ABSTRACT
Background: one of the complications of diabetes mellitus is "proteins glycosylation in the body" causing the change in nature, structure and biochemical activity of them. Decreasing or inhibiting this reaction causes to improve diabetic symptoms. The use of antioxidant-rich herbs in this case, seems to be effective
Objective: the purpose of this study is to investigate the albumin and hemoglobin glycosylation reaction in the presence of various concentrations of Anethum graveolens and Rosa damascena Mill hydroalcoholic extracts
Methods: 1] plants collection, 2] extraction by maceration method, 3] evaluating the total antioxidant capacity and phenole amount respectively by DPPH and folin-Ciocalteu method, 4] specializing and measuring the amount of hemoglobin from human blood, 5] optimizing the stabilization, 6] investigating the glycosylation amounts, both in the presence and absence of extracts
Results: according to results obtained, the phenol amount and the total antioxidant capacity of Anethum graveolens hydroalcoholic extract is significantly more than Roses's [P<0.05]. The highest amount of hemoglobin glycosylation per time unit, has been at a concentration of 10 mgr glucose for 72 hours of incubation and about albumin was 30 mgr within 72 hours. For both extracts in concentration 0.1microg / ml of both proteins, the Anethum graveolens hydroalcoholic extract functions better compared to Rosa damascena Mill [P <0.05]
Conclusion: the two Anethum graveolens and Rosa hydroalcoholic extracts on average cause to reduce albumin and hemoglobin glycosylation. But more studies are needed to prove it
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Background and Aim: arsenic [As] compounds are environmental toxicants which are among human carcinogens. Sodium arsenite exposure leads to its accumulation in the liver resulting in liver disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin, as an antioxidant, on the liver tissue in the mice exposed to sodium arsenite
Material and Methods: thirty NMRI mice with mean body weight of 31+/-2 g. were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, scheme [receiving DMSO], curcumin [15mg/kg/day], sodium arsenite [5mg/kg/day] and sodium arsenite+curcumin groups. Every group consisted of 6 mice. The exposure was by intraperitoneal injections and carried out for 5 weeks. Then the mice were killed and the liver tissue was removed and weighed. Histopathological and stereological analyses were performed and the incidence of hepatocyte cells apoptosis [by the TUNEL method] was determined. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA, and the differences among mean values were considered significant at P<0.05
Results: a significant increase in the mean relative weight of liver, total volume of sinusoids, bile ductules [p<0.001] and total number of hepatocytes [p<0.03] and a significant decrease in the total volume of the central veins [p<0.001], the mean volume of the hepatocytes [p<0.04] and their nuclei [p<0.001] were observed in sodium arsenite group compared to those in control and scheme groups. Histopathological examination also revealed parenchymal disorganization, inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes and destruction of reticulin fiber scaffold in the mice liver treated with sodium arsenite. Most of sodium arsenite-induced liver damage improved in the sodium arsenite + curcumin group to the same extent as control group [p<0.05]
Conclusion: treatment with curcumin reduced liver damage induced by sodium arsenite
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Background and Objective: Bisphenol A [BPA] is an endocrine disruptor chemical and as an environmental pollutant is able to generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa oil against BPA induced toxicity on the tissue of male NMRI mice kidney by stereological method
Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice [32 +/- 3 g] were randomly allocated into control, BPA [200 mg/kg/day], BPA [200 mg/kg/day] plus Nigella sativa oil [5 ml/kg/day] and Nigella sativa oil [5 ml/kg/day] groups and treated for 5 weeks, orally. At the end, animals were sacrificed, their left kidneys were removed, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained with Heidenhain' azan staining method. Then, the kidney tissue sections were evaluated using stereological method and serum malondialdehyde [MDA] level was also measured
Results: The total weight and volume of kidney, volume of cortex, volume of proximal and distal tubules and volume of their lumen, volume of interstitial tissue, volume of glomeruli, tuft, as well as serum MDA level significantly increased in BPA treated group compared to the controls [P<0.05]. These parameters were significantly reduced in BPA plus Nigella sativa oil group compared to BPA ones [P<0.05]
Conclusion: This study revealed that Nigella sativa oil can reduce the oxidative stress toxicity induced by BPA in the mice renal tissue
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Plant Oils , Benzhydryl Compounds , Phenols , Kidney/drug effects , MiceABSTRACT
Introduction: This study was aimed to determine the relationship of variables of psycho-social behaviors in mothers with healthy nutritional eating behavior in primary school students of district 5 in Tehran. Materials and Methods: For this a cross- sectional study, samples were selected by the cluster sampling approach. In total, 200 students were selected from non-government schools in district 5 of Tehran. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires, including the Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire [YAQ], the food frequency questionnaire, the socio-demographic questionnaire, and the Health Action Process Approach questionnaire. Data was analyzed using LISREL 8.8
