24 to 48 hours [tests were performed in triplicates]. The results showed that all concentrations were effective in reducing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, but 1/100 garlic concentration, was more effective than blue berry cherry at the same concentration [P <0.001]. The mixture of them had the highest effect on reducing Cryptosporidium Parvum oocysts compared with those of blue berry cherry or extract of garlic tablets [P <0.001]. Blue berry cherry, garlic and mixture of them are effective in reducing Cryptosporidium oocysts. Since chemical compounds have side effects, use of blue berry cherry, garlic and mixture of them even in very low doses, can reduce the number of oocysts of this parasite, which is probably due to presence of allicin in garlic and polyphenolic compounds in blue berry cherry. Therefore, they can be used in children, elderly and those with immune system defects

[ effects of cognitive behavior group therapy on binge eating disorder and in women of ahvaz overeating anonymous]

Todays, The etiology of binge eating has not been definitively determined. Treatment must address the somatic, the behavioral, and the psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavior group therapy on reducing symptoms of binge eating disorder in woman of Ahvaz overeating anonymous. Subjects were consisted of 30 patients with binge eating disorder that were selected from overeating anonymous. Sampling was convenience then patients who were diagnosed with binge scale and clinical interview, were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 6 weekly sessions of cognitive behavior group therapy that the control group did not received. It was hypothesized that cognitive behavior group therapy decrease the symptoms of binge eating disorder of the experimental group as compared with the control group. The binge scale was administered to both groups before and after treatment. SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis The results of covariance analysis showed that cognitive behavior group therapy significantly reduced the symptoms of binge eating [F=107.16, p<0.001] in the experimental group as compared with the control group. This study showed that cognitive behavior therapy is effective on reducing symptoms of binge eating, and this method can be one of the treatment choices for this disorder considered by the therapist

[ comparison of impulsivity between responsive and non-responsive obsessive-compulsive patients to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the interrelationships among obsessive- compulsive disorder, impulsivity, and serotonin and previous studies produced mixed results. This study aimed at investigating the comparison of impulsivity between responsive and non-responsive obsessivecompulsive patients to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]. In an ex post facto design, using Sadock and Sadock's [2007] definition, and through convenience sampling, 27 Obsessive-Compulsive patients were divided into two groups [responsive and nonresponsive to SSRI] and were examined through 11th Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale [symptom checklist], and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. The mean scores of impulsivity and its components in responsive patients were higher in comparison with non responsive ones. Centroids of responsive and non responsive groups were significantly different regarding impulsivity, attentional, motor, and nonplanning impulsiveness [p< 0.009]. Among the four variables, there were significant differences only in impulsivity [p<0.01], attention [p< 0.01] and impulsiveness between responsive and non responsive groups [p <0.05]. The findings of this research shows that there is a significant difference in impulsivity level between responsive and non-responsive obsessive-compulsive patients to SSRIs, and the mean score of impulsivity in nonresponsive patients is higher. However, attending to some paradoxes in the literature, more researches are needed to provide a comprehensive theoretical explanation for the interrelationships among impulsivity, OCD, and responsivity to SSRIs

Necessity of bilateral chest tube insertion, after transhiatal esophagectomy in esophageal cancer

