Cirugía ortognática para el tratamiento de las anomalías dentoesqueletales / Orthognathic surgery for the treatment of dentoskeletal abnormalities

Las anomalías dentoesqueletales se presentan en el 2-3% de la población. Las mismas afectan el complejo maxilomandibular como también la relación entre las arcadas dentarias. Estas alteraciones producen problemas fonéticos, deglutorios, respiratorios y estéticos. Existe una tendencia en corregir las alteraciones dentarias sin tratar las discrepancias esqueletales, dificultando la corrección quirúrgica, si esta fuera necesaria. Actualmente, la cirugía ortognática ha tenido mayor aceptación como el tratamiento ideal para pacientes con estas anomalías. Se presentará una revisión de la literatura sobre las características que esta alteración presenta, junto a la resolución de casos clínicos (AU)

Ameloblastoma maxilar superior: presentación de caso clínico / Upper maxillary ameloblastoma: report of a clinical case

El ameloblastoma es una entidad patológica benigna de origen odontogénico, de alta agresividad local, lo que ha sido un punto de controversia en la literatura científica. Se presenta un caso clínico, con ubicación en maxilar superior con diagnóstico de ameloblastoma sólido multiquístico. Se evalúa el caso, su posibilidad de tratamiento, revisando las características clínicas y anatomopatológicas de laentidad, basándose en una búsqueda bibliográfica.

Ameloblastoma is a benign pathological entity of odontogenic origin, very aggressive at a local level, which has become a controversial issuein cientific literature. A clinic case is presented, located in the superior maxilla diagnosed as a solid multicystic ameloblastoma. The case isevaluated, its ways of treatment, the clinical and anatomopathological characteristics of the entity with an intensive bibliographical researc.

Síndrome ligamento arcuato medio / Median arcuate ligament syndrome

Background: Median arcuate ligament syndrome (SLAM) is caused by extrinsic compression of the celiac artery by fibrous bands of this ligament and periaortic lymph node tissue. Case report: We report a 59 years old man with a history of weight loss, epigastric pain and a postprandial murmur. The syndrome was diagnosed by CT angiography. The patient was operated, performing a midline laparotomy and releasing the extrinsic compression. An early and sustained remission of symptoms was achieved.

Introducción: El síndrome del ligamento arcuato medio (SLAM), es causado por la compresión extrínseca del tronco celíaco por bandas fibrosas de este ligamento y tejido ganglionar periaórtico. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 59 años con historia de baja de peso, dolor postprandial y soplo epigástrico, al cual se le diagnostica SLAM por medio de angioTC. Se realiza abordaje quirúrgico, con laparotomía media y liberación de la compresión extrínseca, logrando remisión de los síntomas de forma inmediata y sostenida. El SLAM es una causa infrecuente de dolor abdominal, requiere estudio por imágenes para su diagnóstico, la resolución quirúrgica constituye su tratamiento.

Disección espontánea de arteria mesentérica superior / Spontaneous dissection of superior mesenteric artery

Introduction: Spontaneous dissection of the superior mesenteric artery (AMS) is a infrecuent pathology, representing the main frequency of isolated peripheral artery dissection, it is more common in males and occurs in the fifth decade of life. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cases analysis of patients with spontaneous dissection of AMS that were handled in our hospital, in last two years. Results: Two patients were diagnosed in this period, both active smoking and hypertensive pathology, appearing with severe abdominal and back pain. The diagnosis was made by CT angiogram of the abdomen and pelvis; establishing medical management of hypertension and standard heparin anticoagulation. Both patients had dissections at new imaging controls and one patient required exploratory laparotomy with bowel resection and intestinal anastomosis. Patients recovered satisfactorily and are in control. Conclusions: Spontaneous dissection of the SMA is a rare disease with uncertain evolution, it may occur in middle age of life, associated with smoking and hypertension. The suspected diagnosis is clinical and can be confirmed by CT angiography. Initial management remains conservative and occasionally is surgical.

Introducción: La Disección espontánea de la arteria mesentérica superior (AMS) es una patología infrecuente, representando la primera frecuencia de disección de arteria periférica aislada, ocurre más en varones en la quinta década de la vida. Material y Método: Casos en los últimos 2 años revisados en forma retrospectiva. Resultados: Dos pacientes fueron diagnosticados en este período, presentándose ambos por dolor abdominal y lumbar de gran intensidad al Servicio de Urgencia del hospital; ambos tabáquicos activos y con hipertensión arterial (HTA). El diagnóstico fue realizado por angioTC de abdomen y pelvis, instaurándose manejo médico de HTA y anticoagulación con heparina estándar. Los 2 pacientes presentaron nuevas disecciones en los controles imagenológicos y un paciente requirió laparotomía exploradora con resección intestinal y anastomosis por isquemia intestinal. Los pacientes evolucionaron satisfactoriamente y se encuentran en control. Conclusiones: La disección espontánea de la AMS es una enfermedad poco frecuente de evolución incierta, que ocurre en la edad media de la vida, asociada a tabaquismo e HTA, la sospecha es clínica y el diagnóstico por imágenes. El manejo inicial sigue siendo médico y ocasionalmente es quirúrgico.

