[Hypoglycemic interaction effects of 4 and 6 weeks swimming training and aloe barbadensis hydroalcoholic extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats]

Background: Exercise and nutrition are basic pillars of taking care and management of diabetes

Objective: Aim of present study was to review the hypoglycemic interaction effects of swimming and Aloe barbadensis in diabetic rats

Methods: 72 diabetic rats selected and divided in 9 groups [1] first week control, [2] fourth week control, [3] sixth week control, [4] 4 weeks Aloe barbadensis, [5] 6 weeks Aloe barbadensis, [6]4 weeks swimming, [7] 6 weeks swimming, [8] 4 weeks swimming with Aloe barbadensis, [9] 6 weeks swimming with Aloe barbadensis. For review the effect of diabetes induction 24 healthy rats selected and divided in 3 groups [10] first week control, [11] fourth week control and [12] sixth week control. Groups 6 and 8 swam for 4 weeks and rats of groups 7 and 9 swam for 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session also groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 received 100 mg/kg Aloe barbadensis daily. For statistical analysis of data used one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc tests [P<0.05]

Results: Diabetes induction has significant effect on increase of glucose and insulin resistance and reduction of insulin in diabetic rats [P<0.05], swimming training, Aloe barbadensis and combination of swimming and Aloe barbadensis have significant effect on reduction of glucose and insulin resistance [P<0.05] also 6 weeks swimming rather than 4 weeks and 6 weeks Aloe barbadensis rather than 4 weeks have more effect on reduction of glucose and insulin resistance [P<0.05]

Conclusion: 4 and 6 weeks swimming and Aloe barbadensis have hypoglycemic interaction effects in diabetic rats

[Comparing tympanic and rectal temperature measurement methods]

Monitoring of patients' temperature is an important clinical nursing task. Proper treatment of patients is possible by controlling the body temperature accurately. Body temperature is usually taken at different sites like rectum, month, axillaries and tympanic. Rectal temperature measurement as a less invasive method has been used for a long time. The aim of this study was untaken to compare two methods of tympanic and rectal temperature measurement. A comparative study design was used to recruit a convenient sample of 336 patients in study. They ranged in age from 16 to 85. The tympanic temperatures were measured using the Braun ThermoScan type 6020 and the rectal temperatures were measured by Samsung digital. The measurement accuracy of both thermometers was 0.1 °C, according to those manufactures. Collected data were inserted to SPSS and Medcalc sofwares and analyzed through descriptive statistics, paired t-test, Pearson coefficient, Bland-Altman's analysis, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. P-value less than 0.05 considered significant. Using Paired t-test, it was revealed that tympanic and rectal mean temperatures were significantly different [P<0.0001]. The Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that the mean rectal temperatures were 0.23°C more than the mean of tympanic temperatures, with ranges of agreement between -0.98°C to 0.51°C for right tympanic temperatures and the limits of agreement between -0.88°C to 0.41°C for left tympanic temperatures. There was also high correlation between right [r=0.88] and left [r= 0.89] tympanic temperatures [P<0.0001]. Despite high correlation between rectal and tympanic temperature, their differences were significant both statistically and clinically. It could be concluded that tympanic temperature can't reflect the rectal temperature with high agreement. Based on the study's result, tympanic method couldn't be an excellent alternative for rectal method. However, each of them has special performances, advantages and disadvantages in clinical practice

Accuracy and precision of tympanic temperature in the reflection of core temperature

Monitoring of patients temperature is an important nursing clinical procedure. Body temperature is usually taken at different sites including pulmonary artery, rectal, oral, and axillary areas. Currently, infrared tympanic temperature measurement method is increasingly used as a convenient, noninvasive and rapid method. However, accuracy and precision of this method has been questioned. The aims of this study were [a] to determine accuracy and comparing tympanic temperature with rectal temperature as a gold standard and [b] to determire Precision [Repeatability] of tympanic temperature with single measurement. This was a descriptive-comparative study with the sample size of 336 subjects, executively selected from the patients who admitted to Rasool Akram Hospital in Tehran. The patients were 16-85 years old. The tympanic temperatures were measured using the Braun ThermoScan type 6020 and the rectal temperatures were measured using the type M9380226 that both thermometers had 0.1 °C internal error. The tympanic temperatures were measured twice per side with 1 minute of cooling off in each subject. Paired t-test showed that there was statistical difference between right and left tympanic temperature with rectal temperature [P0.0001], however, no differences between the second measurement of right tympanic temperature [P=0.172], twine measurements of left tympanic temperature [P=0.100] and also between right and left tympanic temperatures [P=0.500] were found. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean rectal temperatures were 0.23°C more than the mean of tympanic temperatures, with ranges of agreement between 0.98°C to 0.51°C for right tympanic temperatures and the limits of agreement between -0.88°C to 0.41°C for left tympanic temperatures. Rectal temperatures showed that there was good correlation between right and left tympanic temperatures [r=0.78, P<0.0001 and r= 0.84, P<0.0001] respectively. Despite high correlation between the variables [rectal and tympanic temperature], there were clinically and statstically significant differences between them. Also the sensitivity of tympanic temperature was unacceptably low with the number of patients with fever. Therefore, it is concluded that tympanic temperature can't exactly reflect rectal temperature. Due to acceptable precision and ignorable bias, the tympanic method for temperature measurement can be used, though it is not perfect alternative for rectal route