Synthesis of some new 4-[P-heterocyclo-substituted aniline] -2,7-dimethyl-l,8-naphthyridines of expected antimicrobial activity

The reaction of 4-chloro-2,7-dimethyl-l,8-naphthyridine [1] with benzocaine and/or aminophenol gives the corresponding ethyl naphthyridineaminobenzoate derivative 2a and/or p-hydroxy-anilinonaphthyridine derivative 2b depending upon the nature of the reactants used. The reaction of compound 2a with hydrazine hydrate gives the corresponding acid hydrazide 3 which was allowed to react with CS[2] at different conditions giving the oxadiazole 4 and / or the dithiocarbazate 5, and with a beta-diketone and a [3-dikctoester to give the corresponding pyrazole 9 and/or the pyrazolone 10. As well as, the reaction of the acid hydrazide 3 with different aromatic aldehydes afforded the Schiff bases 11a-d. which upon cyclization with thioglycolic acid afforded the thiazolidinones 12. On the other hand, the reaction of 1 with different amines, afforded 4-substituted 1,8-naphthyridines 13a-c, which gave the 2,7- distyrylnaphthyridines 14a-d upon reaction with different aromatic aldehydes. Moreover, reaction of 1 with p-hydroxy- acetophenone and/or p-aminophenol gave the corresponding 4-[p-acetylphenoxy] and/or 4-[p-aminophenoxy]-1,8-naphthyndine derivatives 15a and/or 15b, respectively. Reaction of 15a with different aldehydes afforded the chalcones 16a-d, 2-[lH] oxopyridines 17a-f, 2-[lH]iminopyndmes 19a,b, 2-[lH] thioxopyndincs 20a-c, while reaction of 15b with aromatic aldehydes gave the 1,8-naphthyridine-p-phenoxy Schiff bases 21a-c and other related compounds have been synthesized. Furthermore, some 1,8-naphthyridine Mannich bases 24a-d were produced by treatment of 2b with p-formaldchyde and secondary amines. In addition, reaction of 4 with ethanolic solution of paraformaldehyde and the appropriate secondary amine, afforded the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole Mannich bases 25a-c. Some of the new compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity

Soft tissue profile changes concurrent with therapeutic extraction regimes in three different types of malocclusion

The aim of this study was to assess soft tissue profile changes concurrent with therapeutic extraction regimes among three different types of malocclusion groups; bixamillary protrusion, crowding, and class II division 1. A sample of 33 female patients with age ranging between 17 and 25 years were divided into three groups [11 each] according to one of the above-mentioned types of malocclusion. Angular and linear cephalometric measurements were done to assess the soft tissue changes and correlate them to dentoalveolar changes secondary to the fixed orthodontic treatment. It was concluded that no significant correlation exists between change in upper incisor inclination and in upper lip position in any of the groups. Change in lower incisor inclination post treatment was found to correlate significantly with change in mento labial angle in the class II division 1 group. Change in lower incisor inclination post treatment was found to correlate significantly with change in distance between upper lip and E line in the bimaxillary protrusion group. In bimaxillary protrusion group, amount of upper lip retraction, lower lip retraction, lower incisor retraction, and upper incisor retraction were significantly higher than the crowding group. Upper lip length increase was significantly higher in the bimaxillary as compared with the other two groups

Synthesis of some new 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives of expected biological activity

A series of some new 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives such as, 3-[2-thioxo-l,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-yl]-1,8-naphthyridines, 3-[2-substituted amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-1,8-naphthyridines, 3-[6-substituted imidazo-[2,1-b]-l,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-1,8-naphthyridines and other nitrogen, sulphur and/or oxygen heterocycles incorporated into 1,8-naphthyridine moities through an amide linkage has been synthesized for the purpose of biological evaluation. Compounds [2, 3, 5, 6, 8d, 10c, 11, 12, 14c] were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria and against a fungus [Aspergillus niger]. Among of these compounds only compounds 5 and 6 showed moderate activity against Aspergillus niger. Also, compounds 4a and 8c were tested against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice and then measured for their cytotoxic activity against P388 Leukemia cells. Compounds 9b, 10b and 12 were tested against different types of turner cells in [USA]

Clinical survery of the causes of itching in patients attending dermatology clinic

This is a retrospective study of 138 Jordanian patients [77 males and 61 females with a ratio of 1.26:1]. The dermatological causes were found to be the most frequent in 52.2% of the patients, causes could not be found in 7.2% and different medical causes were found in 40% of the patients. More than 70% of the patients were above 50 years old. The study concluded that pruritus is a predominant symptom of skin disease and a frequent manifestation of systemic disease. It is observed more in elderly patients rather than in the young ones. Skin disease, renal dysfunction, diabetes mellitus and psychotic causes are some of the main causes of pruritus

