Limiting amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets and their impacts on growth performance and carcass composition in Labeo rohita (rohu) adult fish / Limitação da suplementação de aminoácidos em dietas com baixo teor de proteína bruta e seus impactos no desempenho de crescimento e composição da carcaça em peixes adultos Labeo rohita (rohu)

Ninety days study was conducted in hapas installed in earthen ponds. Fish of an average initial weight (220g) were evenly distributed in triplicate groups within fifteen hapas. Five experimental diets labeled as T1 (25% CP and NRC recommended amino acid level) as control diet, T2 (with 2% low protein and 5% amino acid supplementation), T3 (with 2% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation), T4 (with 4% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation) and T5 (with 4% low protein and 20% amino acid supplementation) were prepared. Fish were fed with @3% of their body weight twice a day at 10.00 & 16:00 hour. Significantly higher percent weight gain (420.18 ± 66.84a) and specific growth rate (13499.33±1273.54a) along with improved feed conversion ratio (1.29 ± 0.09b) and hundred percent survivals were recorded during the trial. Furthermore proximate analysis of meat showed significant improvement in the crude protein level (81.77 ± 0.19a) served with diet containing 20% limiting amino acids mixture. Therefore, limiting amino acids can be a source of cost effective feed and use safely in L. rohita diet.

O estudo de 90 dias foi realizado em hapas instalados em tanques de terra. Peixes com peso inicial médio (220 g) foram distribuídos uniformemente em grupos triplicados em 15 hapas. Cinco dietas experimentais rotuladas como T1 (25% de CP e NRC recomendado nível de aminoácidos) como dieta controle, T2 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 5% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T3 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T4 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos) e T5 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 20% de suplementação de aminoácidos) foram preparadas. Os peixes foram alimentados com 3% do seu peso corporal duas vezes por dia às 10h00 e 16h00. Ganho de peso significativamente maior (420,18 ± 66,84a) e taxa de crescimento específico (13499,33 ± 1273,54a) juntamente com taxa de conversão alimentar melhorada (1, 29 ± 0,09b) e sobrevivência de cem por cento foram registrados durante o ensaio. Além disso, a análise aproximada da carne mostrou melhora significativa no nível de proteína bruta (81,77 ± 0,19a) servida com dieta contendo 20% de mistura de aminoácidos limitantes. Portanto, a limitação de aminoácidos pode ser uma fonte de alimentação econômica e usada com segurança na dieta de L. rohita.

Limiting amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets and their impacts on growth performance and carcass composition in Labeo rohita (rohu) adult fish

Abstract Ninety days study was conducted in hapas installed in earthen ponds. Fish of an average initial weight (220g) were evenly distributed in triplicate groups within fifteen hapas. Five experimental diets labeled as T1 (25% CP and NRC recommended amino acid level) as control diet, T2 (with 2% low protein and 5% amino acid supplementation), T3 (with 2% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation), T4 (with 4% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation) and T5 (with 4% low protein and 20% amino acid supplementation) were prepared. Fish were fed with @3% of their body weight twice a day at 10.00 & 16:00 hour. Significantly higher percent weight gain (420.18 ± 66.84a) and specific growth rate (13499.33±1273.54a) along with improved feed conversion ratio (1.29 ± 0.09b) and hundred percent survivals were recorded during the trial. Furthermore proximate analysis of meat showed significant improvement in the crude protein level (81.77 ± 0.19a) served with diet containing 20% limiting amino acids mixture. Therefore, limiting amino acids can be a source of cost effective feed and use safely in L. rohita diet.

Resumo O estudo de 90 dias foi realizado em hapas instalados em tanques de terra. Peixes com peso inicial médio (220 g) foram distribuídos uniformemente em grupos triplicados em 15 hapas. Cinco dietas experimentais rotuladas como T1 (25% de CP e NRC recomendado nível de aminoácidos) como dieta controle, T2 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 5% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T3 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T4 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos) e T5 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 20% de suplementação de aminoácidos) foram preparadas. Os peixes foram alimentados com 3% do seu peso corporal duas vezes por dia às 10h00 e 16h00. Ganho de peso significativamente maior (420,18 ± 66,84a) e taxa de crescimento específico (13499,33 ± 1273,54a) juntamente com taxa de conversão alimentar melhorada (1, 29 ± 0,09b) e sobrevivência de cem por cento foram registrados durante o ensaio. Além disso, a análise aproximada da carne mostrou melhora significativa no nível de proteína bruta (81,77 ± 0,19a) servida com dieta contendo 20% de mistura de aminoácidos limitantes. Portanto, a limitação de aminoácidos pode ser uma fonte de alimentação econômica e usada com segurança na dieta de L. rohita.

