Effect of snack eating on sensitive salivary stress markers cortisol and chromogranin A

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the effect of snack eating on salivary cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 14∶00 to 18∶00, starting two hours after consumption of a midday meal, saliva samples were collected every 30 minutes from 15 healthy males, 7 of whom (snack group) ate a snack immediately after the sampling at 15∶00. Salivary cortisol and CgA levels were determined by ELISA. Samples were controlled according to salivary flow rates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For the snack group, after snack consumption, salivary cortisol increased to exceed significance (p<0.05) at 15∶30 and rose even higher at 16∶00. In the control group, there was no such change. There was no significant change in salivary CgA in either the snack group or the control groups during the sampling period.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These findings suggest that no food should be consumed for at least 90 mins before saliva sampling for cortisol determination and that salivary CgA is probably not affected by snack eating.</p>

Effect of Snack Eating on Sensitive Salivary Stress Markers Cortisol and Chromogranin A

Objectives: To investigate the effect of snack eating on salivary cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA). Methods: From 14:00 to 18:00, starting two hours after consumption of a midday meal, saliva samples were collected every 30 minutes from 15 healthy males, 7 of whom (snack group) ate a snack immediately after the sampling at 15:00. Salivary cortisol and CgA levels were determined by ELISA. Samples were controlled according to salivary flow rates. Results: For the snack group, after snack consumption, salivary cortisol increased to exceed significance (p<0.05) at 15:30 and rose even higher at 16:00. In the control group, there was no such change. There was no significant change in salivary CgA in either the snack group or the control groups during the sampling period. Conclusions: These findings suggest that no food should be consumed for at least 90 mins before saliva sampling for cortisol determination and that salivary CgA is probably not affected by snack eating.

Correlation between saliva glycated and blood glycated proteins

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>Blood and saliva samples were obtained to examine if there is a correlation between saliva glycated protein and blood glycated protein.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Blood and saliva samples of 51 male workers were collected. The fructosamine and hydrazine methods were used to measure saliva glycated protein. HbA1c, fructosamine and blood glucose were measured as indices of blood glycated protein, and the correlation between blood glycated protein and saliva glycated protein was examined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Saliva fructosamine glycated protein showed a significant correlation with HbA1c and blood glucose (r=0.449; p=0.001 and r=0.445; p=0.001, respectively). No correlation was identified between saliva hydrazine glycated protein and the index of blood glycated protein.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Blood glycated protein and blood glucose could be estimated by measuring saliva glycated protein.</p>

Beneficial effect of tomato juice drinking on anti-mutagenicity of saliva

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of tomato juice drinking on the antimutagenicity of saliva.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Subjects were 22 healthy male university students. They were divided into tomato group and control group. The tomato group drank tomato juice for 10 days. The anti-mutagenicity of saliva was measured using the umu test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the tomato group, there was a significant increase in the inhibiting capacity of saliva on the mutagenicity of AF-2 after tomato juice drinking for 10 days. This increase was, however, temporary. In the control group, there was no such change in the inhibiting capacity of saliva.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These findings suggest the significant effect of tomato juice drinking on the anti-mutagenicity of saliva. In addition, lycopene may have played an important role in its mechanism.</p>

Application of specific brain function evaluation by optical topography

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To use the evaluation of a specific brain function obtained by optical topography. This system uses a non invasive method to measure brain function unlike other major systems.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve optical fibers were attached to the subject's head. Hemodynamic changes in the motor cortex were measured during finger tapping before and after alcohol intake for eachALDH2 genotype.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Different hemodynamic changes in the motor cortex were observed among, theALDH2 genotypes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Optical topography is a useful tool for evaluating specific brain functions. Further research is needed on the relations between various environmental factors and brain functions by optical topography.</p>

Correlation between Saliva Glycated and Blood Glycated Proteins

Objectives: Blood and saliva samples were obtained to examine if there is a correlation between saliva glycated protein and blood glycated protein. Methods: Blood and saliva samples of 51 male workers were collected. The fructosamine and hydrazine methods were used to measure saliva glycated protein. HbA1c, fructosamine and blood glucose were measured as indices of blood glycated protein, and the correlation between blood glycated protein and saliva glycated protein was examined. Results: Saliva fructosamine glycated protein showed a significant correlation with HbA1c and blood glucose (r=0.449; p=0.001 and r=0.445; p=0.001, respectively). No correlation was identified between saliva hydrazine glycated protein and the index of blood glycated protein. Conclusions: Blood glycated protein and blood glucose could be estimated by measuring saliva glycated protein.

