Histological study on the effect of furosemide on renal cortex of mice with hepatic fibrosis Secondary to schistosoma mansoni infection

Schistosoma mansoni is a documented factor for the acquisition of hepatic fibrosis, with further edema and ascites. Recent researches suggested that diuretic treatment in patients with hepatic fibrosis could result in renal impairment. To evaluate the changes in renal cortex after injection of furosemide in mice with hepatic fibrosis secondary to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Sixteen adult male mice were divided into 2 groups. Non-infected mice [group I], were further subdivided into two subgroups [a and b]. Subgroup [Ia] mice were untreated and subjected as negative controls while subgroup [II] mice were injected daily with furosemide for 14 successive days. The other 8 mice [group II], were infected with Schistosoma mansoni and left for 8 weeks for induction of hepatic fibrosis. Then, group II mice were subdivided into two subgroups [a and b]. Subgroup [IIa] mice were untreated and served as positive controls for liver fibrosis. Mice of subgroup [IIb] were injected with the same dose of furosemide for successive 14 days. All animals were sacrificed and samples from livers and kidneys were collected, stained and examined. Mice of subgroup [IIa] showed focal glomerular changes in the form of either proliferation or atrophy. Fusion of foot processes of podocytes with deposition of dense bodies appeared with electron microscopic study. Mice of subgroup [IIb] showed massive glomerular and tubular damage. Glomerular capillary obliteration, subendothelial humps, destructed foot processes and cellular vacuolations were manifested. Renal tubules showed destructed microvilli and cellular damage. Interstitial lymphocytic infiltration and interstitial renal fibrosis were also demonstrated. Furosemide possessed renal cortical damaging effect when administered in mice with hepatic fibrosis

Histological changes of the brain tissue in pilocarpine epileptic experimental model before and after the use of antiepileptic and antioxidant substances

Epilepsy is a chronic, dynamic neurological disorder associated with ongoing neuronal damage, particularly when uncontrolled. Systemic administration of pilocarpine to rats results in generalized tonic clonic seizures and subsequent neurodegeneration similar to that observed in certain types of human epilepsy. Brain damage is supposed to be secondary to free radical production, thus raising the theory of the use of antioxidants as neuroprotective substances. To throw light on the evidence for the role of oxidative injury in epilepsy, the brain damaging action of the antiepileptic drugs and the rationale for use of antioxidant therapy in epilepsy. Eighty adult albino rats were divided into 4 groups; group I served as a control, group II were injected with pilocarpine hydrochloride intraperitoneal for induction of seizures, group III were given phenytoin [antiepileptic drug] before pilocarpine injection, while group IV were given vitamin C before being injected with pilocarpine. The animals were observed for the frequency of fits and mortality rate. The brain tissue of the sacrificed rats were processed for both light microscopical and ultrastructural study. Animals that possessed seizures following pilocarpine injection showed increased vascularisation, neuronal loss, gliosis, and silver stained proliferated dendrites by light microscope. Ultrastructural study revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuolization, and destruction of mitochondria. Animals treated with phenytoin although showed reduction of the number of convulsing animals and mortality rate, yet all pathological findings found in pilocarpine group were observed. Instead the use of vitamin C showed a significant protective effect on the brain tissue. Although there is a documented brain damage of epileptic seizures and also antiepileptic drugs, antioxidants have a protective action against these brain damaging effects

Local and systemic effects of ketoprofen [a light and ultrastructural study]

Ketoprofen is one of the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs widely used in our population. Due to its easy access, drug abuse is very common leading to verious side effects. The effect of ketoprofen was seen on gastric mucosa and bone marrow of adult albino rats. Two regimen of the treatment were followed; either six regular interrupted doses, one week interval, given to starved rats or daily administration of the drug for six weeks. Samples from the gastric mucosa were examined both by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Samples of the bone marrow were prepared for semithin sections, stained with toluidine blue, and examined by light microscope. Quantitative study was done using image analyser computer system. The data obtained was statistically analysed. Gastric lesions were demonstrated in both methods of treatment, although lesions were severer in chronic course. Bone marrow affection in the form of decreased granulocytic and increased erythrocytic precursors occurred only in chronically treated rats

Tensor muscles of the human superior radio- ulnar joint

None of the small muscles of the superior radio-ulnar joint was described or illustrated in contemporary anatomical textbooks. Thus the aim of the present work was to throw more light on the anatomy of these muscles in Egyptians. A gross anatomical study of the elbow region was made on twenty separate human upper limbs of Egyptian cadavers collected from the dissecting room of Tanta Faculty of Medicine. The results of the present study revealed three very small muscles. The lateral tensor muscle of the annular ligament was found in twelve per twenty limbs, deep to the supinator muscle. It took origin from the proximal part of the supinator crest and inserted in the anterolateral aspect of the annular ligament. The medial tensor muscle of the annular ligament was found in six per twenty limbs. Its origin was from the anteromedial part of the annular ligament and its insertion was just above the radial tuberosity. It joined the biceps tendon by small aponeurotic fibres. The accessory supinator muscle was found in six per twenty limbs deep to the supinator and brachialis. It was present always with the lateral tensor muscle. Its origin was from the coronoid process of the ulna lateral to the ulnar tuberosity. It inserted in the radial tuberosity posterior to the biceps tendon. These muscles would be synergistic to the primary supinator muscle of the superior radio-ulnar joint