Prevalence of ureaplasmas in the genitalia of cattle and buffaloes in Egypt

The total recovery rate of U. diversum from vaginal samples obtained from animals suffering from reproductive disorders was 24.46% from cattle and 25.00% from buffaloes. Yet the incidence was varied individually according to the reproductivity status of examined animals. While the colonization rate from cattle in the following order; vaginitis [33.33%], cervicitis [25.80%], endometritis [33.33%], repeat breeding animals [22.44%], anestrum [7.14%], abortion [0.00%] pregnant [20.20%] and apparently normal cyclic animals [26.15%]. In buffaloes, it reached to 23.08%, 21.42%, 25.00%, 16.00%, 25.64%, 25.00%, 14.28% and 25.00%, respectively from animals kept under the same mangemental conditions. Slaughter-house-materials showed that he isolation pattern in non-pregnant cattle was evidently in a descending order starting from the vagina [12.50%] upwards to the other parts of the tract where no ureaplasmas were recovered ovaries. On the other hand, buffales showed a similar descending recovery pattern up to the ovaries, however, the isolation rate was exceptionally higher in the uterus [4.76%]. Comparing the isolation data from pregnant genitalia of both species, it is evident that in cattle, the organisms were recovered only from the vagina, yet no ureaplasmas were isolated from any site of the genitalia of pregnant buffaloes. In bulls, the recovery rate of U. diversum was relatively higher from semen and prepuce of male cattle and buffaloes used for natural services than those kept for artificial insemination purposes. In conclusions, the role of ureaplasmas as a cause of reproductive failure and infertility in cattle and buffaloes need further clarification

Lower limb-lengthening by coloptosis-unilateral [uniaxial] versus circular frames

The results of limb-lengthening by callotasis technique using unilateral frames [Wagner or Kazem Ill distractors] were compared with those by using circular frames [Ilizarov fixator]. The method of lengthening was selected on the basis of the availability of the device at the time of the surgery. Unilateral frames were used in fourteen patients [fourteen procedures], while circular frames were used in seventeen patients [nineteen procedures]. There were l8 female patients and 13 male patients. The average age at the time of surgery was 12.4 years [range 9-28 years]. The rate of distraction in both systems was about one mm. per day divided on four increments after a latent period ranged from 5-15 days. The average gain in length was 5.8 centimeters in callotasis with the use of unilateral frames and 5.5 centimeters with the use of circular frames. The percentage of achievement from intended length was 94% in unilateral frames callotasis and 102% in circular frames callotasis. A total of 40 complications [24 mild, 12 moderate and 4 severe] were recorded in the fourteen patients managed by unilateral frames with an average 2.8 per case. For the seventeen patients managed by circular frames, the total complications were 14 [8 mild, 4 moderate and 2 severe] with an average 0.8 per case. From this study, it was found that although technically demanding, the circular fixation devices, being highly versatile system, provided a better grip for bone segments and allowed for correction of coexisting angulation or deformity with low complication rate. It was observed also that whatever the method of lengthening, there have been a significant complication rate. That necessitated great caution and consideration before embarking on the correction of limb discrepancy. This rat of complication declined as experience with the technique increased

Reamed intramedullary interlocking nail for open tibial shaft fractures: friend or foe

Thirty seven open fractures of the tibial shaft were treated with reamed intramedullary Interlocking nailing in 37 patients. All patients had a minimum of one year follow-up. The Internal ftxation was indicated because of a factor related either to the patient or to the fracture. There were 29 male patients and 8 female patients. Their mean age was 34 years [range, 18-55 years]. All cases were unilateral, 14 on left and 23 on right side. Most of the fractures were the result of high-energy trauma. There were 22 fractures [59.45%] Grade I and 15 fractures [40.55%] Grade II open fractures. Non were Grade III open fracture. There was no associated neurovascular injury. Mean time for fractures union was 25.2 weeks. It was 21.4 weeks for Grade I fractures and 29.5 weeks for Grade II fractures. Satisfactory results were gained in 32 fractures [86.4%]. Non union complicated 3 fractures and mal-union complicated 2 fractures. Infection occurred in 3 fractures, one superficial and 2 deep. Compartment syndrome was recorded in 2 fractures. No implant failure was recorded. From this study, it was observed that reamed locking intramedullary nailing could be safe and effective method for management of open tibial shaft fractures Grade I and II. It provided adequate stabilization of the fractures through bone-nail surface contact with low complication rate