Molecular occurrence of canine babesiosis in rural dog population in Pakistan

@#Canine babesiosis is an important tick-borne protozoal disease of dogs that poses major health problem worldwide. Farm dogs in rural areas are the companion animals, that not only watch the livestock herds but also guard the house of the owners. Each farmer keeps his companion dog to get all the services. In our study, a total of 450 blood samples of farm dogs from three different ecological zones (Southern, Central and Northern regions of the province; Punjab) of Pakistan, were collected to examine through microscopy and PCR. Examination of thin blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 12.8% (58/450) of canine babesisal parasites. However, PCR analysis revealed 46.8% (211/450) and 7.3% (33/450) samples positive for B. gibsoni and B. vogeli, respectively. The amplicons of 671 bp and 590 bp were amplified for the detection of B. gibsoni and B. vogeli, respectively through PCR. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the occurrence of canine babesiosis is higher in the Central Punjab and younger age of the dogs, while breed and sex of the host were not significantly associated with the occurrence of the disease. Mixed infection of B. gibsoni and B. vogeli was observed only in 3 dogs each in district Kasur and Rawalpindi. Our study is the first report to observe the occurrence of canine babesiosis in rural dogs in Pakistan through PCR.

Relationship of ear phone usage and recreational noise induced hearing loss based on audiogram assessment

Introduction: Over the last two decades the use of personal music player [PMP] with headphones/earphones has increased tremendously. Those people using headphones/ earphones on regular basis belongs from all age groups. They become accustomed to use headphones/earphones at high volumes and over long periods of time which may be implicated in ongoing permanent hearing loss in these individuals. Both the intensity and duration of noise exposure determines the potential for damage of the hair cells of the inner ear. The study population was the university students using such devices, however audiogram performed only in participants using these devices for more than 1 hour a day, at moderate to high volumes

Objective: To identify association of sensorineural hearing loss and noise exposure from a personal music player with head phones/earphones among the young university students

Material and methods: This prospective study conducted at Dow International Medical College, DUHS from January 2015 to April 2015. All Final year students were invited for the survey. Informed consent was taken from each participant. Data was collected regarding the duration and hours of use of personal music players. To detect degree of the change in hearing threshold, Audiograms assessment done on 56 participants from high risk group. The data was analyzed using SPSS16

Result: The majority of earphone users are young adults. The audiogram showed mild hearing loss in frequencies over 0.5- 8 kHz

Conclusion: There is mild hearing loss in the high risk group, therefore adequate counseling, for these individuals, regarding change of their listening habits is necessary if further hearing loss is to be prevented

Frequency of congenital heart diseases in neonatology section of a tertiary care hospital Peshawar

To determine the frequency of common congenital heart diseases [CHD] in children presenting to Pediatrics, Department of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Cross sectional descriptive study. This study was conducted in the Pediatrics and Neonatology Department of Lady, Reading hospital Peshawar, from 14[th] July 2010 to 14[th] July 2011. A total of 481 patients, using 3.1% propotion of ASD in cases with CHD, 95% Confidence interval, 1.55% margin of error, under WHO software formula for sample size determination. Children from 0-18 years of age clinically diagnosed cases with their echocardio-graphy which was also suggestive of CHD were included in this study. Postoperative cases of CHD as they require different kind of management plan and Confirmed cases of CHD were excluded. Patients with acyanotic CHD were 416 [86.48%] and with cyanotic CHD were 65 [13.52%]. Cases of ventricular septal defect [VSD] were 190 [39.5%] and amongst them 120 [63.16%] were males and 70 [36.8%] were females. Cases of atrial septal defect [ASD] were 146 [30.35%] and amongst them 63 [43.15%] were males and 83 [56.84%] were female. Thus, there was a female preponderance of ASD patients as compared to VSD. As for patent ductus arteriosus [PDA] there were 80 [16.63%] cases and of transposition of great arteries [TGA] were 30 [6.23%]. Whereas cases of tetrology of fallot [TOF] were 35 [7.27%]. Congenital heart defects [CHD] are among the most common birth defects and are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths. VSD is the commonest acyanotic CHD whereas TOF is the commonest cyanotic heart disease

