ABSTRACT
In the present study, the gastro protective effect of Feronia elephantum leaves and bark in a model of NSAIDinduced ulcer in rat was analyzed. The lyophilized extract was given by oral gavages (500 mg/kg) three times at 12 hr intervals before administering Indomethacin at 20 mg/kg. Pretreatment with extract significantly decreased the ulcerated area. The volume and acidity of the gastric juice decreased in the pretreated rats. In conclusion, F. elephantum was able to decrease the acidity and increase the mucosal defense in the gastric areas, there by justifying its use as an antiulcerogenic agent.
ABSTRACT
The present investigation was carried out to analyze the active constituents present in aerial parts of Fluggea leucopyrus (Euphorbiaceae). Fourteen compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The prevailing compounds were hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (46.06%), lupeol (13.62%), vitamin E (8.70%), linoleic acid ethyl ester (5.78%), a-sitosterol (5.66%), 9,12- octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2- hydroxy-1- (hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (3.98%), stigmasterol (3.94%), phytol (2.70%), nonadecane, 2-methyl- (2.27%).
ABSTRACT
Fertility enhancement effect of ethanol extract of leaf of Melastoma malabathricum was observed in male albino rats. The relative weight of the testis and epididymis were increased. The epididymal sperm count, motility and sperm abnormality were increased significantly in treated rats. There was an increase in serum protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine and the activity of liver marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) levels of treated rats. The activities of serum antioxidants (CAT, SOD. GPX, GST and GRD) in leaf extract treated rats were increased. The results of the hormonal assay showed that increased serum levels of LH and testosterone but decreased in the serum levels of FSH and estrogen compared to control. The results of fertility test indicated that the treated adult male rats increased the number of female’s impregnation. In addition, the number of implantations and the number of viable fetuses were also increased. The results of the present study concluded that, ethanol extract of leaf of Melastoma malabathricum enhanced sperm concentration, motility and testosterone which might produce positive result in the male fertility.
ABSTRACT
This paper has reported the preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC analysis of phytocompounds and in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of Eugenia singampattiana leaves. This is the first report on the antioxidant activity of this plant. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, coumarin, catechin, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids. HPTLC analysis also confirmed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids. The antioxidant activities of the leaves in ethanol extract are assessed using different models like DPPH, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and ABTS+ cation radical and reducing power at different concentrations. The ethanol extract at 800μg/ml showed maximum scavenging activity. Results obtained revealed that, ethanol extract of leaves of E. singampattiana possess high antioxidant activity. Thus this study suggests that, E. singampattiana plant can be used as a potent source of natural antioxidant.
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This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of ethanol extract of whole plant of Cynoglossum zeylanicum on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Activities of liver marker enzymes, SGOT, SGPT and ALP, total protein, albumin, globulin, total, conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins at an oral dose of ethanol extract of Cynoglossum zeylanicum(50, 100 and150mg/kg) showed a significant hepatoprotective effect. Regarding antioxidant activity, ethanol extract of Cynoglossum zeylanicum exhibited a significant effect showing increasing levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH and GRD by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.
ABSTRACT
The effect of ethanol extract of whole plant of Cynoglossum zeylanicum on Oral Glucose Tolerance was determined. Ethanol extract of Cynoglossum zeylanicum were evaluated for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of ethanol extract at doses of 100 &150mg/kg body weight shows that the extract promote glucose uptake. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of Cynoglossum zeylanicum whole plant will be useful in the treatment of impaired oral glucose tolerance.
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The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of whole plant of Hedyotis leschenaultiana using GC-MS analysis. Fourteen components from the whole plant of the above said plant were identified. The prevailing compounds in the ethanol extract were 9-Octadecenoic acid (z)-, Methyl ester (22.57%), β-Sitosterol (17.65%), 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecenl-o1 (12.29%), Phytol (8.61%), Oxirane, (butoxymethyl)- (8.04%), Squalene (6.48%), 1,6 Anhydro- á – D- glucopyranose (levoglycosan) (5.03%), 9-12-Octadecadienoic acid (z,z)- (4.47%), Eicosane (3.35%), 1-Eicosanol (3.35%) and Diazoprogesterone (2.91%). This is the first report of identification of active constituents from the whole plant of Hedyotis leschenaultiana. This work will help to identify the compounds of therapeutic value.