Esophageal dysfunction occurs due to various disorders such as benign or malignant tumors, perforations, and motility disorders. Esophagectomy is considered as the final option for treatment of the diseases. Except malignant cases, in which lymphatic dissection is considered, transhiatal esophagectomy is the appropriate procedure for the esophageal cancer. Avoidance of thoracotomy and thoracic anastomosis are of advantages which reduces morbidity and mortality rate in transhiatal esophagectomy. In the procedure, pleural drainage through bilateral tube thoracostomy is routinely recommended. The aim of the study was to evaluate application of routine thoracostomy and to find specific criteria concerning chest tube insertion. This descriptive study was performed from 2001 to 2005 in General Surgery Department of Imam Reza Hospital, Participants included 123 patients who underwent transhiatal esophagectomy. Blood sampling, Chest radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, barium swallow, cardiopulmonary function tests, and upper GI endoscopy was carried out for all patients. Individual, radiography and laboratory findings, post operation complications and mortality were collected in a questionnaire and analyzed by the descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables. Patients, 84 male [68.3%] and 39 female [31.7%], with mean age of 57.7 years underwent transhiatal esophagectomy. Clinical diagnosis of 94% of cases was squamous cell carcinoma [S.C.C.]. Surgical complications included rupture of azygous vein in 1 case, chylothorax in 2 cases, right main bronchial injury in 1 case, anastomosis fistula in 2 cases, and wound infection in 4 cases. Chest tube insertion was performed in 41 cases [33.3%] at the end of operation, and in 19 cases [15.4%] postoperatively. Volume drainage >/= 400cc was reported in 29% of patients and tube duration >/= 4 days in 51% of patients. Transhiatal esophagectomy which was inaugurated in 1933 is a less morbid procedure among various approaches of esophagectomy. Bilateral chest tube insertion can cause less movement of the patient and respiratory distress, and rise surgical complications including thromboemboli, empyema, atelectasis, and lung infection. According to the results of this study, tube thoracostomy is indicated for following reasons: a. high volume of intraoperative mediastinal bleeding, b. pleural effusion irrelevant to the operation, c. postoperative respiratory distress along with pleural effusion, and d. asymptomatic high volume of pleural fluid

[Comparison between finger bougie of the pylorus and pyloroplasty or pyloromyotomy in gastric pull-up esophageal surgery]

In gastric pull-up esophageal surgery, functional obstruction of the pylorus is seen in almost 20% of patients. The purpose of this study was launching finger bougie of pylorus instead of traditional pyloroplasty or pyloromyotomy. This descriptive study carried out from 2002 to 2004 on patients, admitted to the Department of General Surgery of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad. Of 58 patients with esophageal cancer, who underwent gastric pull-up esophageal surgery, pyloroplasty or pyloromyotomy was randomly performed on 31 cases [group A], and finger bougie of pylorus [group B] on 24 patients. On the 9[th] day postoperatively static function of pylorus was evaluated with gastric emptying study. Based on emptying time of the stomach, patients were divided into normal, delayed drainage and complete obstruction groups. Using a questionnaire, individual characteristics, surgical outcome and results of gastric emptying scan were recorded and analyzed by descriptive statistics, frequency distribution tables, Chi-2 and Chi- Square tests. Of patients, 58 with average age of 58 years old were evaluated from these. 40 cases [69%] were male and 18 cases [31%] were female. Pyloric operations were finger bougie in 31 cases [53/4%], pyloromyotomy in 24 cases [42/4%], and pyloroplasty in 2 cases [3/4%]. In 1 case [1/7%] pylorus was intact.Complications were, wound infections in 8 patients [13/8%], cervical fistula in 2 [3.4%] thoracic fistula in 1 [1.7%], chylothorax in 3 patients and tracheal injury in 1 patient. Gastric emptying time was measured in 53 patients with TC99 scanning. The result was normal in 44 cases [75/9%], delayed in 8 cases [13/8%], and gastric outlet obstruction in 1 [1/7%]. Although transhiatal esophagectomy is considered as a palliative procedure, some surgeons prescribe it for all stages of the disease. Most of tracheal injuries are in membranous portion. In small tearing, conservative management with bypassing the site of injury by endotracheal or tracheostomy tube was recommended. Surgery is suggested in large tear or failure of conservative therapy. The first recommendation for fistula in cervical anastomosis is conservative. Early surgery is suggested in complete disruption, non responsive patient after 3 weeks, and intra thoracic fistula. In the present study the results of gastric emptying test in group A [finger bougie of pylorus] and group B [pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty] were compared. Finger bougie of pylorus in gastric pull-up surgery is preferred and suggested

Value and accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytolbgy [FNAC] in thediagnosis of breast masses

