Evaluación del paciente que consulta por odinofagia en la unidad de emergencia / Evaluation of the patient that consults for odynophagia in the emergency unit

El dolor de garganta es el tercer motivo de consulta a los médicos de atención primaria. Si bien a menudo es ocasionada por infecciones de la vía aérea superior de origen viral autolimitadas, la odinofagia puede ser la forma de presentación de una variedad de otras enfermedades potencialmente graves, tales como la epiglotitis y absceso retrofaríngeo. Este artículo se centra en el diagnóstico diferencial de la odinofagia y se realizan recomendaciones para la evaluación de este síntoma en la unidad de emergencia a propósito de un caso de epiglotitis aguda. La epiglotitis es una afección inflamatoria de la vía aérea superior que puede ocasionar obstrucción aguda y muerte por asfixia en el adulto. Las manifestaciones clínicas que permiten sospechar el diagnóstico son el inicio agudo de fiebre, odinofagia, estridor, disfagia, disnea y sialorrea. El médico de atención primaria debe diferenciar este cuadro clínico de las infecciones respiratorias virales más comunes. Para establecer el diagnóstico son útiles la radiografía lateral de cuello y laringoscopia directa. La vía aérea superior del paciente debe ser controlada durante la evaluación para evitar episodios de obstrucción aguda. El manejo óptimo requiere el trabajo en equipo entre el personal de la unidad de emergencia y profesionales expertos en intubación, así como la consulta oportuna con el otorrinolaringólogo. La laringoscopia y la intubación siempre deben ser realizadas por el personal más capacitado, porque los intentos reiterados o frustros de intubación pueden aumentar la inflamación supraglótica y favorecer la obstrucción de la vía aérea. El reconocimiento de esta entidad clínica en pacientes adultos que consultan por odinofagia y la vigilancia estrecha de la vía aérea superior son las claves para la pesquisa y manejo óptimo de esta condición potencialmente mortal.

Sore throat is the third most common reason for visits to primary care practitioners. While often associated with pharyngitis, a complaint of sore throat may also herald a variety of other underlying disorders, both common and uncommon. These disorders range from local to systemic diseases, and include infectious as well as non-infectious etiologies. This article focuses on the differential diagnosis of sore throat and reviews useful approaches to the evaluation of this prevalent symptom a propos a case of acute epiglottitis. Epiglottitis can be a rapidly fatal condition in adults. Important clues that should raise clinical suspicion include the tripod sign, fever, stridor, sore throat, odynophagia, shortness of breath, and drooling. These features must be differentiated from those associated with common viral infections. The most helpful diagnostic studies are radiography of the neck and direct laryngoscopy. The patient’s airway should be monitored during evaluation to avoid obstruction. Successful management requires teamwork between the emergency physician and personnel skilled in intubation as well as timely consultation with an otolaryngologist. Laryngoscopy and intubation always should be performed by the most skilled personnel because repeated attempts may increase periepiglottal swelling and the risk of airway obstruction. Awareness of the possibility of epiglottitis in adults and close monitoring of the airway are the keys to management of this potentially life-threatening condition. Key words: sore throat, odynophagia, acute epiglottitis, intubation, tracheostomy, ICU.

Intoxicación medicamentosa voluntaria: un paciente, dos problemas / Voluntary intoxication by drugs: one patient, two problems

Los suicidios son un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. La relación que existe entre la autoagresión y el suicidio determina que la consulta en el servicio de urgencia de un paciente con ingesta medicamentosa voluntaria se transforme en una oportunidad de intervención en dos planos: toxicológico y psiquiátrico. La adecuada valoración del riesgo empleando criterios objetivos y la actitud del personal de la unidad de emergencia en relación con el intento suicida son factores determinantes en el manejo y seguimiento de los pacientes. Por otro lado, la aproximación toxicológica debe abordar aspectos clínicos específicos como los toxidromes, los que pueden guiar las acciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Se recomienda efectuar la descontaminación gástrica con carbón activado dentro de las dos horas siguientes a la ingesta del tóxico o durante períodos más prolongados en caso de fármacos que retrasen el vaciamiento gástrico. El uso de jarabe de ipeca y el lavado gástrico no se recomiendan dado que no han demostrado su eficacia en el manejo de los pacientes. En algunas intoxicaciones se dispone de antídotos específicos, como la N-acetilcisteína en la intoxicación con paracetamol, reduciendo el riesgo de falla orgánica y muerte.