Results: In the motivational phase, risk perception [P<0.05, p=-0.40], outcome expectation [P<0.05, p=0.34] and task self-efficacy [P<0.05, p=0.23] were significantly associated with nutritional intention behavior. Moreover, action planning was significantly associated with coping planning [P<0.001, p=0.27], two factors accounting for 59% of variance coping planning for I diagnostic validation. In the voluntary phase, action planning [P<0.001, p=0.32], coping planning [P<0.001, p=0.27] and proactive improvement [P<0.001, p=0.31] were positively related to healthy nutritional behavior, which explained 79% of the variance
Conciusion: A strong correlation between psychological - social behavior variables in healthy nutritional behaviors of mothers and students' showed that mothers play a vital role in promoting children's nutritional behaviors. Students training programs should involve mothers in all educational nutrition interventions
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Background and Objective: Sodium Arsenite is an environmental pollutant which can generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Green Tea [GTE], as a strong antioxidant, on kidney tissue in mice treated with Sodium Arsenite
Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice were randomly allocated into four groups including: control, GTE [l00mg/kg/day], Sodium Arsenite [5mg/kg/day] and Sodium Arsenite + GTE, for 34 days, orally. Animals were scarified and left kidney was taken out, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained using Heidenhain'azan method. Using stereological technique the total volume of kidney, volume of cortex, medulla, proximal and distal tubule, renal corpuscle, gelomerelus, tuft and capillary, membrane and space of Bowman's capsule and length of proximal and distal tubule were determined. Creatinine, BUN and MDA serum samples were measured
Results: The mean of total volume of cortex, proximal tubule, distal tubule, renal corpuscle and gelomerolus, taft, Bowman's capsule space, size of epithelium and lumen of proximal and distal tubule were significantly reduced in Sodium Arsenite group compared to control [P<0.05]. These parameters were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group [P<0.05], The creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and MDA were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite group in compared to the control group [P<0.05]. These parameters were significantly reduced in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group [P<0.05]
Conclusion: Green tea has a protective role in Sodium Arsenite induced nephrotoxicity
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Plant Extracts , Kidney Diseases , Antioxidants , Sodium Compounds , Arsenites/toxicity , MiceABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Stem cells are a suitable treatment method for improvement of central nervous system diseases. Neuron regeneration is occure in damaged region using stem cell transplantation. This study was done to determine the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on memory and neuronal cells graft number in the trimethyltin chloride damaged hippocampus. Methods: In this experimental study, 28 wistar male rats were allocated into four groups including control, model, Vehicle and treatment groups. Animals were received 8 mg/kg/bw of neurotoxin trimethyltin chloride by the intraperitoneal injection for causing damaged in hippocampus. One week after intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin chloride, stem cells was injected by stereotaxy method. Six weeks after stem cells injection, the spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze and histological studies were done by Nissl staining and normal cells count by Olysia bio report software. Results: After bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells graft, the number of normal cells were more in the treatment group [74+/-15.190] in compared to the Vehicle [44.67+/-12.971] and Model [48.56+/-18.105] groups [P<0.05]. Also in Morris water maze test, the treatment group [387.35+/-189.18], [31.30+/-13.67] spent shorter distance and escape latency to reach the hidden platform, but this reduced non significantly in compared to Vehicle [438.18+/-192.56], [40.14+/-14.89] and model [407.98+/-225.44], [37.68+/-17.15] groups. The model and Vehicle groups spent longer distance to reach the hidden platform in comparision with the control [275.45+/-165.10] group [P<0.05]. Also the traveled distance in target quarter had significant increased in the treatment groups [799.80+/-125.91] in compared to model [588.51+/-136.94] and Vehicle [546.48+/-86.47] groups [P<0.05]. Conclusion: Using the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells leads to reduce hippocampal lesions and increase the number of pyramidal neurons and improving memory in damaged hippocampus in animal model
