Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Novel 2-Phenylindole Linked Imidazolothiazole, Thiazolo-s-triazine and Imidazolyl-Sugar Systems

Novel functionalized 2-phenylindole derivatives, their derived imidazolethione and 1,2,4-triazinethione weresynthesized. The bicyclic compounds thiazoloimidazole and thiazolotriazine compounds in addition to their arylidinederivatives 5-8 were synthesized. Furthermore, a thioglycoside, as well as sugar hydrazone derivatives of theimidazolylindole system, were prepared. Some of the prepared compounds were screened against four cancer celllines and compounds 2, 3a and 10 showed high cytotoxic activities. The imidazolylindol-3-one derivatives 3a showedsignificant cytotoxic effect superior to the reference drug, doxorubicin, against breast adenocarcinoma cell line.

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Strength Recovery of Postnatal Diastasis Recti Abdominis Muscles

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on the recovery of abdominal muscle strength in postnatal women with diastasis of recti abdominis muscles (DRAM). METHODS: Sixty women, 2 months postnatal, participated in this study. They were divided randomly into two equal groups. Group A received NMES in addition to abdominal exercises; group B received only abdominal exercises. The intervention in both groups was for three times per week for 8 weeks. The outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio, inter recti distance (IRD), and abdominal muscle strength in terms of peak torque, maximum repetition total work, and average power. RESULTS: Both groups showed highly significant (p<0.05) improvement in all outcomes. Further, intergroup comparisons showed significant improvement (p<0.05) in all parameters in favor of group A, except for the BMI. CONCLUSION: NMES helps reduce DRAM in postnatal women; if combined with abdominal exercises, it can augment the effects.

Solar gain in buildings in hot climatic zones: case study of a selected Iraqi building using window solar control film

Several countries have begun to take an interest in building design and construction as a way of counterbalancing harsh climate impacts and sustainability concerns. Coo- ling and refrigeration account for about 15% of the world's total electricity consumption and as much as 40% in highly developed countries with hot climate such as Iraq. Iraqi households pay high electricity bills in summer due to the excessive use of fans, evaporative coolers, etc. In fact, solar radiation in Iraq at noontime in summer can exceed 1000 W/m2 and air temperature climbs as high as 48 degree Celsius. The objective of this research is to study the impact of windows equipped with solar control film on heat transfer and energy balance inside the simulation model, saving electrical energy through window films, and reducing CO2 emissions. In the present work, two wooden cabinets were built as simulation models to investigate the perfor-mance of solar control film. Measurements of solar radiation and other weather elements were made. For simulation pur-poses, one cabinet was fitted with solar control film coating on a window's glass and another was left without. Calculations of solar heat gain reduction for a small scale test-cell [wooden cabinet] indicated that the total difference in solar [heat] gain was about 451.51W. Moreover, environmental benefits and CO2 reduction thanks to electrical energy savings through window film were calculated and presented

prevalence of goitre and the corresponding iodine urine status in al haj yousif area -Khartoum Bahri- Sudan, 2006

In Sudan iodine deficiency disorders [IDD]. is a major public health problem and the current situation is alarming for all parts of the country where nationwide surveys and pilot studies have been conducted. The rates for goitre prevalence call for immediate intervention. The major objective of this study is to assess the iodine deficiency situation in Al Haj Yousif area-Alkhartoum Bahri - Sudan. The study was designed to have a precise epidemiological information of iodine deficiency disorders[IDD]. Indicators include goiter prevalence and urinary iodine excretion. A cross sectional community - based field study was conducted during June, July 2007, in five zones of Al Haj Yousif area using a multistage random sampling technique. The sample population was selected by house to house visits. One hundred households [average members per house of 7+2] were selected, covering 300 children[age 6-12 years] as subjects for goitre examination, and a sub-sample of 50 children [16.7%] were chosen at random for urinary iodine level assessment. The result of goitre examination revealed that the prevalence rate of goitre was [23.3%].It was significantly higher in females [26.7%] than males [20.13%]. Overall median urinary iodine [UI] was 5.0 microg/dl. For non-goitrous children it was 6.4 microg/dl and 2.35 microg/dl for grade 1 and grade 2 goitres respectively. The study findings suggest that significant efforts are needed towards achieving the goal of raising the 1DD awareness as well IDD elimination. This includes distribution of iodine capsules as a short term strategy and iodized salt as a long term strategy

[Investigation of self-medication with antibiotics, Sudan study]