Complementary/alternative medicine practices for sore throat - comparing practices in healthcare providers and the general population

OBJECTIVES: To determine the practice and varieties of Complementary and Alternative Medicine [CAM] for sore throat and common cold treatment in healthcare providers[HP] and the general population

METHOD: This is a questionnaire-based cross sectional study conducted at Ojha Campus, Dow International Medical Collge Karachi

RESULTS: This study shows that 62% of our total study population use CAM [62.8% healthcare providers, 61% general population]. Combination therapy was the most popular method of CAM usage [55.8% healthcare providers, 47% general population]. Family and friends were the most common source of CAM information in both groups. Steam, Saltwater gargles, Medicated vapors, honey and ginger were most frequently used, in both populations. Very few persons had a regular practice of informing their healthcare provider about their CAM use [23.8% healthcare providers, 2.7% general population]. Around 63% healthcare providers recommend CAM to their patients for treating sore throat. The most frequent reason for doing so being their personal effective experience

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the high usage of CAM to treat sore throat. Some basic training in CAM should be considered for our healthcare providers, in order to integrate this cost effective form of therapy in our healthcare system. Healthcare providers should inquire about their patients' CAM usage to avoid interactions between the two forms of therapy

Intercomparison of environmental gamma doses measured with A NaI (Tl) survey meter and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in the Poonch division of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

This study presents the intercomparison of the outdoor environmental gamma dose rates measured using a NaI (Tl) based survey meter along with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), for the inhabitants of Poonch division of the Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. CaF2: Dy (TLD-200) card dosimeters were installed at height of 1 m from ground at fifteen different locations covering the entire Poonch division comprising of three districts. During three distinct two month time periods within the six month study period, all the installed dosimeters were exposed to outdoor environmental gamma radiations, retrieved and read out at Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory, Health Physics Division, PINSTECH laboratory, Islamabad. The ambient outdoor gamma dose rate measurements were also taken with NaI (Tl) based portable radiometric instrument at 1 m above the ground. To estimate the annual gamma doses, NaI (Tl) based survey data were used for one complete year following the deployment of the dosimeters. The mean annual gamma dose rates measured by TLDs and survey meter were found as 1.47±0.10 and 0.862±0.003 mGy/y respectively. Taking into account a 29% outdoor occupancy factor, the annual average effective dose rate for individuals was estimated as 0.298±0.04 and 0.175±0.03 mSv/y by TLDs and survey meter, respectively. For outdoor exposure, the ELCR was calculated from the TLD and survey meter measurements. The environmental outdoor average annual effective dose obtained in present study are less than the estimated world average terrestrial and cosmic gamma ray dose rate of 0.9 mSv/y reported in UNSCEAR 2000. The possible origins of gamma doses in the area and incompatibilities of results obtained from the two different measurement techniques are also discussed.

Assessment of lung cancer risk due to indoor radon exposure in inhabitants of the state of Azad Kashmir; Pakistan

Several epidemiological studies conducted on underground miner's show that exposure to elevated levels of radioactive radon gas is expected to increase the risk of lung cancer. Relative risk of lung cancer is almost linear with radon exposure. Elevated concentrations of radon are not only reported within mines but also for closed indoor environment of general public houses. Measurements of radon play a serious role in scrutinizing public health and safety in homes. Indoor radon measurements were taken over a period of year, using CR-39 detectors. Measured indoor radon concentrations, was converted in to excess relative risk [ERR] factors by using the risk model reported in the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation [BEIR VI] report. ERR was calculated for age groups of 35 and 55 years. A careful selection of occupancy factor based on interviews with house occupants has been made. Using this local occupancy factor, average excess lung cancer risk for the age group of 35 and 54 y peoples was found to 0.51 +/- 0.03 and 0.42 +/- 0.03. Similarly average values of ERR for local occupancy factor with ages 35 and 55 years was found as 0.59 +/- 0.03 and 0.45 +/- 0.03. The overall average excess lung cancer risk for the studied area was 0.46 +/- 0.03. The study suggested that United State Environmental Protection Agency [US EPA] occupancy factor gave a higher excess lung cancer risk as compared with the local occupancy factor used for studied areas. The ERR due to indoor radon is within the standard limits and does not pose any serious threat to the occupants of the houses under investigation