Application of Specific Brain Function Evaluation by Optical Topography

Objectives: To use the evaluation of a specific brain function obtained by optical topography. This system uses a non invasive method to measure brain function, unlike other major systems. Methods: Twelve optical fibers were attached to the subject's head. Hemodynamic changes in the motor cortex were measured during finger tapping before and after alcohol intake for each ALDH2 genotype. Results: Different hemodynamic changes in the motor cortex were observed among the ALDH2 genotypes. Conclusions: Optical topography is a useful tool for evaluating specific brain functions. Further research is needed on the relations between various environmental factors and brain functions by optical topography.

Lifestyle, mental health status and salivary secretion rates

The relations between salivary variables, lifestyle and mental health status were investigated for 61 healthy female university students. The salivary secretion rates were significantly higher in the good lifestyle groups compared with the poor lifestyle groups. Among the 8 lifestyle items tested. "eating breakfast" and "mental stress" were significantly related to the salivary secretion rates. The present findings suggest that the acquisition of a good lifestyle is also very important from the viewpoint of the prevention of oral disease.A highly significant correlation (r=0.97; p<0.01) between the salivary cortisol levels and the cortisol secretion rates when controlled for the salivary secretion rates was also observed. This suggests that there is a high correlation between the intact salivary cortisol levels and the total cortisol quantity per unit time. Therefore, both these values can be used as a good index for the salivary cortisol determination.

Daily lifestyles and anti-mutagenicity of saliva

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between lifestyle and the antimutagenicity of saliva.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Subjects were 52 healthy female university students. The collection of the saliva samples and the lifestyle measurements were carried out for them. The anti-mutagenicity of the saliva was measured using the umu test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With regard to the lifestyle items, only "nutrient balance" tended to contribute positively to the inhibiting capacity of the saliva on the mutagenicity of AF-2. In addition, there was a significant inverse correlation between the score of 7 other items and the inhibiting capacity of the saliva (r=-0.32; p<0.05). We also found a significant relation between their tea and/or coffee consumption and the inhibiting capacity of the saliva.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These findings suggest that the inhibiting capacity of saliva worked to decrease mutagen levels that were enhanced by poor lifestyle. In addition, "nutrient balance" may contribute to the inhibiting capacity of the saliva independent of 7 other items. With regard to the tea and/or coffee consumption. further studies should be carried out.</p>

A further note on the sampling device for the anti-mutagenicity of saliva

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>The purpose of this study was to compare the anti-mutagenicity of Salivette and test-tube sampling saliva. In addition, the relation between the inhibiting and pH-buffering capacities of saliva was investigated.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Subjects were 52 healthy female university students. The collection of saliva samples was carried out using 2 sampling devices; test-tube and Salivette. The anti-mutegenicity of the saliva was measured using the umu test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The inhibiting capacity of Salivette-saliva was significantly lower compared with that of testube-saliva (p<0.01,t test). However, there was a significant correlation between them (r=0.35; p<0.05). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the inhibiting and pH-buffering capacities of saliva (r=-0.36; p<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These findings suggest that both the Salivette and the test-tube may be appropriate as saliva-sampling devices. In addition, they suggest that the bicarbonates might inhibit the anti-mutagenicity of saliva, or that the activity of substances related to the anti-mutagenicity of saliva might be dependent on pH.</p>

Beneficial Effect of Tomato Juice Drinking on Anti-Mutagenicity of Saliva

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of tomato juice drinking on the anti-mutagenicity of saliva. Methods: Subjects were 22 healthy male university students. They were divided into tomato group and control group. The tomato group drank tomato juice for 10 days. The anti-mutagenicity of saliva was measured using the umu test. Results: In the tomato group, there was a significant increase in the inhibiting capacity of saliva on the mutagenicity of AF-2 after tomato juice drinking for 10 days. This increase was, however, temporary. In the control group, there was no such change in the inhibiting capacity of saliva. Conclusions: These findings suggest the significant effect of tomato juice drinking on the anti-mutagenicity of saliva. In addition, lycopene may have played an important role in its mechanism.

A Further Note on the Sampling Device for the Anti-Mutagenicity of Saliva

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the anti-mutagenicity of Salivette and test-tube sampling saliva. In addition, the relation between the inhibiting and pH-buffering capacities of saliva was investigated. Methods: Subjects were 52 healthy female university students. The collection of saliva samples was carried out using 2 sampling devices; test-tube and Salivette. The anti-mutagenicity of the saliva was measured using the umu test. Results: The inhibiting capacity of Salivette-saliva was significantly lower compared with that of test-tube-saliva (p<0.01, t test). However, there was a significant correlation between them (r=0.35; p<0.05). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the inhibiting and pH-buffering capacities of saliva (r=−0.36; p<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that both the Salivette and the test-tube may be appropriate as saliva-sampling devices. In addition, they suggest that the bicarbonates might inhibit the anti-mutagenicity of saliva, or that the activity of substances related to the anti-mutagenicity of saliva might be dependent on pH.