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Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [G. glabra] root has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of several diseases. The main active constituent of G. glabra is glycyrrhizic acid with antioxidant property. The cytotoxic effects of several compound isolated from different plants have been attributed to their antioxidant properties. The present work was aimed to investigate the in-vitro cytotoxic screening of G. glabra root extract against 4T1 cell line derived from BALB/c mice mammary tumors. 4T1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS and penicillin/streptomycin. Then cells treated with different concentration of G. glabra extract [50, 100, 200, 400, 800 micro g/ml], taxol [1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 nM] alone and in combination G. glabra and taxol for 24, 48, 72 hrs. Viability of the cells was measured through trypanblue and MTT staining. The cells morphology was studied using fluorescent dye. G. glabra root extract and taxol showed significant cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. Condensation and deformation of the nuclei were also observed similarly for both treatments. Moreover in combination therapy, G. glabra extract enhances taxol induced cytotoxicity in cancerous cells. G. glabra root extract and taxol showed cytotoxicity effects and morphological changes in 4T1 cells. This reduction in the viability of the cells was dependent on dose and time
ABSTRACT
There is an increasing interest in identifying potent cancer preventive and therapeutic agents. Silymarin is a flavonoids complex extracted from the milk thistle [Silybum marianum L.] seeds. Silymarin was found clinically successful in the treatment of various liver diseases. Silymarin is in the focus of cancer researchers due to its high antioxidant properties. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of silymarin on 4T1 cells and compared with taxol. 4T1 cell line [BALB/c mouse mammary tumors] was cultured in RPMI medium containing FBS 10%. Cells were incubated with 5% CO2 in presence of different concentration of silymarin [25-50-75-100-125 micro g/ml], taxol [1.25-2.5-5-10-20 nM] and combination of silymarin and taxol separately for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue and MTT staining. The cells morphology was studied using fluorescent dye [Hochest, propidium iodide]. Silymarin and taxol showed significant cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell in a dose and time dependent manner. Condensation and deformation of the nuclei were also observed similarly for both treatments. In combination treatment silymarin enhanced the sensitivity of 4T1 cells to taxol in all doses. The cytotoxic effect of silymarin on mouse mammary tumors was comparable to taxol cytotoxicity. Treatment cells with combination of silymarin and taxol improved the cytotoxic effect of taxol
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Bread, the staple food for most people in the world, especially the Middle East, including Iran has particular importance from nutritional, health, and social points of view. It is critical to pay attention to the hygiene status of production and consumption of bread. This study was done to investigate the hygiene status and consumption of baking soda in the bakeries of Bandar Abbas, Iran, in 2012
Methods: This is a descriptive study conducted in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The study population consisted of all types of bakeries in the urban area. To check the status of health and personal hygiene of bakeries, the check list of Iranian Ministry of Health was used. PH in the samples was tested based on the method presented by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran [No. 37]. The pH of each specimen was measured in triplicate separately, and the average value was recorded as the pH of bread produced in that bakery
Results: In terms of health status, 6.4% of bakeries were at good level, 27.9% at moderate and 65.7% at weak level. Totally, 14.2% of bakeries used baking soda in their bread production, mostly with Lavash [21%] and Taftoon[16%] breads
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, health status, particularly, personal hygiene, was not desirable. Moreover, baking soda consumption was also common in bakeries. Hence, control of health status and avoiding baking soda consumption in the bakeries are necessary
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Para-nonylphen as an environmental pollutant has weak estrogenic activity and causes oxidative stress in different organs including testis. This study was done to determine the protective effect of vitamin E on the para-nonylphenol induced-testicular toxicity in adult rats. In this experimental study, 24 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups including control, vitamin E [100 mg/kg/day, orally], para-nonylphenol [250mg/kg/day, orally] and finally para-nonylphenol [250mg/kg/day, orally] plus vitamin E [100mg/kg/day, orally]. After 56 days of treatment, removal of the right testis, tissue processing and staining with Heidenhain's Azan, the morphometric parameters of testicular tissue was evaluated using stereological method. The mean volume of seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium, seminiferous tubules diameter, thickness of the basement membrane, number of spermatocyte, spermatid and sertoli cells significantly reduced in para-nonylphenol group compared to the controls [P<0.05]. These parameters were significantly increased in the para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para-nonylphenol group [P<0.05]. In the histopathological examination, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, germinal epithelium vacuolation and epithelial disarrangement were observed in para-nonylphenol group. Histopathological alterations reduced in para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para-nonylphenol group. Co-administration of vitamin E with para-nonylphenol can prevent the adverse effects of para-nonylphenol on the testicular tissue in adult rats