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The investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of whole plant of Aristolochia bracteata using GC-MS. The chemical compositions of the ethanol extract of whole plant of Aristolochia bracteata were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry while the Mass Spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) Library. Eleven compounds were identified; α-D-glucose (27.88%) was found to be major component followed by 3-O-Methyl-dglucose (24.54%), Linolenic acid, trimethylsilyl ester (17.81%), Hexadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester (9.46%) etc.
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Background. Epilepsy can be associated with profound physical, social and psychological consequences and it has an impact on a person’s quality of life. We assessed the quality of life and factors associated with a poor quality of life, among adults with epilepsy in a rural block of Tamil Nadu. Methods. We interviewed 91 epilepsy patients from 20 randomly selected villages using a structured questionnaire including World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) questionnaires. Results. The mean (SD) total score of the quality of life scale was 61.49 (12.56). Those who were single, separated or widowed (t statistic= –2.71, p<0.01), had not completed primary education (t statistic=–2.308, p<0.05), not currently going for work (t statistic=–2.748, p<0.01), had seizure in the past one year (t statistic=–4.068, p<0.01), had depressive symptoms (t statistic=–3.207, p<0.01), had higher anxiety scores (t statistic=–2.727, p<0.01), had low scores in the quality of life questionnaire. Multivariate analysis showed increasing age, education less than grade V, being unmarried, widowed or separated, lower per capita income, a high anxiety score and experiencing a seizure episode in the past one year to be significantly associated with a low score in the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (adjusted R2=0.378, SE 9.90). Conclusion. The presence of anxiety, lack of primary education, being single, separated or widowed, increasing age, low per capita income and having a seizure episode in the past year are associated with lower quality of life among people with epilepsy.
ABSTRACT
The ethanol extract of Polygala rosmarinifolia whole plant (Family: Polygalaceae) was investigated for its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidaemic effect in Wistar Albino rats. Diabetes was induced in Albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150mg/kg, i.p). The ethanol extracts of Polygala rosmarinifolia at a dose of 100 and 200mg/kg of body weight were administered at single dose per day to diabetes induced rats for a period of 14 days. The effect of ethanol extract of Polygala rosmarinifolia whole plant extract on blood glucose, serum insulin, urea, creatinine, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein–cholester (VLDL-C), high density lipoprotein – cholesterol (HDL-C) and phospholipid (PL)] serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum enzymes [serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], were measured in the diabetic rats. The ethanol extract of Polygala rosmarinifolia whole plant elicited significant reductions of blood glucose (P<0.05), lipid parameters except HDL-C, serum enzymes and significantly increased HDL-C. The extracts also caused significant increase in serum insulin (P<0.05) in the diabetic rats. From the above results, it is concluded that ethanol extract of Polygala rosmarinifolia possesses significant antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidaemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
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The present study aims to evaluate the antitumor activity of ethanol extract of whole plant of Polygala rosmarinifolia on DAL model in Swiss Albino mice. Evaluation of the antitumor effect of ethanol extract of whole plant of Polygala rosmarinifolia on tumor growth and host survival time was made by the study of the following parameters: tumor volume, viable and non viable cell count and life span of host. The results showed decrease in tumor volume and cell viability. Hematological studies revealed that, the Hb count decreased in DAL treated mice, whereas it was induced by the drug treated animals and showed an increase in Hb near to normal levels. The results suggested that the extracts of whole plant of Polygala rosmarinifolia exhibited significant antitumor activity on DAL bearing mice.
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In the present study, the bioactive components of Canscora perfoliata whole plant have been evaluated using GC-MS. The chemical compounds of the ethanol extract of Canscora perfoliata Lam. were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. GC-MS analysis of ethanol extracts of Canscora perfoliata revealed the existence of seventeen compounds. This is the first report of identification of active constituents from the whole plant of Canscora perfoliata Lam.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to analyze the active constituents present in the whole plant of Polygala rosmarinifolia. Twelve compounds in ethanol extract were identified by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. 1, 5–Anhydro-d-mannitol (73.35%) was the prevailing compound in ethanol extract, which is suggested to be an anticancer compound. This is the first report of identification of active constituents from whole plant of Polygala rosmarinifolia.
ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to investigate the possible antidiabetic, hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of Nymphaea pubescens tuber. Diabetes was induced in Albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, body weight i.p). The ethanol extract of Nymphaea pubescens tuber at a dose of 200mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight were administered at single dose per day to diabetes induced rats for a period of 14 days. The effect of ethanol extract of Nymphaea pubescens tuber extract on blood glucose, plasma insulin, urea creatinine, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (VLDL-C) , high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDLC) and phospholipids (PL)), serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum enzymes (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases (SGOT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP)), lipoprotein peroxidation (LPO), blood reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidative glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG ratio, erythrocytes glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured in the diabetic rats. The ethanol extracts of Nymphaea pubescens tuber elicited significant (p<0.05) reductions of blood glucose, lipid parameters except HDL-C, serum enzymes and significantly increased HDL-C and antioxidant. The extract also caused significant increase in plasma insulin (p<0.05) in the diabetic rats. In conclusion, ethanol extract of Nymphaea pubescens tuber offers promising antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects that may be mainly attributed to its potent antioxidant potential. Further studies will be needed in future in order to determine which one or more of its active constituents have the main antidiabetic and hypolidaemic effects.
ABSTRACT
Feronia elephantum belongs to the family Rutaceae is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of leaves and bark of F. elephantum using GC-MS analysis. 18 components from leaves and 14 components from bark of the above said plant were identified. The prevailing compounds in the ethanol extract of leaves of F. elephantum were 7– Norbornadienyl t-butyl ether (17.26%) , 2–isopropyl–5-methyl–1– heptanol (11.40%), 1– Octanol,2–butyl (8.47%), Phenol, 4–[2–(dimethylamino)–ethyl]– (4.56%), 2,3– Dimethylquinolin-4(1H)–one (3.58%), Ethyl iso–allocholate (1.63%). The ethanol extract of F. elephantum bark contained, 2–Propenenitrile, 3–(3.4-dimethoxyphenyl)–(60.72%) was found as major component followed by phenol, 4–(3-hydroxy-I-propenyl)-2-methoxy–(9.35%), 3-(2-NAcetyl– N-methylaminoethyl)indol (1.15%), cholesta–8,24–dine–3–ol, 4–methyl–(3a'- 4a')– (0.86%) as the major components.
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Two medicinal plants namely Gymnema sylvestre and Morinda pubescens var. pubescens were screened for potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. The antibacterial activity was determined in petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts using disc diffusion method. The chloroform and methanol extract of leaf of Gymnema sylvestre showed highest inhibition against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively; whereas, acetone extract of Morinda pubescens var. pubescens leaf exhibited maximum inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids. The results of these studies revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of these plants in traditional systems of medicine.
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Erythropalum scandens Bl., Bijdr (Erythropalaceae) known to the Kanikkar as “Vaathavallikodi” is an important medicinal plant. The Kanikkar tribe, inhabitants of KMTR, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu use this plant to relief from rheumatic pain. The present investigation deals with GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract of the above said plant. Forty one compounds were identified.
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Phytochemicals from the leaves and stem bark of Bauhinia purpurea and Hiptage benghalensis were extracted using different solvents of various polarities such as petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and water. The antibacterial activity was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi by disc diffusion method. Among the solvent extracts, methanol extract was most effective against the tested microorganisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarin, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids.
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Background. Food security has been a matter of concern in recent years due to the global food crisis and rising food prices. We aimed to study the level of food security in a densely populated urban area in southern India. Methods. A door-to-door survey of 130 households in an urban area in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu was done and information on food security status was collected using the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Scale, on socioeconomic status using the modified Kuppuswamy scale and demographic details. Results. Of the 130 households surveyed, food insecurity with hunger was present in 61.5% (95% CI 52.98%– 70.02%), food insecurity without hunger in 13.1% (95% CI 7.2%–19%) and food security in 25.4% (95% CI 17.8%–33%) of the households. Prevalence of any form of food insecurity was present in three-fourths of the households (74.6%; 95% CI 67%–82.2%). Only 76 (58.5%) households used the public distribution system for buying rice—the staple food, and 63 (82.9%) households in the lower socioeconomic strata used the public distribution system for buying rice. Conclusions. Despite good penetration of the public distribution system in Tamil Nadu, the prevalence of food insecurity in urban areas is high. Nationwide and regional urban–rural food security data need to be studied to influence policy regarding the means to reduce food insecurity in India.