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of the women and causes death inmany patients every year. About 70% of breast surgeries and biopsy taking are not necessarybecause they yield benign diagnosis. For diagnosing breast masses accurately and speciallydifferentiating benign from malignant tumors without surgery, Triple Test has been introduced.This project tried to evaluate the diagnostic value and accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytologyof the breast as the most significant element of this test. During a 3 years period, 120 females with the chief complaint of abreast mass being admitted in Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital were subjected to all components ofthe triple test followed by confirmatory open biopsy. In 100 patients all paraclinical procedureswere obtained and the results were available. FNA cytologic results were classified in three groups as benign, malignant andsuspicious for malignancy. Fifty-five patients had benign and 40 had malignant cytology whichwere confirmed by routine histopathology. From 5 patients with suspicious cytology, 2 yieldedmalignancy and 3 benignancy by tissue confirmation. FNA cytology of the breast is a well tolerated, simple, safe, accurate, cost effective,noninvasive, less complicated procedure and operable in office practice for diagnosing breastlesions, with an accuracy of about 100%, specially when it is employed in association withphysical exam and mammography in the triple test.Based on these results we strongly recommend application of this method as an ideal procedurefor breast diagnosis and elimination of open biopsy in our country, which certainly will result inexpenses reduction

Manegment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistula

The development of a malignant esophagorespiratory fistula is a devasting complication. The only effective treatment is to exclude the fistula from the alimentary tract. This may be achieved by intubation or esophageal bypass, and we describe our experience with these two procedures. To assess the results of therapy, we reviewed our experience in 8 patients with esophagorespiratory fistula due to esophageal carcinoma from 1994 to 2002 at Omid and Ghaem Hospitals. Age ranged from 45 to 73 years [median 57.7 years] the male / female ratio was 3:1. Primary tumor site was squamous cell carcinoma of midesophagus in all patients. All patients experienced an approximately equal average weight loss of 10kg. Three patients were intubated by a traction [pull-through] technique with plastic stent named Mousseau-Barbin tube and the other five patients were treated by substernal gastric bypass of the excluded esophagus. There was one cervical anastomotic leak in the bypass group that healed conservatively and also one hospital death in the bypass group [hospital mortality rate 20%]. Due to pulmonary infection, with no hospital death in the intubated group. The mean hospital stay in the intubation group was 13 days and in the bypass group was 19 days. All patients in both groups had acceptable quality of remaining life and were able to eat soft or regular diet without any serious pulmonary complications. The mean survival in the intubated group was 125.5 days [range 105 to 145 days] and in bypass group 137.5 days [75 to 180 days]

Incisional hernia after renal transplantation and its repair with propylene mesh

Kidney recipients are susceptible to incisional hernia. We studied predisposing factors for incisional hernia in our patients and the results of its repair with propylene mesh. From 1989 to 2002, 589 patients had undergone kidney transplantation in our hospital. Of these, patients who developed incisional hernia were evaluated in this study. The following data were collected from their records: age, gender, weight, age at graft rejection, surgical complications, treatment method, and the treatment results with propylene mesh. Of 589 recipients, 16 [3%] developed incisional hernia in surgical site. The median interval between kidney transplantation and developing of incisional hernia was 48 [range 12 to 425] days. Predisposing factors were overweight, age over fifty years, and female gender [P<0.005]. In four patients, hernia was small, and the repair was performed without using mesh. Three patients were reluctant to hernia repair, and in 9, due to the large size of hernia, repair was done using propylene mesh. Having these 9 patients treated with propylene mesh, 2 developed serous collection in surgical site, which were managed successfully with multiple punctures. Hernia recurrence or infection was not noted in these patients during 3 to 36 months follow-up periods. Incisional hernia is not a rare entity after kidney transplantation. Predisposing factors, such as overweight, age over 50 years, and female gender have a role in its development. Also, repeated surgeries in kidney recipients can increase the risk of incisional hernia. Managing this complication with propylene mesh is a safe and effective method

Evaluation of breast scan with[99m] tc-mibi in differential diagnosis of breast masses

Introduction: Breast cancer in women is second only to lung cancer with respect to cancer deaths. Early detection of this cancer is believed to improve patient survival and to prevent metastasis