ABSTRACT
Reduction in cerebral blood flow following cereblal ischemia cause the production of oxygen free radicals and finally leads to brain tissue destruction. Pyramidal cells of the CA1 region of hippocampus are highly sensitive to hypoxic condition. This study was done to determine the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] and vitamine E on cellular density of CA1 hippocampal area, learning ability and memory, following ischemia - reperfusion injury in mice. This experimental study was done on 40 male mice in 5 groups as follow: sham control, ischemia, hCG treated, vitamine E treated and hCG + vitamine E treated groups. Single dose of vitamin E was injected intraperitonaly during the establishment of reperfusion and hCG was injected from 48h after ischemia for 5 days. Folowing the treatment period, mice brains were fixated by transcardial perfusion and stained by nissle method. The shuttle box was used to evaluate the learning memory. Co-administartion of vitamine E and hCG, significantly increased the cell numbers in hippocampus compared to the ischemic group [P<0.001]. Also learning and memory improved in treatment group in comparison with ischemia group [P<0.05]. Co-administration of vitamin E and hCG improved ischemia-induced neurodegenration and memory impairment
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Male , Vitamin E , CA1 Region, Hippocampal/drug effects , Pyramidal Cells/drug effects , Brain Ischemia/complications , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Learning Disabilities/drug therapy , Memory Disorders/drug therapy , Mice , Reperfusion Injury/complicationsABSTRACT
To investigate quality of life [QoL] domains with three forms of urinary diversions, including ileal conduit, MAINZ pouch, and orthotopic ileal neobladder after radical cystectomy in men with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In a prospective study, 149 men underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion [70 ileal conduit, 16 MAINZ pouch, and 63 orthotopic ileal neobladder]. Different domains of QoL, including general and physical conditions, psychological status, social status, sexual life, diversion-related symptoms, and satisfaction with the treatment were assessed using an author constructed questionnaire. Assessment was performed at three months postoperatively. In questions addressing psychological status, social status, and sexual life, patients with continent diversion had a more favorable outcome [P = 0.002, P = 0.01, and P = 0.002, respectively]. The rate of erectile dysfunction did not differ significantly between the three groups [P = 0.21]. The rate and global satisfaction was higher with the MAINZ pouch [68.7%] and ileal neobladder [76.2%] as compared with the ileal conduit group [52.8%] [P = 0.002]. Continent urinary diversion after radical cystectomy provides better results in terms of QoL as compared with ileal conduit diversion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cystectomy , Quality of Life , Urinary Diversion , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, a species of bacteria that is distributed worldwide. In cattle, Coxiella burnetii infections are generally asymptomatic but can also be associated with reproductive disorders. The aim of this study was to achieve molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in dairy bovine milk farms using Nested PCR in Qom province, Iran. From January to February 2011 [winter] and July to September 2011[summer] a total of 100 bovine bulk milk samples were equally collected from five areas of Qom. The nested PCR assay used to screen for C. burnetii was designed from the nucleotide sequence of the com1 gene encodin a 27-kD outer membrane protein [OMP]. In this study, 14% [14 of 100] of bulk milk were positive. These results support the hypothesis of high prevalence and endemic pattern of Q fever in Qom province of Iran
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Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent disease in current century .Estrogen deficiency is the basic cause of osteoporosis in menopaused women. Hormone Replacement Therapy [HRT] can increase the risk of breast and ovary cancers. Medicinal plant are natural source of secondary metabolite and can a reliable source for treating osteoporosis. Ferula gummosa [Galbanum] has been used in traditional medicine since ancient time. This study is focused on determining the effect of Galbanum root ethanolic extract on osteogenesis progress in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells [hMSCs]. The Bone Marrow hMSCs were seeded at 12 well plates and treated with different amount of Galbanum extracts [0.5 to 100 micro g/ml]. Extract cytotoxicity were measured using MTT method .Effect of extract on osteogenesis was evaluated in time interval 7 and 14 days using_ Alkaline Phosphatase_ enzyme activity method. The data analysis revealed a significant increase in cell proliferation in range of [0.5 to 5] micro g/ml after 24, 48 and 72 hour of treatment with galbanum extract. Analysis of result revealed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase [ALP] enzyme activity in the range of 1 to 10 micro g/ml compared with control group. Ferula gumossa has been used in Iranian folk medicine for many years. Our in vitro study showed that Frula gummosa extract has osteoprotective effect