Intertrochanteric osteotomy-a salvage procedure-in non-union of the femoral neck

A series of 22 patients with ununited femoral neck fractures were treated by a Pauwels intertrochanteric abduction osteotomy. All the patients were under 60 years of age, Bone scan was done for all patients before the surgery. Six of them showed radiological evidence of avascular femoral head necrosis before osteotomy, and 10 non-unions showd associated varus deformity. The average follow up was 3.6 years [range from 1.8 to 5.1 years]. Sixteen cases were consolidated without complications [72.7%] and six cases necessitated further surgical interference. We concluded that in young active patients under 60 years with ununited femoral neck fractures, intertrochanteric osteotomy provided a high proportion of good results even in the presence of avascular necrosis of the head provided that there has been no collapse. If osteotomy fails, prosthetic replacement is still possible

Interlocking intramedullary nailing assessment of its application to comminuted fractures of the femur

Twenty-six comminuted fractures of the shaft of the femur in twenty-four patients were treated with closed reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing.Seventeen fractures were closed [65.4%] and nine fractures were open [34.6%]. There were eighteen male patients and six female patients with an average age 32 years [range from 20 - 62 years]. The fractures were right sided in thirteen patients, left sided in nine patients, and bilateral in two patients. Fifteen fractures were type I and II comminution [61.6%]. Eleven fractures were severily comminuted [38.4%], type III and IV. The fractures involving the proximal and the distal thirds were classified as unstable fractures.Twenty-two [84.6%] of the fractures united at an average of five months without additional surgical intervention. All fractures were treated by static nailing and dynamization was not attempted due to the comminution present. The average time of follow up was eighteen months. There were four fractures with pseudoarthrosis [15.4%], three patients had shortening between 1-2 cm and two had lengthening between 1-2 cm .One patient only developed deep infection. Renailing was done in three patients.This study shown that closed medullary locked nailing could provide sufficient stability in comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft irrespective to the degree of comminution and the site of the injury. Through preservation of vascularization and soft tissue attachment, closed nailing could provide excellent bone healing capability. It might be the modality of choice in such type of fracture

New synthesis of some 1,8 naphthyridines of possible antimicrobial activity

Some new 2,7-dimethyl-4-[p-[5-aryl-2-pyrazolin-3-yl] anilino] 1, 8-naphthyridines [4a-d] and other related products of the isoxazolines [5a-d] and the pyrimidines [6a-d] were synthesized for the purpose of antimicrobial evaluation. Some representative examples of 4b,c, 5a and 6a showed moderate activity against the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger

Effect of dietary protein on lipid metabolism in experimental diabetes

Results revealed that total lipid levels significantly decreased by feeding the rats with meat, lupine termis and soybean diets after 3 and 6 weeks while, casein diet showed significant decrease in total lipid levels after 3 weeks only. However, all protein diets showed significant decrease in total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein- cholesterol [HDL-cholesterol] and phospholipid levels after 3 and 6 weeks. On the other h and, plasma triglycerides were significantly decreased by meat and kareesh cheese diets after 6 weeks while, soybean diet significantly reduced triglyceride levels after 3 and 6 weeks. However, lupine termis diet recorded noticeable increase in plasma triglyceride after 3 weeks only, whereas, casein diet caused noticeable increase in triglyceride levels after 3 and 6 weeks. The data obtained revealed that both animal and plant protein diets had nonsignificant effects on plasma low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-cholesterol] levels

Temporal fascia and vein graft in myringoplasty

There is controversy regarding the materials which have been used for the grafting of the perforated tympanic membrane which no longer exists. The purpose of this study was to compare technical availability of autograft materials with its success rate of improving the hearing and closure of the tympanic membrane perforation. There are no significant differences in the results between the two autografts, but the availability is definitely easier in cases of temporalis fascia than vein graft

Factors affecting viability of mycoplasma in culture media

A microculture technique was used to evaluate the effect of different types of media, buffers, sera and dextrose concentrations on the viability of Mycoplasma gallisepticum [MG] S6, F and L strains and Mycoplasma synoviae WVU 1853 and S27 strains. The initial pH of the culture media was adjusted to 8.5. B-medium of Hayflick without dextrose prolonged MG viability 5-6 days at 37C and MS 4-5 days at 37C but plate count was low. Five types of buffers used did not increase viability. Tris and veronal buffers inhibited MS growth. Dextrose although increased plate count [yields], it decreased viability period because its fermentation dropped the pH of culture medium which lysed mycoplasmas. No growth of MG below pH 5.2 and no growth of MS below 6.2. PPLO serum fraction prolonged viability to 7 days for MG and 6 days for MS but plate growth was very low