Suicide and its attempts are a world health issue. The close relation between self harm and suicide makes the emergency department visit of a patient with a non-accidental medication overdose an extraordinary opportunity of intervention as far the patient is approach from a toxicological and psychiatric perspective. In this last aspect, the management of self harm is paramount in the subsequent follow-up of these patients. There are several useful criteria in the assessment of these patients. In this review article, we describe the epidemiology of poisoning around the world, review physical examination findings and laboratory data that may aid the emergency physician in recognizing a toxidrome (symptom complex of specific poisoning) or specific poisoning, and describe a rational and systematic approach to the poisoned patient. It is important to recognize that there is a paucity of evidence-based information on the management of poisoned patient.

Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in an insured population in Puerto Rico during 1996

OBJECTIVES: Limited data exists about Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in Hispanic populations. The aims of the present study were to estimate overall and specific prevalence of IBD (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) and to describe the characteristics of a group of patients from the University of Puerto Rico's IBD Registry. METHODS: To estimate the prevalence of IBD, computerized records of all physician billing and hospital discharges from a major health insurer in Puerto Rico and classified with ICD-9-CM codes 555.0-555.9 (Crohn's disease) and 556.0-556.9 (ulcerative colitis) during 1996 were searched. Prevalence was estimated by age group, sex, and type of insurance. To describe demographic and selected clinical information from patients with IBD, data gathered in the University of Puerto Rico's IBD Registry from 1995 through 2000 was analyzed. RESULTS: Out of 802,726 insured individuals, 332 had a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, 499 of ulcerative colitis and 21 had both diagnoses. The estimated prevalence per 100,000 was 41.4 for Crohn's disease, 62.2 for ulcerative colitis, and 106.1 cases per 100,000 for IBD. Peak prevalence of Crohn's disease occurred among the age groups 50-59 years and > or = 60 years, and the overall female:male prevalence ratio of Crohn's disease was 1.13 (95 per cent CI: 0.91-1.42). Ulcerative colitis was most prevalent among insured individuals aged 50-59 years and 40-49 years. The prevalence of ulcerative colitis was significantly higher among females than among males, with an overall prevalence ratio of 1.42 (95 per cent CI: 1.18-1.71). Of 342 patients participating in the IBD Registry, 155 (45.3 per cent) had Crohn's disease and 187 (54.7 per cent) had ulcerative colitis. Among patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease, 51.6 per cent were females, the mean age was 35.2 +/- 18.3 years, and 18.1 per cent had a family history of IBD. More than half (57.8 per cent) of patients with ulcerative colitis were females, the mean age was 42.6 +/- 17 years, and 17.1 per cent had a family history of IBD. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of IBD in this insured population in Puerto Rico places it among the middle-range of that reported for other countries. Additional studies must be conducted in Puerto Rico in order to confirm the observed findings. Population-based epidemiologic studies aimed at estimating the burden of IBD in Hispanic populations in the United States and Latin America are essential for health care planning.

Prevalencia de asma y utilización de servicios médicos en asegurados de una compañía de servicios de salud en Puerto Rico, 1996-1997 / The prevalence of asthma and the utilization of medical services among those insured by a health-services company in Puerto Rico, 1996-1997

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and pattern of utilization of medical services in insured of SSS with a diagnosis of asthma during 1996 and 1997. METHODS: The medical claims of SSS insured whose main diagnosis was asthma (ICD-9 9 493-493.9) were selected for analysis. The prevalence and medical service utilization (medical visits, emergency and hospital admissions) were estimated. Differences in health service utilization by age group were analyzed by the Poisson model. RESULTS: The asthma prevalence was 14.5, being larger in patients younger than 18 years of age and in females. 54.3 of the asthmatic patients visited medical offices and the larger proportion of users was observed in the younger group (< 18 years). However, the larger proportion of users of the emergency room was observed in the 18-44 age group, while the hospital admissions was larger in the 45-64 age group. More than half (56) of the cost per service was attributed to hospital admissions while 31 was for pharmacy services. 65.9 of the insurers with asthma had prescriptions for short relief beta-antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma in this study was high and similar to rates of the disease reported in Puerto Ricans residing in the U. S. and in other areas of the island. Similarly, the prevalence differed by age in the utilization of medical services as well as the high cost of hospital admissions. Prevalence studies using other sources as well as a standard definition of the condition may be helpful to confirm these results