Subject(s)
Humans , Plant Extracts , Ethanol , Osteogenesis/drug effects , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects , Alkaline PhosphataseABSTRACT
Brain ischemia is one of the most important factor of morbidity and mortality and leaving many people with mental and physical disabilities. Until now there are no appropriate medications to prevent and cure ischemic injury. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of Adenosine A1 receptor and ascorbic acid on hippocampal neuronal density and memory disorder in ischemia reperfusion induced Rats. This experimental study was performed on the hippocampus pyramidal neurons on 56 male BALB/c mice. Animals randmly allocated into 8 groups [N=7] including: 1] intact, 2] ischemic control group, 3] ischemic, plus agonist and adenosine of A1 receptor, 4] ascorbic acid [100 mg/daily], 5] ischemic plus agonist adenosine receptor [1 mg/1 kg] one week after ischemia, 6] ischemia, ascorbic acid befor and after ischemia and A1 receptor [1 mg/1 kg] agonist after ischemia, 7] A1 receptor, antagonist [2.25 / 1 kg], one weed after ischemia, 8] Ascorbic acid [100 mg/1kg] before and after ischemia plus A1 receptor antagonist [2.25 / 1 kg] after ischemia. Ischemia induced by clamping of common carotid artery and the drugs was injected subsequently into peritoneum after reduction of inflammation of ischemic zone. The Y-maze memory test performed after completing the treatment period, afterward brains fixed and prepared for microscopic nissl staining method. The counting of pyramidal cells were performed at 53500 square micrometer of CA1. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 and ANOVA test. The Y-maze test showed extensive de?cit in short-term memory in ischemic group [PA=200] but in treatment groups this deficit significantly reduced [PA=243, 248 and 265]. The normal neuronal cell in ischemic group was significantly lowered [n=87] than treatment groups [n=111, 105 and 125] including ascorbic acid group [125], adenosine receptor agonist [105] and ascorbic acid plus agonist adenosine receptor [111]. The number of normal neuronal cell in ischemic groups significantly is reduced compared to treatment group [P<0.05]. This study showed that concurrent treatment of ascorbic acid and Adenosine A1 receptor agonist can significantly reduce the complications caused by brain ischemia in CA1 area of hippocampus
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] is the most common in psychology and Methylphenidate hydrochloride [MPH] is one of the most frequently prescribed pediatric medicine. This study was done to determine the effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride on ovarian and pituitary gonadotropin hormone in peripubertal mice This experimental study was done on 40 preipubertal female mice [BALB/c] with three weeks age and approximate 12-15 gram. The mice were allocated randomly in one control and three experimental groups, designated as I, II and III. Animals in group I, II and III were received by gavage Methylphenidate hydrochloride with 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight for six days, respectively. At the end of experiment body weight, serum estrogen, progesterone and pituitary gonadotropins were measured. Morphometric and histopathological evaluation of ovary were examined. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17, ANOVA and Tukey tests. The body weight and ovary dimensions of animals in experimental groups were reduced significantly in comparison with control [P<0.05]. Abnormal cells, structural alternations of granules cells and follicular growth abnormality were observed in experimental groups I and III in compare to control group. A significant reduction of estrogen, in group I, progesterone levels in group I and III were observed in comparison with the controls [P<0.05]. This study showed that the Methylphenidate hydrochloride administration induces the reduction of body weight, ovary dimensions and hormones
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Cardiovascular diseases [CVD] are among the most important causes of death and disability all around the world. Blood cells, especially platelets, may play a crucial role in pathophysiology of these disorders. Considering the increased risk of thrombosis after acute physical activities, and the role of the platelets in these disorders, many nutritional approaches had been evaluated for the prevention of thrombosis. Recently, the effects of cocoa consumption on hemostasis have recently attracted the attention of many researchers. In this study we evaluated the effects of cocoa consumption on platelet count, mean platelet volume [MPV], and platelet distribution width [PDW], during one session of incremental exhausting aerobic exercise in male soccer players. This semi-experimental study included 20 healthy volunteer male soccer players [age: 22 +/- 1years; BF%: 22.5 +/- 1.2; VO2max:52.6 +/- 1.5 ml.kg-1.min]. After written consent, all subjects performed Bruce Test within two successive weeks. After the first blood sampling [stage