ABSTRACT
The aim of radiotherapy is to deliver the highest possible radiation dose to the tumor and the lowest radiation to normal tissues surroundingthe tumor. In the present study, lymph nodes of the supraclavicular region were treated using two therapeutic techniques,namely photon technique (PT) and combinatory photon-electron technique (CPET). We recruited 50 patients with local lymph nodemetastasis. The photon energies were 6-15 MV. Furthermore, the electron beam energy was 18 MeV in CPET. The study findingsrevealed that the mean delivered dose to target volume was 41.12 ± 2.98Gy for PT and 44.56 ± 1.90Gy for CPET. The percentage ofthe target volume irradiated to 90% of the prescribed dose (V90) was calculated as 74.61% ± 9.30% and 82.06% ± 9.70% for PT andCPET, respectively. The mean dose delivered to the heart and lungs was not significantly different between the two groups. Furthermore,the maximum doses delivered to the spinal cord were 12.55Gy in PT and 8.89Gy in CPET. The mean doses delivered to thethyroid gland were 39.26 and 34.89Gy in PT and CPET. According to the study results, the maximum doses delivered to the spinalcord, head of the humerus bone, and thyroid were reduced significantly as measured the CPET technique. In contrast, no significantdifference was observed regarding the dose delivered to the heart and lung. The dose delivered to the supraclavicular region determinedby the CPET was significantly augmented. Furthermore, the coverage of the tumor mass was optimized using the new method.
ABSTRACT
Background: Dithiocarbamates, the main group of fungicides, are used to control about 400 pathogens in more than 70 crops. These pesticides are widely applied to crops including potato, cereal, apple, pear and leafy vegetables throughout the world since 1960. From the late 1980s, using these fungicides has caused much debate among regulators about their long-term effects on consumers and occupational users
Method: In this study the residues of Dithiocarbamates in cucumber and tomato using the colorimetric method [Keppel method] was measured. Respectively 80 and 45 samples of greenhouse cucumber and tomato were collected from Zanjan vegetables center in autumns and winter 2013. The samples were analyzed in 4 treatments of: unwashed, washing with water, washing whit detergent and peeling
Result: The results showed that the average concentration of Dithiocarbamates residues in unwashed greenhouse cucumber and tomatoes were 384.5 micro g/kg and 65 micro g/kg respectively. 35% and 5% of unwashed and water washed cucumber and tomato samples [respectively] had higher Dithiocarbamates residue than MRL recommended by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran [0.5mg/kg]
Conclusion: The treatments of washing and peeling had significant effect on the reduction of Dithiocarbamates residues in the all samples
ABSTRACT
Ionizing radiation interacts with biological systems to induce excessive fluxes of free radicals that attack various cellular components. Melatonin has been shown to be a direct free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant via its stimulatory actions on the antioxidant system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant role of melatonin against radiation-induced oxidative injury to the rat liver after whole body irradiation. In this experimental study, thirty-two rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 was the control group, group 2 only received melatonin [30 mg/kg on the first day and 30 mg/kg on the following days], group 3 only received whole body gamma irradiation of 10 Gy, and group 4 received 30 mg/kg melatonin 30 minutes prior to radiation plus whole body irradiation of 10 Gy plus 30 mg/kg melatonin daily through intraperitoneal [IP] injection for three days after irradiation. Three days after irradiation, all rats were sacrificed and their livers were excised to measure the biochemical parameters malondialdehyde [MDA] and glutathione [GSH]. Each data point represents mean ñ standard error on the mean [SEM] of at least eight animals per group. A one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] was performed to compare different groups, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests [p<0.05]. The results demonstrated that whole body irradiation induced liver tissue damage by increasing MDA levels and decreasing GSH levels. Hepatic MDA levels in irradiated rats that were treated with melatonin [30 mg/kg] were significantly decreased, while GSH levels were significantly increased, when compared to either of the control groups or the melatonin only group. The data suggest that administration of melatonin before and after irradiation may reduce liver damage caused by gamma irradiation