Bio-Add as antisalmonella and antifungal

The minimal inhibition concentration of Bio-Add were determined for S.typhimurium and different types of fungi, it ranged from 25-1.7 micro 1 according types of strain. The minimal bactericidal concentration of S.typhimurium was 0.25 micro1. This paper also describes 3 trials which involved the treatment of the feed with Bio-Add which was effective against S.typhimurium and different fungi

Comparison between Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis antigens in agglutination tests for Brucella diagnosis

A total of 288 serum samples from infected herds with brucella were collected. SAT and RBPT using Br. abortus and Br. melitensis antigens were employed in a trial for assessment of the two antigens in the diagnosis of brucellosis. It seems advisable from the present results to use Br. melitensis antigen for detecting animals infected with Br. melitensis

Evaluation of the efficiency of inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum [Formalin killed adjuvant] vaccine

The inactivated mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine mixed with aluminium sulphate adjuvant was used for vaccination of 540 chicks at different ages and different route, [7, 14, 28 and 42 days]. After 2 weeks all of these chicks were challenged with M.G.S[6] strain[2x10[8]] colony forming U/m1]. There was no significant difference among birds vaccinated at different ages but at one week old is the best. The I/M route of vaccination was the best followed by S/C and I/N. The protection rate reached up to 93.3% based on the evaluation of P.M. lesions or clinical signs, the birds were kept for 5 weeks

Mycotic infections in birds and rabbits and their control

A total of 956 samples dead and diseased chicks, turkeys, ducks, pigeons, pheasants, parrots and rabbits as well as 30 samples of feeds and 20 samples of litter were examined mycologically. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most common in chickens, ducklings, pheasants and rabbits while A. flavus was common in turkeys. Of the 11 tested antifungal drugs, thiobenzole was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the examined Aspergillus species. It also showed high efficiency in the treatment of experimentally infected chickens. In feeds, alfagin had the best effect and in the litter both iodine and formalin killed the fungi within 3 days after application

Evaluation of the antifungal activity of enilconazole against pathogenic fungi

Imaverol [Enilconazole] was proved to kill spores of aspergillus fumigatus after 10 minutes to 1 micro g/m1 [AOAC method]. A concentration of 1 mg/m1 killed dermatophytes after 5 minutes and 3 mg/m1 killed Candida albicans after 10 minutes

state of serum insulin in maturity onset diabetes and study of the mode of action of sulfonylurea drugs

The state of serum insulin and its fractions [Free and bound] in maturity onset diabetes and its role in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance as well as the mode of action of sulfonylurea in current use especially tolbutamide and glibenclamide was studied Several groups of diabetics were investigated including those responsive and unresponsive to sulfonylurea drugs as well as those resistant and non resistant and lastly newly diagnosed diabetics. It was found that free insulin had greater influence than total insulin upon the coincident concentration of plasma glucose in diabetic responsive to sulfonylurea after I.V. injection of tolbutamide. No change in the percentage free/total was revealed after the injection of both drugs, although individual significant increase of free immunoreactive insulin was observed. Maturity onset diabetes could presumably be considered as autoimmune disease, this was due to the presence of anti-insulin antibodies bound to insulin in newly diagnosed diabetics who have never been treated with insulin

Pigeon, duck and chicken ileal loop response to E coli isolated from pigeons, turkeys, ducks, and chicken

A total of 257 E. Coli isolates were recovered from blood and/ or internal organs of 250 pigeons, 128 turkeys and 100 ducks with septicaemic manifestations. 137 E. Coli isolates could be serotyped. In pigeons, there were 86 E. Coli isolates belonging to the O-groups 1,2,11,22,22,29,48,53,99,101,110,116,119,123,126,147 and 156 in turkeys they were 31 E. coli isolates belonging to the O-groups 1,2,11,17,29,53,79,86,99 and 111 and in ducks they were 20 E. coli isolates belonging to the O-groups 11,17,22,71,86,99,11,119,137 and 157. It was succeeded to carry out the ileal loop test for determination of the enterotoxicity of E. coli in pigeons, ducks and chickens using E. coli isolates recovered. From these birds. Chickens were also found to be suitable for testing E. coli isolated from pigeons, turkeys and ducks. Distention of the ileal loops was achieved by 24.6% of the tested 65 isolates. On the other hand 69.2% of the isolates caused congestion and haemorrhages when their bacteria-free filtrates were injected in 10 days old chicken embryos. The oral administration of live bacterial suspensions of 10 E. coli O-groups caused diarrhoea of live bacterial suspensions of 10 E.coli O-groups caused diarrhoea in all chickens used in the experiment. The mortality rate varied between 0 and 80%