one], 0.5 mg/kg of placebo [0.5 g cocoa powder in 300 ml of 4% sucrose solution] or cocoa solution [18.75 g cocoa powder in 300 ml 4% sucrose solution] was randomly given to the subjects. All cases performed Bruce Test two hours later. Blood samples were collected just before Bruce Test [second stage], immediately after Bruce Test [third stage] and 1 hour after Bruce Test [fourth stage]. After preparation of peripheral blood smears, platelet count, MPV and PDW were measured by Mindray cell counter. Using spss 16, data were analyzed by means of two-factor analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Bonfferoni test at the level 0.01. Our results indicated a significant decrease in platelet count, MPV, and PDW after cocoa consumption [P<0.01]. In addition, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in these values after Bruse Test [P<0.01]. However, in spite of significant increase in platelet count, MPV, and PDW after Bruse Test, cocoa consumption 2 hours before the test decreased these values significantly [P<0.01]. Cocoa consumption before exhaustive physical exercises may prevent exercise induced increase in the platelet indices; hence, potentially can prevent cardiovascular and thrombotic events and sudden death in the athletes
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Blood Platelets , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Platelet Activating Factor , Exercise , Soccer , ThrombosisABSTRACT
The first effect of stress on the immune system is usually a rapid increase in function which manifests itself by an increase in the number of inflammatory cytokines in blood. It is however, followed by a decrease of function in immunological response. During inflammation, the expression of hepcidin gene is increased in order to keep iron away from pathogens. This study was conducted to determine the effect of chronic mild stress on the expression of hepcidin gene in the hippocampus of the male adult rats. This experimental study was carried out on 30 adult male Wistar rats, weighing approximately 200-250 grams. They were randomly allocated into two groups of 15 rats: control and chronic mild stress group. Animals in intervention group were exposed to chronic mild stress for 3 weeks. At the end of the stress protocol, 2 ml blood sample was collected to measure the serum concentration of IL-6. Real time PCR method was used to investigate hepcidin expression in hippocampus. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and independent t-test. The mean level of IL-6 was significantly higher in the CMS exposure group [27.98 +/- 0.84 pg/ml] than control group [18.29 +/- 1.18 pg/ml] [P<0.05]. Hepcidin expression in the hippocampus of intervention group was significantly higher [2.69 +/- 0.226%] in compared to control group [1 +/- 0.105] [P<0.001]. This study showed that chronic mild stress increases the expression of hepcidingene and the serum level of IL-6 in adult rats
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Avian influenza [AI] viruses have been isolated from a wide diversity of free-living avian species representing several orders. Since 1998, H9N2 AI outbreaks have been one of the major problems in Iranian poultry industry. In 2006, H5N1 was reported in swans in the north of Iran first, but until now there has been no official report from commercial flocks in Iran. The aim of this study was Molecular Surveillance of Avian Influenza in Bird Parks of Tehran, Iran. In this study, 100 fecal samples from different avian species of Public and Bird Parks [The avian species included Pigeon, Duck, Swan, Parrot, Crow and Sparrow] were collected in Tehran, in the central region of Iran during November and December 2009. RNA extraction and RT-PCR have been done according the WHO Instruction for detection of Influenza Type A. In 14% of samples genetic materials [RNA] were detected. Species including duck and sparrow were positive. This is the first report of AIV detection in this these species in Iran. Due to emergence of new H1N1 influenza and bird flu throughout the world and in regional countries, surveillance programs for monitoring the spread of these viruses need to be redesigned. Surveillance activities for AI in wild birds should be continued to provide further virological [subtype] and epidemiological [Phylogenic Study] information about circulating viruses
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This study aimed to carry out a malaria situation analysis, species composition and susceptibility levels of the main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, to different insecticides in Bashagard. A longitudinal survey was conducted in 2 randomly selected villages in Bashagard. Malaria vectors were sampled by dipping method for the larvae and hand catch, night-biting catch, total catch, and shelter pit collection for the adults. Standard WHO susceptibility tests were used for a variety of insecticides on F1 progeny of An. stephensi reared from wild-caught females. In total, 693 adult anopheline mosquitoes and 839 third and fourth-instar larvae were collected and identified. They comprised 7 species; the most abundant adult and larvae anopheline mosquito was An. Dthali [40.7% and 30.5% respectively]. An. Culicifacies[24.2%] and An. Stephensi [16.7%] were the next most common species for adult mosquitoes. An. Stephensi was fully susceptible to malathion and pyrethroid insecticides but resistant to DDT and tolerant to dieldrin