The present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotmcs in four Sudanese cities, and to identify factors associated with this practice. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 1000 patients. The majority of the study population [83.8%] had used antibiotics without medical consultation. Moreover, previous symptoms were found to be the common causes of self-medication [52.7%], followed by economic factors [19.3%], while friend's advice represented 17.7%. Common cold appeared to be the most prevailed treated symptom without medical consultation [23.2%]. The study revealed that pharmacies were the main source of self-medicated antibiotics [83.9%]. The study indicated that only 54.4% of population had completed the antibiotics' regimens. Amoxicillin was the commonly used antibiotic by the majority of the respondents [53.9%], out of them 52.9% repeated the same antibiotics and 78.2% of population disagreed with self-medication practice. A set of recommendations was proposed to regulate self-mediations with antibiotics and to educate publics on the risks of irrational use of antibiotics

[ simple and rapid method for dosage calculation in renal impairment]

A simple and rapid method for dosage calculation in patients with renal impairment by the aid of computer is described. This method is based on the linear relationship between creatinine clearance [ml/min] and the constant renal elimination rate [Km]. This good correlation between creatinine clearance and creatinine concentration allows the direct prediction of drug dosage from estimation of serum creatinine concentration. In this paper we can calculated drug and creatinine clearance [ml/min] for some important drugs like antibiotics, antihypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs and can determine the drug dosage for patients suffering from renal insufficiency or renal failure

Effect methods of making arabic coffee in different regions of saudi society on some biochemical parameters and histological changes in the heart

Arabic coffee in Saudi and Arabic societies is symbol of munificence and entertainment pedigreed. Today the scientific search improvement about coffee regard, and then occurrence [Coffee Science], which look for wholly flank relative to it specially to healthy flank, but not spectacle to Arabic coffee. In this search I concentrate to three methods of making Arabic coffee for three regions in Saudi Arabia. In West region add cardamom, Central and North region add cardamom and saffron, and, South region add a mixture of cardamom, saffron, ginger, ajwan, clove to the coffee. The aim of this study was compare the effect of different methods of making Arabic coffee in Saudi regions on some biochemical parameters and histological changes in the heart. The period of this study was 30 days, and included 36 Mail Wister Albino rats were divided into four groups, the first one is control group, the other three groups took coffee orally from first day to the end of the experiment according to regional difference. The animal were killed at 10, 20, 30 of the study and blood was test for some biochemical parameters which include cholesterol, triacylglycerols, bilirubin. Part of heart tissue was used to determine the level of biochemical parameters, Lactate dehydrogenase, Xantine oxidase, Nitric oxide and the other part of the heart after 30 days was use for histological examination. This study showed that coffee with cardamom only had the least undesirable effects on heart compared with other groups

Eradication of transfusion-induced malaria by in vitro processing

To determine the lethal dose of chloroquine to be added to donors' blood in vitro for eradication of transfusion-induced malaria and to study the unfavorable effects of this dose on the constituents of the stored blood. A total of 4484 blood donors, recruited for this study, were screened for malaria parasites microscopically using Giemsa' staining technique. Only 30 blood samples [200ml of blood each] satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study. Each of these blood samples was subdivided equally into four sub-samples to obtain 120 sub-samples. Three different concentrations of chloroquine were added to 90 specimens [30 samples represent each dose] while 30 specimens [control] were left without the drug. Blood specimens were then tested by parasitic, hematological and biochemical techniques on the day of collection and after 24 and 48 hours storage in blood bank refrigerator. The numbers of malaria parasites killed were proportional to chloroquine doses added to donors' blood. No parasites were killed among the control donors' blood samples. The determined lethal dose of chloroquine was safe to all constituents of the stored blood. For eradication of transfusion induced malaria by in vitro processing of donors blood, chloroquine is effective and safe drug. We recommend application of the optimal dose of chloroquine [626.1micro g/L] to the components of the blood bags prior to phlebotomy

Synthesis and reactions of some pyridopyrimidine and thienopyridine derivatives for antiviral evaluation

Compounds 6-amino-4-[4-chlorophenyl]-2-thien-2-ylpyridine5-carbonitrile [2] and 4-[4-chlorophenyl]-6-thioxo-2-thien-2-yll,6-dihydropyridine-5-carbonitrile [9] were prepaied using 3-[4-chlorophenyl]-l-thien-2-ylpropenone [I] and malononitrile or cyanothioacetamide, respectively. Pyridine derivative 2 was in turn used as a precursor for preparation of some pyridopyrimidine and fused pyridopyrimidine derivatives 3-8. On the other hand, the pyridine derivative 9 was used in preparation of thienopyridine derivatives 10 and 11. Moreover, fusion of compound 11 with excess of benzoyl chloride ' afforded 4-[4-chlorophenyl]-2-phenyl-7-thien-2-yl-3H-pyrido [3,2:4,5] thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-one [12]

