ABSTRACT
A first checklist of Rotifera species in freshwater environments in Bahia State, in northeastern Brazil, is provided. The list includes sampling data from 26 aquatic environments (lotic and lentic) undertaken from 2010 to 2016. One hundred and fifty-five species were recorded, with 68 new records for the state. The family Brachionidae and Lecanidae were the most representative (54.8%). The greatest richness was recorded in the Colônia River (57 species). Those results reflect the low numbers of studies previously undertaken in the region, indicating more research needs to be focused on Rotifera biodiversity in Bahia, the fifth largest state in Brazil (567,295 km2) with large numbers of freshwater bodies.
É fornecida uma primeira lista de verificação das espécies de Rotifera em ambientes de água doce no Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A lista de espécies inclui dados de amostragem de 26 ambientes aquáticos (lóticos e lênticos) de 2010 a 2016. Cento e cinquenta e cinco espécies foram registradas, com 68 novos registros para o estado. As famílias Brachionidae e Lecanidae foram as mais representativas (54,8%). A maior riqueza foi registrada no rio Colônia (57 espécies). Esses resultados provavelmente refletem o número de estudos na região, sugerindo mais pesquisas sobre a biodiversidade de Rotifera na Bahia, o quinto maior estado do Brasil (567.295 km2) com grande número de corpos aquáticos de água doce.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rotifera , Brazil , Biodiversity , Rivers , Fresh WaterABSTRACT
A first checklist of Rotifera species in freshwater environments in Bahia State, in northeastern Brazil, is provided. The list includes sampling data from 26 aquatic environments (lotic and lentic) undertaken from 2010 to 2016. One hundred and fifty-five species were recorded, with 68 new records for the state. The family Brachionidae and Lecanidae were the most representative (54.8%). The greatest richness was recorded in the Colônia River (57 species). Those results reflect the low numbers of studies previously undertaken in the region, indicating more research needs to be focused on Rotifera biodiversity in Bahia, the fifth largest state in Brazil (567,295 km2) with large numbers of freshwater bodies.
É fornecida uma primeira lista de verificação das espécies de Rotifera em ambientes de água doce no Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A lista de espécies inclui dados de amostragem de 26 ambientes aquáticos (lóticos e lênticos) de 2010 a 2016. Cento e cinquenta e cinco espécies foram registradas, com 68 novos registros para o estado. As famílias Brachionidae e Lecanidae foram as mais representativas (54,8%). A maior riqueza foi registrada no rio Colônia (57 espécies). Esses resultados provavelmente refletem o número de estudos na região, sugerindo mais pesquisas sobre a biodiversidade de Rotifera na Bahia, o quinto maior estado do Brasil (567.295 km2) com grande número de corpos aquáticos de água doce.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rotifera/classification , ZooplanktonABSTRACT
Abstract A first checklist of Rotifera species in freshwater environments in Bahia State, in northeastern Brazil, is provided. The list includes sampling data from 26 aquatic environments (lotic and lentic) undertaken from 2010 to 2016. One hundred and fifty-five species were recorded, with 68 new records for the state. The family Brachionidae and Lecanidae were the most representative (54.8%). The greatest richness was recorded in the Colônia River (57 species). Those results reflect the low numbers of studies previously undertaken in the region, indicating more research needs to be focused on Rotifera biodiversity in Bahia, the fifth largest state in Brazil (567,295 km2) with large numbers of freshwater bodies.
Resumo É fornecida uma primeira lista de verificação das espécies de Rotifera em ambientes de água doce no Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A lista de espécies inclui dados de amostragem de 26 ambientes aquáticos (lóticos e lênticos) de 2010 a 2016. Cento e cinquenta e cinco espécies foram registradas, com 68 novos registros para o estado. As famílias Brachionidae e Lecanidae foram as mais representativas (54,8%). A maior riqueza foi registrada no rio Colônia (57 espécies). Esses resultados provavelmente refletem o número de estudos na região, sugerindo mais pesquisas sobre a biodiversidade de Rotifera na Bahia, o quinto maior estado do Brasil (567.295 km2) com grande número de corpos aquáticos de água doce.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Recent research reports the importance of preserving plants in Brazilian semiarid regions, in this context, the scientific literature has reported different pharmacological studies from plant extracts with an antifungal potential, coming from forest species that can contribute as a control and management strategy in the transmission of phytopathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biotech treatments in controlling the transmission of Colletotrichum sp. in seeds of S. obtusifolium. In this study, 100 seeds were subjected to the following preventive treatments: fungicide Captan®, extract of Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. Ex. Tul., and biological control with Trichoderma spp. The biological control with Trichoderma spp. and the alternative control using C. ferrea extract provided a greater protection to seeds and seedlings of S. obtusifolium facing the transmissibility of Colletotrichum sp.The treatment based on plant extract is more efficient for this purpose only in large seeds and does not interfere on the germination percentage and speed. Therefore it is necessary to perform other studies with Trichoderma spp. and C. ferrea extract to test different doses of these products.
