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Objective:To systematically review the relevant researches on aspiration screening tools for stroke patients. Methods:Literatures aboute stroke aspiration screening tools till December, 2018 were recalled from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMbase, CNKI, Wanfang Database and China Biomedical Literature Database. Two researchers independently screened the literatures and extracted the basic information, such as the content, screening format, scoring standard and measurement characteristics. Results:A total of 25 studies were included, involving ten aspiration screening tools. The content, screening format, scoring standard and measurement characteristics of the aspiration screening tools were analysed. There was no evidence to support the tools. Conclusion:Tools would be selected according to the patient's condition, age and swallowing related characteristics.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common traumatic disease. Patients with limited mobility are prone to pressure injuries, which seriously affect the patient's rehabilitation process. The use of risk assessment scale can effectively predict the occurrence of pressure injuries. This article reviewed the pathogenesis, risk factors, and use of different risk assessment tools for patients with spinal cord injury, compared the content, assessment methods, applicable population, reliability and validity of each risk assessment scale, summarized the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment scales, and provided reference to choose the best risk assessment tool.
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Epigenetic modifications have been proved to be a powerful way to activate silent gene clusters and lead to diverse secondary metabolites in fungi. Previously, inactivation of a histone H3 deacetylase in had led to pleiotropic activation and overexpression of more than 75% of the biosynthetic genes and isolation of ten compounds. Further investigation of the crude extract of strain resulted in the isolation of twelve new diterpenoids including three cassanes (-), one cleistanthane (), six pimaranes (-), and two isopimaranes ( and ) along with two know cleistanthane analogues. Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds and showed potent inhibitory effects on the expression of MMP1 and MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinases family) in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the fungus Ganoderma cochlear. Methods: The compounds were isolated by using MCI gel CHP 20P, Sephadex LH-20, RP-18 column chromatography, and preparative TLC. The structures were identified by means of spectroscopic methods. Results: Two phenolic normeroterpenoid and meroterpenoid, cochlearols C and D (1 and 2), together with six benzene derivatives, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethanol (3), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (4), p-hydroxycinnamic methyl ester (5), 2-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (6), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid (7), and 2-hydroxy-5-ethoxybenzoic acid (8), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. Conclusion: Compounds 1 and 2 are new phenolic normeroterpenoid and meroterpenoid, respectively.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The Wenchuan earthquake in China caused shock and grief worldwide. Sudden bereavement caused by the earthquake led to physical disorders as well as psychological disturbances in the bereaved individuals. The bereaved had a high risk for complicated grief (CG), which may have led to significant distress and impairment in their health. However, there was few available studies on CG among disaster-bereaved individuals in China after the disaster. The aim of this study was to identify factors (demographic characteristics and disaster-related variables) associated with symptoms of CG among the bereaved 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study was conducted with a cross-sectional design and a convenience sample of 271 bereaved individuals from three of the hardest hit areas. Data were collected by questionnaires and the instruments used in the study were: General questionnaire and Inventory of CG (ICG). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with symptoms of CG.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean score on ICG was 52.77 (standard deviation: 10.00). Being female and loss of a child were related to higher level of CG while having another child after the disaster and receiving psychological counseling experience were associated with lower level of CG. Forty-nine percent of the variance of CG was explained by these identified factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Eighteen months after the Wenchuan earthquake, the symptoms of CG among the bereaved were higher than the previous studies with bereaved individuals. This study uncovers a vulnerable population of the bereaved at high risk for CG. Early assessments, targeted interventions, and policy support tailored for the disaster-bereaved individuals are necessary to identify and alleviate symptoms of CG and to improve their well-being.