Assessment of radiological hazards due to soil and building materials used in Mirpur Azad Kashmir; Pakistan

Health hazards associated with exposure due to the natural radioactivity which is a part of our physical environment are of great concern. In order to assess the risks associated with exposure due to the natural radioactivity in soil and building materials, extensive studies have been carried out all over the world. The most commonly encountered radionuclide's are [238]U, [232]Th, their decay products and [40]K. In order to study the concentration of these radionu-clides soil, sand, gravel aggregates, bricks and marble, samples were collected from different sites and local suppliers of the district Mirpur, Azad Kashmir [Pakistan]. [226]Ra, [232]Th, and [40]K activities in the collected samples were measured using HPGe detector. The measured specific radioactivity concentration of [226]Ra, [232]Th and [40]K in the studied samples ranged from 10 +/- 1 to 47 +/- 2, 18 +/- 1 to 75 +/- 4 and 40 +/- 3 to 683 +/- 3 Bq.kg[-1], respectively. From the measured activity concentration, radium equivalent activity, external and internal hazard indices, gamma and alpha indices, terrestrial absorbed dose and annual effective dose were calculated. Maximum value of radium equivalent activity of 197.1 +/- 9 Bq.kg[-1] was observed in soil sample whereas minimum value of 45.9 +/- 2 Bq.kg[-1] was found in gravel aggregates. Relatively higher mean values of hazard indices were found in brick samples. Annual effective dose varied from 0.06 +/- 0.01 to 0.47 +/- 0.02 mSv.y[-1]. Current values of annual effective dose, radium equivalent activity and hazard indices have been found to be within the recommended limits

presentation of carcinoma of larynx at civil hospital Karachi

To determine the frequency of different presenting clinical features and the most common stage of presentation in patients of laryngeal carcinoma. Descriptive study. This study was conducted at ENT department, Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi, from April 2006 to March 2007. All the patients of biopsy proven laryngeal carcinoma of any age and sex were included in the study. Demographic data, presenting complain like change in voice, difficulty in breathing, difficulty in swallowing, pain, smoked and unsmoked tobacco use, clinical examination findings, DL findings, neck examination with respect to levels of lymph nodes involvement, presence or absence of metastasis recorded in performed proforma. Histopathological reports and findings of imaging studies like X-ray chest, CT scan, and ultrasound abdomen [if needed], stage of carcinoma larynx were also recorded on proforma. In this study out of 34 cases, 32 [94.1%] were males and only 2 [5.88%] were females. Mean age was 55.23 years [SD +/- 12.09]. Most common symptom was hoarseness in 32 [94.1%] cases, 27 [79.4%] presented at advanced stage [stage III and IV] while commonest site was glottic region 50%. This study concluded that the most common stage of laryngeal carcinoma patients in our setup was late stage and commonest presenting symptom was hoarseness while commonest site was glottic region

Thyroid disorders in Peshawar Pakistan-one year experience

This study reports on 124 cases of thyroid disorders from Peshawar treated with radioiodine during 2008. The aim of this study was to analyze the cancer registry record of patients from the district of Peshawar in order to obtain an insight about thyroid disorders for use in proposrng future health plans. The patient data has been collected from the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine [IRNUM] Peshawar. Patients with thyroid disorders were confirmed by clinical examination, thyroid scintigraphy [Thyroid scan], blood tests [T[3], T[4], TSH] and histopathalogy tests and then treated with radioiodine. Of all 124 patients with thyroid disorders [Median age; 45.5 years. Range: 16-77 years] 20% were male and 80% were female. The final diagnosis was Toxic Multi Nodular Goiter [TMNG] in 56 [45.1%] cases, Diffuse Toxic Goiter [DTG] in 30 [24.2%] cases, Thyrotoxicosis in 14 [11.3%] cases while 7 [5.7%] patient showed thyroid carcinoma. All these patients were treated with radioiodine. For females, the most affected age group was 11-40 years with 31.3% cases of the total female cases followed by 21-30 age groups. No strict predominance has been observed in any age group of males. This preliminary study will provide an insight to the thyroid disorders and its treatment with radioiodine in Peshawar. Insufficient health care facilities, poor educational market [especially] in the rural areas are the most important probable factors leading to thyroid disorders. This study may be used as a base line for future planning strategies for improving the health standards in Peshawar

