ABSTRACT
Background: Rampant and injudicious use of broadspectrum antibiotic in hospitalized patients hasincreased the incidence of Clostridium difficileAssociated Diarrhea (CDAD). In recent years,Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) has become morefrequent, severe, and difficult to treat. Aim andObjective: A prospective, study was conducted toisolate C. difficile in Antibiotic-associated Diarrhoea(AAD) and to detect toxin producing strains of C.difficile from faecal samples of patients suspected tohave CDI. Material and Methods: A total of 111hospitalized patients who developed diarrhoea after>72 hours of admission and suspected of CDI wereenrolled for investigation. The samples were subjectedto anaerobic culture and toxin assay. Results: The totalsample size of the study was 111 patients who werehaving antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Majority of thepatients were from the age group 21-30 years and 41-50 years i.e., 23 (20.7%). Males 64 (57.7%) wereaffected more as compared to females 47 (42.3%).Third generation cephalosporins were the mostcommon group of antibiotics associated with bothAAD 36 (32.4%) and CDAD 9 (42.85%) cases,followed by carbapenem fluroquinolones incombination 3 (12.5%). Culture positivity was seen in12 (10.81%) of the 111 stool samples and 39 (35.13%)were toxin producers. Conclusion: The use of severalmedications was found to be associated with anincreased risk of CDAD. The only way to reduce Cl.difficile infection is to judiciously use antibiotics,strictly adhere to antibiotic policy and to give primeimportance to strict infection control measures.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major noncommunicable diseases of which world is experiencing aserious epidemic these recent years. Uric acid serves as anearly indicator of renal complications in diabetes mellituspatients.Material and methods: This was an Observational,descriptive cross sectional study which was conducted duringa period of 18 months (October 2016 and March 2018) Thisstudy was designed to check the levels of serum uric acidand its relation with creatinine, microalbuminuria, HbA1c,fasting and post prandial blood sugar levels in type 2 Diabetessubjects.Results: Study included a total of 120 cases of type 2 Diabetesmellitus, out of which there were 69 males (57.5%) and 51females (42.5%), with a mean age of 59.04 ±13.47 years.Mean FBS was 186.10 ±77.53 mg/dl, with majority of thesubjects having elevated FBS. Mean PPBS of 274.94 ±108.66mg/dl and of HbA1c 8.15 ± 1.7 was observed. The uric acidof majority number of our study participant males (65.22%)had level of ≥ 7.4, with a mean of 9.53 ± 4.38. Mean bloodurea and serum creatinine levels were 46.91 ± 15.13 and 1.44± 0.29 respectively. There was significant association seenbetween uric acid levels and urine albumin, serum creatinine,twenty four hour urinary albumin, FBS and PPBS levels andHbA1c levels.Conclusion: Present study had about two-third subjects withtype 2 Diabetes mellitus with elevated uric acid levels hadmicroalbuminuria and elevated serum creatinine levels.