Daily Lifestyles and Anti-Mutagenicity of Saliva

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between lifestyle and the anti-mutagenicity of saliva. Methods: Subjects were 52 healthy female university students. The collection of the saliva samples and the lifestyle measurements were carried out for them. The anti-mutagenicity of the saliva was measured using the umu test. Results: With regard to the lifestyle items, only “nutrient balance” tended to contribute positively to the inhibiting capacity of the saliva on the mutagenicity of AF-2. In addition, there was a significant inverse correlation between the score of 7 other items and the inhibiting capacity of the saliva (r=−0.32; p<0.05). We also found a significant relation between their tea and/or coffee consumption and the inhibiting capacity of the saliva. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the inhibiting capacity of saliva worked to decrease mutagen levels that were enhanced by poor lifestyle. In addition, “nutrient balance” may contribute to the inhibiting capacity of the saliva independent of 7 other items. With regard to the tea and/or coffee consumption, further studies should be carried out.

Lifestyle, Mental Health Status and Salivary Secretion Rates

The relations between salivary variables, lifestyle and mental health status were investigated for 61 healthy female university students. The salivary secretion rates were significantly higher in the good lifestyle group compared with the poor lifestyle group. Among the 8 lifestyle items tested, “eating breakfast” and “mental stress” were significantly related to the salivary secretion rates. The present findings suggest that the acquisition of a good lifestyle is also very important from the viewpoint of the prevention of oral disease. A highly significant correlation (r=0.97; p<0.01) between the salivary cortisol levels and the cortisol secretion rates when controlled for the salivary secretion rates was also observed. This suggests that there is a high correlation between the intact salivary cortisol levels and the total cortisol quantity per unit time. Therefore, both these values can be used as a good index for the salivary cortisol determination.

The Effect of the Weight Reduction on the Salivary Cortisol Levels of Judo Players

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of weight reduction prior to a competition on the salivary cortisol level for first-rate judo players. Subjects were divided into three groups by the weight reduction rate. On the day before the competition, the cortisol levels of the low- and high-weight reduction group showed a tendency to decrease and were significantly lower than that of the non-weight reduction group (p<0.05). However, with regard to the change in the stress indices, there was a difference between the high- and low-weight reduction groups. In the high-weight reduction group alone, there was a significant increase in the stress indices on the day before the competition (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the HPA axis is affected during the relatively early stage of weight reduction and mental stress is increased at the higher weight reduction rate.

The Unique Correlation between Anti-Mutagenicity of Human Saliva and Change in Body Weight

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of weight reduction on the anti-mutagenicity of human saliva. Subjects were 16 male college judo players. The anti-mutagenicity of the saliva was measured using the umu test. There was an inhibiting effect of the saliva on the mutagenicity of AF-2. However, a modifying effect of the saliva on Trp-P-1 was not observed. On the day before a competition and 7 days after the competition, the inhibiting capacity of the saliva for the mutagenicity of AF-2 decreased and increased in two non-weight reduction and two weight reduction groups, respectively. However, on the day before the competition, the changed body weights (r=−0.77, p<0.01) and BMI (r=−0.77, p<0.01) were significantly correlated with that of the inhibiting capacity of the saliva for the mutagenicity of AF-2. In addition, the BMI at 20 days before the competition was not significantly but markedly correlated with it (r=0.50, p=0.057). At 7 days after the competition, however, these correlations were not found. These findings suggest a unique correlation between the anti-mutagenicity of human saliva and body weight or BMI.

Health Practice in Islam

Islam is a religion that was establishedin the 7th century by the Prophet Muhammad who was commissioned as a Messenger of God. It is also the modern or latest version of the message sent by God through some prophets, e.g. Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Not only is it associated with the mental aspect, however, it also impacts every part of life, from eating and sleeping to working and playing. It can be, therefore, considered a way of life.Meanwhile, one’s lifestyle has recently come to have great meaning especially in the developed countries. Methods to assess lifestyle are suggested by some authorities such as Breslow and Morimoto. Accordingly, we have tried to investigate whether Muslims, the followers of Islam, have a desirable lifestyle as defined in today’s terms, i.e. the cultural dependence of the lifestyle formation.As a result, Muslims seeking to live in accordance with the doctrine of Islam may have a relatively good lifestyle. Islam may also be associated with the relief from the mental stress and give Muslims a guideline to live a happier life.