Material and Method: This descriptive study was designed to evaluate the value of [99m] TC-MIBI-breast scintigraphy in differential diagnosis of breast masses. A total of 20 patients during a 12-months period [from March 2003 to March 2004] in Imam Reza Hospital evaluated. After clinical examinations and breast MIBI scan, excisional biopsy was done

Result: We studied 21 breast masses. 14 masses were malignant tumours and 7 masses were benign tumours. The mean value of MIBI uptake in malignant masses of breast was significantly greater than benign masses [P=0.05]. The sensitivity and specifity of breast scan with [99m] TC-MIBI using qualitative interpretation was 78.5% and 85.7% respectively. The sensitivity and specifity of [99m] TC-MIBI using tumour/background ratio in detection of malignancy was 92.3% and 71.4% respectively

Conclusion: In this study it was found that quantitative interpretation of [99m] TC-MIBI scintimammography considering tumour/background uptake ratio [>1.3] is highly sensitive for detection of breast cancer

[ rate of osteoporosis among asthmatic victims of sulfur mustard gas and comparison with non-chemical asthmatic patients]

Background: Chemical victims who have a history of exposure to sulfur mustard gas comprise considerable number of our young population. To evaluate the rate of osteoporosis in a group of asthmatic victims of sulfur mustard gas and to compare it with non-chemical asthmatic patients, in order to determine the distribution, site of involvement, intensity of effects, and difference or indifference with non-exposed group

Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 100 asthmatic male patients who had a history of exposure to sulfur mustard gas were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and matched with 100 non-chemical asthmatic male patients as to age, duration of disease, duration of cotrticosteroid therapy, and the form of therapy. Bone Mineral Density [BMD] test was performed on hip and lumbar vertebras in case and control groups evaluated in accordance to WHO criteria. Independent- sample T test was used to analyze the results

Results: There is a significant difference [p<0.05] between the two groups in the range of osteoporosis and osteopenia. No significant correlation was found between age and complications. Most changes [65%] were observed in the vertebral column, and hip involvement [%5] was much more severe in the case group

Conclusion: Considering the morbidities caused by this chemical warfare agent, the osteoporotic complications in chemical victims can intensify their disabilities. Therefore, preventive measures must be undertaken to reduce complications

[ rate of osteoporosis among asthmatic victims of sulfur mustard gas and comparison with non-chemical asthmatic patients]

Background: Chemical victims who have a history of exposure to sulfur mustard gas comprise considerable number of our young population. To evaluate the rate of osteoporosis in a group of asthmatic victims of sulfur mustard gas and to compare it with non-chemical asthmatic patients, in order to determine the distribution, site of involvement, intensity of effects, and difference or indifference with non-exposed group

Materials and methods: In this prospective study, 100 asthmatic male patients who had a history of exposure to sulfur mustard gas were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and matched with 100 non-chemical asthmatic male patients as to age, duration of disease, duration of cotrticosteroid therapy, and the form of therapy. Bone Mineral Density [BMD] test was performed on hip and lumbar vertebras in case and control groups evaluated in accordance to WHO criteria. Independent- sample T test was used to analyze the results

Results: There is a significant difference [p<0.05] between the two groups in the range of osteoporosis and osteopenia. No significant correlation was found between age and complications. Most changes [65%] were observed in the vertebral column, and hip involvement [%5] was much more severe in the case group

Conclusion: Considering the morbidities caused by this chemical warfare agent, the osteoporotic complications in chemical victims can intensify their disabilities. Therefore, preventive measures must be undertaken to reduce complications

[Anti-emtic effect of Trachyspermum ammi L. fruit extracts in young chickens]

The anti-emetic effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trachyspermum ammi fruit was studied in young chickens. Emesis was induced in the chickens using copper sulfate [60 mg/kg, orally] and ipecac [600 mg/kg, orally]. The LD50 values of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts [i.p.] were 2753 mg/kg and 747 mg/kg in the chickens, respectively. The aqueous extract [800-2000 mg/kg, i.p.] and ethanolic extract [40-100 mg/kg, i.p.] significantly prevented the emesis induced by copper sulfate and ipecac. These results indicate that the extracts of T. ammi fruit extracts have an anti-emetic activity in young chickens with peripheral and central mechanisms