Anti - glucose regulated protein 78 [GRP78] antibody responses in Alum/ALM plus BCG vaccinee, visceral leishmaniasis, and Post Kala- azar Dermal leishmaniasis patients

The Glucose Regulated Protein 78 [GRP78] of Leishmania donovani is considered to be one of the potential Leishmania vaccine candidates. Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA], we measured IgG antibody responses to GRP78 in 39 healthy Sudanese volunteers vaccinated with Leishmania Alum/ALM + BCG vaccine, 29 patients with visceral leishmaniasis [VL], and 26 patients with post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis [PKDL]. There was, no significant statistical difference in plasma levels of GRP78 antibodies in immunized and control group [P=0.37]. Furthermore, no significant statistical difference in the levels of GRP78 antibodies in the pre and post vaccination plasma samples [P=0.60]. Plasma IgG levels to GRP78 was significantly higher in visceral leishmaniasis and PKDL patients compared with control group [P=0.00]. This study concludes that Alum/ALM vaccine does not induce a Th2 type of immune response. It also demonstrated clearly that VL and PKDL are associated with elevation of anti-GRP 78 antibodies and that GRP78 ELISA can be used to confirm diagnosis of Leishmania infections based on the clinical presentation

Inhibition of Ras-GTpase Improves diabetes-induced abnormal vascular reactivity in the rat perfused mesenteric vascular bed

The signalling mechanisms involved in regulating altered vascular reactivity in diabetes are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Ras-GTPase in the development of abnormal vascular reactivity in diabetes. Materials and We investigated the ability of chronic administration of FPTIII [1.5 mg/kg], an inhibitor of Ras-GTPase, to modulate the altered vasoreactivity of the rat perfused mesenteric bed to common vasoconstrictors and vasodilators in streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetes. The vasoconstrictor responses induced by norepinephrine [NE] and endothelin-1 [ET-1] were significantly increased whereas vasodilator responses to carbachol, histamine and isoprenaline were significantly reduced in the perfused mesenteric bed of the STZ-diabetic rats. Inhibition of Ras-GTPase by chronic administration of FPTIII produced a significant normalization of the altered agonist-induced vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses without affecting blood glucose levels. Inhibition of Ras-GTPase did not affect the agonist-induced vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in the control animals. These data suggest that signal transduction pathways activated by Ras-GTPase are involved in the development of diabetic vascular dysfunction. Potential strategies aimed at modifying actions of signal transduction pathways involving Ras-GTPase may therefore prove to be beneficial in treatment of vascular complications in diabetes

comparative study of twin and triplet pregnancy

Multiple pregnancy now warrants special attention from the obstetrician. The incidence of multiple pregnancy had increased during the last 15 years. Multiple pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy since it is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. In addition, almost every maternal and obstetrical problem occurs more frequently in multiple than in singleton pregnancies. In view of the above we designed our study. This was a comparative and descriptive retrospective study conducted during the period January 1985 to December 1999 at Wad Medani Teaching Hospital, Wad Medani, Sudan. The study included the follow up of 597 twin pregnancies and 30 triplet pregnancies. The variables used were the age, the parity, the incidence, the sex of neonates and their weights. The study also concentrated on the mode of delivery, and it highly considered the maternal and perinatal complications. During the period of the study the total number of pregnancies received was 44605. Twin pregnancies accounted for 597/44605 [1.3%], while triplet gestation showed an incidence of 30/44605 [0.1%]. In twin pregnancy ovulation occurred spontaneously in 43/597 [7.2%] and it was induced in 167/597 [28%]. On the other hand, ovulation occurred spontaneously in triplets 19/30 [63.3%] and it was induced in 11/30 [36.7%]. The common maternal complication was pre-term labor, which affected 35.5% in twins and 76.7% in triplets. The rate of cesarean section was 53.1% in twins while in triplet it was 83.3%. The mean birth weight in twin pregnancy was 1890 gm for males and 1780 gm for females. In triplet gestation, the mean birth weight was 1760 gm for males and 1720 gm for females. The maternal mortality rate was 35.8/100.000 live births in twin pregnancies while it was 99/100000 in triplet gestation. The perinatal mortality rate was 115/1000 for twin and 223/1000 for triplet pregnancy. Multiple pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy, and to decrease its maternal and fetal complications it must be diagnosed early. It should also receive almost antenatal care and care at delivery. Early hospitalization plays an important role of reducing these complications. It must be treated by one obstetrician

Prognostic signifcance of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients presenting with left ventricular dysfunction: echocardiographic predictors