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Earthquakes , Grief , Linear Models , Multivariate Analysis , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the compliance on hand-hygiene and related factors among healthcare providers working at secondary and tertiary hospitals in Chengdu.Methods On-site observations regarding hand-hygiene compliance and facilities were conducted in 6 hospitals in Chengdu.Doctors and nurses were asked and recorded about their knowledge regarding hand hygiene.Results Of 1535 activities where hand-hygiene was deemed necessary,under observating healthcare providers would perform hand-hygiene procedures 17.8％ of the time (12.8％ of the time before touching a patient,21.0％ of the time before touching objects around a patient,27.3％ of the time after touching a patient,and 31.5％ of the time after removing gloves).Only 2.2％ of the treating rooms were equipped with foot-operated or automatic faucets; of these only 24.5％ had soap or alcohol-based hand-sanitizer,and 6.3％ had paper towel or other hand-drying equipments.92.8％ of the healthcare providers knew of the six-step method on hand-washing.More than 90.0％ of the healthcare providers knew that both palm and back of the hands as well as the front and back of the fingers should be washed.However,only 22.8％ knew that the hand-washing procedure should last ≥15 seconds.Rates on hand hygiene among chief or more senior physicians (14.6％),attending physicians (9.2％) and junior doctors (15.6％),nurses in chief (25.0％),senior nurses (26.3％) and junior nurses (20.5％) showed no significant differences (P＞0.05).Similarly,scores on related knowledge between chief or senior physicians (12.4 ± 3.2),attending physicians (13.6 ± 3.3) and junior doctors ( 13.4 ± 2.9),nurses in charge ( 15.2 ± 2.0),senior nurses ( 14.8 ± 2.1 ) and junior nurses (14.3 ± 2.6) also showed no significant differences (P＞0.05).Rate on hand hygiene among nurses (22.7％) was significantly higher than that of the doctors ( 13.6％ ).Rate of hand hygiene among 50-59 years old healthcare providers (7.4％) was significantly lower than those of all the other age groups ( 17.1％-25.0％ ) ; rate of female health care providers ( 19.5％ ) was significantly higher than that of males ( 13.8％ ).Similarly,the nurse' s knowledge score ( 14.7 ± 2.3) was significantly higher than that of the doctors ( 13.2 ± 3.1 ).Among 50-59 years old healthcare providers,the rate was ( 12.2 ± 3.8) significantly lower than that of 20-29 ( 14.0 ± 2.6),30-39 ( 14.3 ± 2.9) and 40-49 year olds ( 13.8 ± 2.7).Again,the knowledge score of females ( 14.5 ± 2.5 ) was significantly higher than that of males (12.7 ± 3.2) (P＜0.05).Conclusion The high-level knowledge on hand-hygiene among healthcare providers in this area did not translate into good practices.Also,most of the hospitals had poor hand-hygiene equipments.We recommend that training and periodic monitoring be conducted,and hand-hygiene equipment be improved to facilitate hand-hygiene practices among healthcare providers.
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Objective To provide scientific evidence for prevention and control program on dengue fever through analyzing the situation of dengue fever in China,from 2005 to 2007.Methods Data was collected from Internet-based National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System,National Enhanced Dengue Fever Surveillance system and field investigation on dengue outbreaks,described and analyzed with descriptively and by SPSS statistical software.Results There was a total number of 1 623 dengue cases(including 1356 laboratory confirmed cases and 267 probable cases)and 1 death case reported in China from 2005 to 2007.Among the identified cases,151 were imported from foreign countries as the Southeast Asian countries,accounting for 9.3%,while the rest 1472 cases were reported from local infections,identified only in 9 cities from Guangdong and Fujian provinces.Data from the monitoring program on Aedes Mosquitoes indicated that:The indicators of BI from 84.6% of the sentinels were over 5,and BI from 72.2% of the sentinels were over 10.This index was especially at a higher level during summer in the southern areas of China.Aedes albopictus was found in all the sentinel sites while Aedes aegypti was only found in Hainan and in limited counties of Guangdong.No dengue virus was isolated from mosquito vectors collected from national sentinel sites, whereas positive results had been detected by PCR test in Guangdong province.Conclusion It was assumed that a sustainable local circulation of dengue virus had not yet been established successfully in Mainland China according to the surveillance data.However,more local outbreaks reported in Guangdong and Fujian with the wide distribution and high-level density of aedes mosquito,low antibody level in healthy population and the increasing number of imported dengue cases, there is a potential of Dengue outbreaks in southera China.An integrated mosquito vector monitoring and management system is needed in hish risk area to reduce the transmission of dengue fever.
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<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Based on the estimate results of the capacity and preparedness of Beijing hospitals to respond to pandemic influenza, using flu surge model to evaluate its applicable hypothesis and to provide government with sentient strategy in planning pandemic influenza. Through collection of medical resources information, we calculated the possible impaction on hospitals by Flu Surge model and explored the applicable hypothesis in model operation through a questionnaire, direct observation and group discussion in 3 hospitals in Beijing. Based on flu surge model estimation during a 6-week epidemic from a pandemic virus with 35% attack rate, Beijing would have had an estimation of 5 383 000 influenza illnesses, 2 691 500 influenza outpatients, 76 450 influenza hospitalizations and 14 508 excess deaths. For a 6-week period with 35% attack rate, there would be a peak demand for 8% of beds, 210% of ICU beds, and 128% of ventilators estimated. Outpatients in different level hospital were quite disproportionated with 1742/ hospital/day, 650/hospital/day, and 139/hospital/day respectively. The sampled health workers had a mastery of 63.4% of the total knowledge and skills of diagnosing and treating of influenza, 73.5% of them washed their hands and 63.5% used PPE correctly. The total beds capacity, medical beds capacity and respiratory medical beds capacity would increase 8%, 35% and 128% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The estimation results could be referenced when planning the pandemic strategy, but the results should be treated objectively when considering the hypothesis and practical situation in this model being used.</p>