Frequency of un-safe chronic suppurative otitis media in patients with discharging ear

Objective: To determine the frequency of un-safe chronic suppurative otitis media and its complications in patients with chronic discharging ear

Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Civil Hospital Karachi, Sindh - Pakistan between January 2004 and June 2006. This study included 390 cases of chronic discharging ears attending out patient department. All were examined according to protocol, and relevant investigations were carried out. 107 cases underwent mastoid exploration and were observed for cholesteatoma, granulations, aural polyps and their complications. A structured questionnaire was designed to record all information which was later analyzed

Results: Majority of patients was belonging to poor families. Female-male ratio was 1.2:1. Age range was between 6 months and 70 years. Most of the patients presented with discharging ears. Central perforation was seen in 89% cases. One hundred seven cases [27.5%] underwent mastoid exploration, in which cholesteatoma was found in 11.5% cases. Ossicular damage was the commonest complication in all cases having cholesteatoma, while 1% cases presented with mastoid abscess, 1.5% with exposed facial nerve, 1.2% with exposed sigmoid sinus and 0.25% with Bezold abscess. Intracranial complications were seen in nine patients

Conclusion: Cholesteatoma was found to be associated with most of the complications in cases of un-safe type of C.S.O.M. The complication rate in this study is lesser than that observed in our neighboring countries like Bangladesh, but still higher as compared to the developed countries. Cholesteatoma was also found in two cases having central perforation which is unusual presentation

Xeroderma pigmentosa - squamous cell carcinoma lip

A 10 Years old female patient of xeroderma pigmentosa [XP] presented with an oval shaped swelling on left upper lip for 2 months. Excisional biopsy was done and histopathology revealed moderately differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma. We report this case as Xeroderma pigmentosa with squamous cell carcinoma is rarely seen in ENT practice

Fine needle aspiration cytology: application to children with neck masses

Fine needle aspiration cytology is widely used to screen neck masses in adult population. Our present series of 40 fine needle aspiration cytology performed during January 2001 to December 2002, on 40 children with clinically significant neck masses. These fine needle aspiration cytology were confirmed by subsequent surgical biopsies, or follow up of patient for 18 months. Out of the 40 aspirations performed 32 required no subsequent surgical biopsy whereas those of 8 tumors identified, 6 were malignant. In 4 of these cases, metastatic tumors were diagnosed and appropriate therapy provided. Two false negative and one false positive result were obtained. No delay in treatment occurred because of false negative result and no radical treatment resulted from the false positive diagnosis. The sensitivity was 93.8% and the specificity was 94.4. The usefulness and cost effectiveness of fine needle aspiration is stressed

flaps used in reconstruction of the cranio-maxillo-facial region

This is a retrospective study of reconstructive flaps used in 30 patients, who underwent ablative maxillo-facial surgery. They were treated between Feb. 1988-Dec. 1990. These were 16 females and 14 males, within the range of 15-65 years, [av. age: 35 yrs.] The reconstruction was carried out with local flaps eg: Abbe-Estlander flap in 4 patients, and axial distant flap in 23. The later group comprised of Mcgregor's forehead flap in 4 patients, Bakamjian's Deltopectoral flap in 5patients, the Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in 6 patients, and the Pectoralis major myocutaneous with an osseous graft [myoosseo-cutaneous] in 8 patients. Other flaps used included full thickness skull graft in 1 patient, pericranial dermal flap in 1 patient and myocutaneous sternomastoid flap in 1 patient. After a followup of 6-18 months, overall result of repair have been satisfactory, though partial rejection or exposure of a mandibular replacement due to deficient oral mucosa posed a few problems Unfortunately, recurrent disease or a subsequent second primary in the Head and Neck region continue to spoil the results