RESUMO Recentes pesquisas relatam a importância da preservação de plantas do semiárido brasileiro. Neste contexto, a literatura científica tem relatado diferentes estudos farmacológicos com extratos vegetais com potencial antifúngico proveniente de espécies florestais que podem contribuir como estratégia de controle e gerenciamento na transmissão de fitopatógenos. No presente estudo o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos biotecnológicos no controle da transmissibilidade de Colletotrichum sp. em sementes de S. obtusifolium. Neste estudo foram utilizadas 100 sementes submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos preventivos: fungicida Captan®, extrato de Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. Ex. Tul. e controle biológico com Trichoderma spp. O controle biológico com Trichoderma spp. e o alternativo com extrato de C. ferrea proporcionam maior proteção às sementes e plântulas S. obtusifolium quanto a transmissibilidade do Colletotrichum sp. O tratamento à base de extrato vegetal foi o mais eficiente para este fim, apenas em sementes de maior tamanho, por não interferir na porcentagem e velocidade de germinação. Portanto, faz-se necessário à realização de outros trabalhos com Trichoderma spp. e extrato de C. ferrea para testar doses diferentes desses produtos.
Subject(s)
Trichoderma/classification , Plant Extracts/analysis , Colletotrichum/classification , Sapotaceae/classification , Fabaceae/classification , Seeds/classificationABSTRACT
We studied the effect of pulsed ultrasound therapy (UST) and antibothropic polyvalent antivenom (PAV) on the regeneration of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle following damage by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Animals (Swiss male and female mice weighing 25.0 ± 5.0 g; 5 animals per group) received a perimuscular injection of venom (1 mg/kg) and treatment with UST was started 1 h later (1 min/day, 3 MHz, 0.3 W/cm², pulsed mode). Three and 28 days after injection, muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy. The venom caused complete degeneration of muscle fibers. UST alone and combined with PAV (1.0 mL/kg) partially protected these fibers, whereas muscles receiving no treatment showed disorganized fascicules and fibers with reduced diameter. Treatment with UST and PAV decreased the effects of the venom on creatine kinase content and motor activity (approximately 75 and 48%, respectively). Sonication of the venom solution immediately before application decreased the in vivo and ex vivo myotoxic activities (approximately 60 and 50%, respectively). The present data show that UST counteracts some effects of B. jararacussu venom, causing structural and functional improvement of the regenerated muscle after venom injury.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Antivenins/pharmacology , Bothrops , Crotalid Venoms/poisoning , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Snake Bites/therapy , Ultrasonic Therapy/methods , Creatine Kinase/metabolism , Crotalid Venoms/administration & dosage , Edema/chemically induced , Immunologic Factors/immunology , Motor Activity/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Necrosis , Rotarod Performance Test , Regeneration/drug effects , Snake Bites/complicationsABSTRACT
The effect of dose and volume of a perimuscular injection of Bothrops jararacussu venom on myonecrosis of skeletal muscle was studied in mice. An increase of the venom dose (0.25 to 2.0 æg/g) at a given volume (50 æl) resulted in an increase in plasma creatine kinase (CK) levels 2 h after injection. Plasma CK activity increased from the basal level of 129.27 ± 11.83 (N = 20) to 2392.80 ± 709.43 IU/l (N = 4) for the 1.0 æg/g dose. Histological analysis of extensor digitorum longus muscle 4 h after injection showed lesion of peripheral muscle fibers, disorganization of the bundles or the complete degeneration of muscle fibers. These lesions were more extensive when higher doses were injected. Furthermore, an increase in volume (12.5 to 100 æl) by dilution of a given dose (0.5 æg/g) also increased plasma CK levels from 482.31 ± 122.79 to 919.07 ± 133.33 IU/l (N = 4), respectively. These results indicate that care should be taken to standardize volumes and sites of venom injections
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Bothrops , Creatine Kinase , Crotalid Venoms , Muscle, Skeletal , Crotalid Venoms , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Muscle, SkeletalABSTRACT
We investigated the protective effect of suramin, an enzyme inhibitor and an uncoupler of G protein from receptors, on the myotoxic activity in mice of different crotalid snake venoms (A.c. laticinctus, C.v. viridis, C.d. terrificus, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. alternatus, B. jararaca, L. muta). Myotoxicity was evaluated in vivo by injecting im the venoms (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) dissolved in physiological saline solution (0.1 ml) and measuring plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity. Two experimental approaches were used in mice (N = 5 for each group). In protocol A, 1 mg of each venom was incubated with 1.0 mg suramin (15 min, 37ºC, in vitro), and then injected im into the mice at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg (in vivo). In protocol B, venoms, 1.0 mg/kg, were injected im 15 min prior to suramin (1.0 mg/kg, iv). Before and 2 h after the im injection blood was collected by orbital puncture. Plasma was separated and stored at 4ºC for determination of CK activity using a diagnostic kit from Sigma. Preincubation of some venoms (C.v. viridis, A.c. laticinctus, C.d. terrificus and B. jararacussu) with suramin reduced (37-76 percent) the increase in plasma CK, except for B. alternatus, B. jararaca or L. muta venoms. Injection of suramin after the venom partially protected (34-51 percent) against the myotoxicity of B. jararacussu, A.c. laticinctus and C.d. terrificus venom, and did not protect against C.v. viridis, L. muta, B. moojeni, B. alternatus or B. jararaca venoms. These results show that suramin has an antimyotoxic effect against some, but not all the North and South American crotalid snake venoms studied here
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Antivenins , Bothrops , Crotalid Venoms , Suramin , Creatine Kinase , Crotalid Venoms , SuraminABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetics of different pharmaceutical preparations of oral nifedipine-Adalat (capsule), Oxcord and Cardalin (tablets)-was determined after administration of single oral doses of 10 mg to nine healthy young Brazilian volunteers (7 men). There no significant changes in heart rate or systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in the sitting position within 8 h of nifedipine administration to these normotensive volunteers. No side effects were reported by the volunteers or observed by the attending physicians during the study. No significant differences were observed among the three preparations in relation to the following pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from the plasma concentration-time curves: area under the curve (AUC), slope (beta) and half-life (T½) of the elimination phase, volume of distribution (Vd/F) and total body clearance (CL/F), both expre4ssed as functions of the oral bioavailability (F) of nifedipine. The peak, plasma concentration of nifedipine (C max) and the time to reach C max (T max) were not different for the rwo tablet preparations. However, C max was significantly higher, and T max was significantly shorter for the capsule. These data indicate that the capsule and the tablet preparations are not bioequivalent
Subject(s)
Biological Availability , Calcium Channel Blockers , Nifedipine/pharmacokinetics , Pharmacokinetics , Nifedipine/administration & dosageABSTRACT
1. The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin were determined in 8 healthy young volunteers (5 men and 3 women) after administration of single oral doses of 25omg. 2. The peak plasma concentration of ciprofloxacin (Cmax = 1.26 ñ 0.21 mg/l), the time to reach Cmax (Tmax = 1.99 ñ 0.26 h), the area under the time-plasma concentration curve (AUC = 5.52 ñ 0.84 mg h 1**-1), the terminal phase half-life (T1/2 = 3.05 ñ 0.56 h), the volume of distribution (Vd/F = 195.4 ñ 14.01) and total body clearance (CL/F = 46.3 ñ 2.61/h), both expressed as functions of the oral bioavailability (F) of ciprofloxacin were within the corresponding values reported in the literature for other healthy population groups. 3. Multiple dose administration (250 mg, po, twice daily for 4 days) did not result in accumulation of ciprofloxacin in plasma. No adverse side effects occurred during the study. 4. The pharmacokinetic data are discussed in relation to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin for a number of common pathogens isolated from human infections in Rio de Janeiro
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Female , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Biological Availability , Brazil , Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage , Ciprofloxacin/bloodABSTRACT
The glycosaminoglycan, heparin (50 microng/ml) inhibited the increase in creatine kinase (CK) released from rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles exposed to Bothrops jararaca venom (150 microng/ml). Heparin (2 microng/ml) and polyvalent antivenin (0.5 micronl/ml) did not affect the increase in CK release induced by exposure of the muscles to 50 microng/ml B. jararacussu venom. Simultaneous exposure of the muscles to venom plus heparin (2 microng/ml) plus antivenin (0.5 or micronl/ml) reduced CK release after 160 min by 50% and 80% compared to that induced by venom alone. These changes in CK release from rat EDL muscle show that heparin inhibits the myotoxic effects of Bothrops venoms and increases the potency of their antivenin
Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Antivenins/pharmacology , Creatine Kinase/metabolism , Crotalid Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors , Heparin/pharmacology , Muscles/enzymologyABSTRACT
A polyvalent antivenin (5 micronl/ml) inhibited the increase in creatine kinase (CK) release from rat extensor digitorum longus muscles exposde to the venoms of B. jararacussu (20 microng/ml) or B. jararaca (150 microng/ml). The increase in plasma CK activity induced by intramuscular injection of B. jaracussu venon (2.5 microng/g) into mice was reduce by penetreatment with the antivenin and was abolished by preincubation of the venon with the ativenin. Changes in CK release from isolated muscles or in plasma CK activity provide simple, quantitative methods for evaluating the effectiveness of antivenin against the myotoxicity of Bothrops venoms