Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the "Child Drawing: Hospital" (CD:H) Scale for Paediatric Dentistry in Brazil

Abstract Objective: To translate and perform the cross-cultural adaption of the CD:H scale for use in Paediatric Dentistry in Brazilian Portuguese language. Material and Methods: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the CD: H was carried out in four stages: 1) translation of the instrument; 2) reverse translation (back translation); 3) cross-cultural adaptation, and 4) face validation. Face validation consisted of the evaluation of 30 subjects from the target population. A pilot study was conducted with 15 children aged 5-10 years treated at a university dental clinic and their drawings were analysed by two dentists. Data were analysed using Stata 12.0. Results: In the face validation, most items were understood; however, some words were changed, and terms were included to identify the dental environment. Good reproducibility was obtained: inter-examiner reliability was 0.9647 and intra-examiner reliability was 0.9619 for examiner A and 0.8260 for examiner B. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the CD:H scale is a useful tool for dentists, helping identify children's emotions and being enjoyable for them.

Dental Fear/Anxiety in Children and Child Emotional and Behavioural Problems

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between emotional and behavioural problems and dental fear/anxiety (DFA) in children aged four to 12 years treated at a clinic in southern Brazil. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study where mother-child dyads were interviewed, emotional and behavioural problems were investigated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (considering five subscales). Children's DFA was evaluated through the Venham Picture Test. For each SDQ subscale, Poisson regression model was explored. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated, considering a significant level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: Overall, 128 children participated in this study. Most children were female (54.7%) and aged between 7 and 9 years (39.8%). The prevalence of emotional problems was 47.7% and behavioural problems were 46.1%. The prevalence of DFA was 18.8%. Children with emotional problems had a 2.3 higher prevalence of DFA (95%CI 1.06-5.04). In general, behavioural problems were not associated with DFA (95%CI 0.84-3.34) only when conduct problems were considered (2.20; 95%CI 1.02-4.70). Conclusion: Children aged between 4 and 12 years who present emotional and conduct problems tend to show higher DFA.

Oral health-related quality of life of preschool children assisted at a University Dental Clinic / Oral health-related quality of life of preschool children assisted at a University Dental Clinic

Objective: This study assessed parental perception on children?s oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and children?s views on their own teeth. Subjects and method: The sample included in this cross-sectional study consisted of 106 parents and their children, aged 0-6 years, who were assisted at a School of Dentistry. The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was used to assess OHRQoL. Socioeconomic information and reasons for seeking dental care were asked and obtained from parents, while clinical information were collected from files. Children expressed the views on their teeth through an instrument with drawings. Data was analyzed by the Fisher?s exact test and Poisson regression. Results: The mean ECOHIS score was 8.31. Higher impacts on OHRQoL were observed in older children (RR=1.75; 95% CI=1.21-2.54), children referred to the clinic due to either dental trauma (RR=2.44; 95% CI=1.28-4.66) or caries (RR=2.64; 95% CI=1.39-5.05), children who have hadcaries (RR=2.15; 95% CI=1.50-3.08), and children whose parents perceived their own oral health as poor (RR=1.45; 95% CI=1.02-2.05). Twenty-three (31%) children expressed dissatisfaction with their oral health. Conclusions: The impact of oral diseases was high for this population. Children whose parents considered their own oral healthas regular/poor presented higher impact on quality of life. Moreover, older children, taken to the dentist due to caries or dental trauma, and with previous dental caries experience, presented negative impact on OHRQoL.