Left ventricular [LV] hypertrophy has been proved to be a powerful and independent predictor of increased morbidity and mortality. The interaction of left ventricular mass [LVM] with LV size and function and its influence on clinical outcome is not clear. To study the impact of LVM on subsequent clinical outcome of patients with LV dysfunction. The study included 168 patients with left ventricular failure secondary to hypertension, ischemic heart disease or cardiomyopathy. The main outcome measures were the occurrence of adverse cardiac events within one-year period of follow up. All patients of the study were subjected to thorough clinical examination, resting ECG testing, and complete echocardiographic assessment. Patients were classified into two groups according to EF%: Group I [n=78] with EF >/= 35% and group II [n=90] with EF< 35%. Left atrial [LA] dimension and LVM were significantly higher in-group II than in group I [5.2 +/- 0.6 vs 4.5 +/- 0.62 cm and 292 +/- 56 g vs 256 +/- 46 g respectively, P < 0.05 for both comparisons]. The incidence of death, adverse cardiac events and hospitalization were all significantly much higher in-group II than in-group I. In patients with LVM < 292 gm, the incidence of adverse cardiac events were significantly low regardless of the EF, while in patients with LVM >/= 292 gm, such incidence was related to the EF. With EF >/= 35% the incidence of adverse cardiac events was low, while in patients with EF < 35%, the incidence of adverse events was high. LVM, EF, and LA size are the most important predictors of clinical outcome among patients with LV dysfunction. As the LVM increases, the incidence of morbidity and mortality increases and the predictive effect of the left ventricular EF appears. In patients with lower LVM, the incidence of adverse events is lower regardless of the degree of EF. Therefore, the use of drugs that minimize the degree of LV hypertrophy is very important in the prognosis of patients with heart failure irrespective to the cause

Reactions of, B-spiroepoxy-alkannans part IV+ New and facile synthesis of tetrahydric-naphthalin-2-01 derivatives for biological evaluation

Spirooctanones II react with acetoacetanilide to form tetrahydro-naphthalene derivatives IIIa,b, which react with phosphorus oxychloride to give the corresponding chloro derivatives IV. Compounds IV react with hydrazine hydrate, aniline, and hydroxylamine to give the corresponding compounds V, VI and VII, respectively. Compounds V condensed with aromatic aldehydes to give the corresponding hydrazones VIII

Reactions with spiroepoxy-alkanones. part III+ reaction of spirooctanones with dimethylamine aldehyde and then thiourea

Spirooctanones I react with dimethylamine at different conditions to give compounds II and III, and in the presence of aldehydes give IV. Compounds IV react with thiourea to give V, which undergoes cyclization with chloroacetic acid to give VI. Compounds VI condensed with dimethylamino-benzaldehyde to give VII. Some of the prepared compounds are biologically active

Activated protein-C resistance [APC] as a risk factor for thrombosis in cerebral and myocardial infarction

Activated protein-C. [APC] resistance is referred to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C. It is a strong risk factor for the genesis of venous thrombosis. To evaluate its role in the pathogens is of arterial thrombosis, APC sensitivity ratio [APC-SR] was estimated in 40 healthy control subjects without history of thrombosis, and in 40 subjects with arterial thrombosis before the age of 45 years. [20 subjects with myocardial infarction and 20 with cerebral infarction]. In addition, protein C, protein S, antithrombin III activity, thrombomodulin [TM], prothrombin time [PT] and partial thromboplastin time [PTT] were also measured.The study revealed that the lower limit of normal APC-SR was 1.8, below which we found 15 positive cases for APC resistance among our patients [9 cases with myocardrial infarction and 6 cases with cerebral infarction] and non in control subjects. A statistically significant decrease in APC-SR [P < 0.01] was found in all patients with arterial thrombosis [2.18 +/- 0.22] as compared to control group [2.84 +/- 0.52] and in APC positive patients [1.69 +/- 0.44] as compared to each of APC negative patients [2.67 +/- 0.62], all patients with thrombosis [2.18 +/- 0.22] and control group [2.82 +/- 0.52]. There was no significant difference in APC-SR between APC positive stroke and APC positive myocardial infarction. PTT was significantly decreased in APC positive patients as compared to control and APC negative subjects [P <0.01]. Other parameters of study did not show any siginificant difference between different groups and subgroups of study. Significant positive correlation was found between APC-SR and PTT in all patients of this study [r = 0.408, P < 0.05].Smoking was found to increase the relative risk of thrombosis among APC positive cases by about 2 folds, while hypertension increases this relative risk by 3 folds than normotensive APC positive cases. We can conclude that APC resistance may be a strong risk factor for premature arterial thrombosis [before 45 years] and the risk of thrombosis among APC positive cases increases with smoking and hypertension