Breast cancer: genetics, risk factors, molecular pathology and treatment

Breast cancer within incident of one million new cases each year has become one of the most common malignancies and leading cause of death among females. This disease is comprised of about 18% of women cancers. The availability of early detection and improved treatments may decrease the mortality rates which reflected in the United States and many other western countries. Breast cancer in over the past 20 years may also have contributed to the Increasing age, nulliparity, positive family history of breast cancer, and use of menopausal hormone therapy were positively risk factors associated with breast cancer. Therefore, studying this malignity is prominent due to its mortality world wild. Evaluation and study of different aspects of breast cancer have been established during past decays which, in this review, it is presented and discussed

Does three months genistein and daidzein in the form of soy protein supplementation have any effects on bone formation markers after menopause?

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is caused by a sharp decrease in estrogen levels leading to an increased rate of bone remodeling. Dietary supplements are preferred as alternative therapeutic options for many women instead of estrogen therapy. These alternative therapies include the use of natural substances such as soy isoflavones due to their weak estrogenic activity and affinity for estrogen receptors.Present study was carried out as a "before and after clinical trial" on 25 postmenopausal women aged 45-64 years. Soy protein at 35g level containing 98.3mg isoflavones [containing 47.2 genistein and 37.8 daidzein] were given to subjects daily for 12 weeks. Blood and urine samplings were done in 3 stages, in the beginning and at the end of 6th and 12th week. Repeated measurement analysis was employed to analyze any possible changes in food intake and biochemical variables in 3 stages. The level of significance was set at below 5 percent [P<0.05]. Mean body mass index and physical activity level had no change and mean daily intake of macronutrients and important micronutrients were not different at 6 and 12 weeks compared to the start of the study The results showed a total serum alkaline phosphatase [TALP] significant increase while the other bone formation indicators namely osteocalcin and insulin growth factor binding protein [IGFBP3] did not change significantly. These data suggest that soy protein or its isoflavones may increase bone formation by supplementation

Using partitioning and non-partitioning clustering algorithms for included proteins sequences in esophagus, stomach and colon cancer

A thorough recognition of the nature and duties of the genes is based upon having adequate information about the proteins. However, the proteomic projects follow a slow trend; therefore, solving the protein-related problems has become as one of the most important challenges in bio-informatics. Consequently, the presence of tools which can enhance the structural recognition, classification, and interpretation of proteins will be advantageous. Statistical methods are among the tools to help solve bio-informatics problems. These methods may be used to help predict the third structures of proteins, study proteins collectively, as well as extract new interactions among the protein collections. One of the very efficient and useful methods in the collective study of protein subsets is the cluster analysis. In the present study, the recognized protein sequences related to esophagus, stomach, and colon cancers are analyzed through partitioning, non-partitioning, and fuzzy clustering methods. Needleman-Wunsch global alignment algorithm was used to determine pair-wise similarities. The evaluations have shown that the clusters obtained through using the AGNES method have produced more powerful structures; yet, it can be said that the PAM clustering method, compared to other ones, has produced the best results in predicting ability of the 3D structure of the unknown protein sequences