Diagnóstico prenatal de 10 quistes de ovario fetal: manejo posnatal / Prenatal diagnosis of 10 fetal ovarian cysts: postnatal management

Antecedentes: los quistes ováricos fetales son la primera causa de quiste intraabdominal en fetos femeninos. Método: se recogieron datos maternos, del parto, características del quiste y el manejo. Período de estudio: año 2006 y primer trimestre de 2012. Resultados: se diagnosticaron 10 casos, todos ellos durante el tercer trimestre. Más frecuentemente unilaterales y de localización izquierda. En 9 de los casos el parto fue eutócico y a término. Uno concluyó en cesárea por fallo de inducción, con pesos fetales y Apgar normales. Sólo uno requirió cirugía posparto, el resto desapareció o redujeron su tamaño posteriormente. Conclusiones: la ecografía del tercer trimestre es fundamental en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los quistes ováricos fetales, los que suelen tener localización unilateral izquierda. Los quistes ováricos de menor tamaño (<5 cm), tienen un mejor pronóstico y la mayoría se resuelven espontáneamente o no aumentan su tamaño. Se recomienda una actitud conservadora y seguimiento posnatal de los fetos. Aquellos quistes que superan los 5 cm y no disminuyen de tamaño pueden precisar tratamiento quirúrgico posparto.

Background: fetal ovarian cysts are the main cause of abdominal cysts in female fetuses. Methods: were collected maternal data, delivery, cyst characteristics and management. Study period: 2006 and first quarter of 2012. Results: 10 cases were diagnosed, all of them in the third trimester. The majority had unilateral left location. In 9 cases the birth was euthocic and one case of cesarean because of failure of induction. All of them with normal Apgar test and weights. One case needed postnatal surgery. The rest of the ovarian cyst solved spontaneously or reduced their sizes later. Conclusions: ultrasound of the third trimester is critical in the diagnosis and management of fetal ovarian cysts, which are usually left unilateral location. Ovarian cysts <5 cm, have a better prognosis and most resolve spontaneously or not increase in size. We recommend a conservative approach and postnatal ultrasound monitoring. Those cysts which exceed 5 cm and not shrink postpartum may require surgical treatment.

Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos sobre pediculosis capitis en arenales, Estado Falcón, Venezuela / Clinical and epidemiological aspects on pediculosis capitis in, Falcon State, Venezuela

la pediculosis capitis humana es una infestación del cuero cabelludo y del pelo, ocasionada por el Pediculus humanus capitis, la que puede producir infecciones bacterianas secundarias en el sitio del rascado, anemia y estrés social y psicológico con alteración en la calidad de vida y consternación. Entre Marzo y Julio de 2011, se realizó un trabajo para estudiar aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos de la pediculosis capitis en 199 personas (79 varones y 120 mujeres), habitantes de diferentes grupos etéreos (0-75 años; ? ± D.S= 21,28 ± 17) de la población rural Arenales, zona semiárida del estado Falcón, región nor-occidental de Venezuela. El diagnóstico ectoparasitológico se realizó por observación directa con peine "ad hoc" de huevos (liendres), estados imaginales y/o pre-imaginales sobre el cuero cabelludo. Los insectos se clarificaron y montaron en medio de Hoyer para observación microscópica. Los resultados revelaron una prevalencia global de pediculosis capitis del 10,10% (20/199), con porcentajes de infestación significativamente mayores en las niñas (90 vs 10%) [Odds Ratio (OR) = 3,04; p = 0,01] en edad escolar (OR= 1,02; p =0,015;) con longitudes de cabello mayores de 3 cm (OR = 2,44; p = 0,004) y de tipo lisotrico (OR = 2,25; p = 0,015), sin embargo, no fueron diferentes entre grupos étnicos y color de pelo (P > 0,05). Se detectó un predominio de liendres (65%) desde 1 hasta 64/individuos, ubicadas entre 0,1 y 9 cm del cuero cabelludo en todas las regiones de la cabeza, teniendo los individuos de menor edad las mayores cargas ectoparasitarias. Los síntomas significativamente asociados a pediculosis fueron el prurito (6,53% en individuos infestados y 12,06% en los no infestados; OR =11,99; p = 0,000) y las excoriaciones (1,51% en niños infestados y 3,52% en los no infestados; OR =4,34; p = 0,03). Otros posibles factores de riesgo significativamente involucrados en la dinámica de transmisión y mantenimiento de la infestación fueron: jugar en piso de tierra (OR = 2,20; p = 0,012) y lavarse el cabello ≥2 /semana (OR = 1,01; p = 0,002). A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, es recomendable mejorar las condiciones socio-sanitarias del sector y mantener campañas de promoción y educación para la salud.

The human pediculosis capitis is a scalp and hair infestation caused by head lice Pediculus humanus capitis, which may result in bacterial secondary infections by intense scratching as well as anemia, anxiety and embarassment which are increased by children' exclusion from school under "no-nit" policy. From March to July 2011, a cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence and clinical and epidemiological profiles of head lice infestation among 199 (79 males and 120 females) inhabitants of all age groups (0-75 years; ? ± D.S= 21.28 ± 17) of a rural and small town Arenales, from the semiarid region of Falcon state, north-western Venezuela.The diagnosis of head lice infestation was made by clinical naked eye inspection of scalp and hair for the presence of adult lice, nymphal stage, or eggs (nit) by line-toothed head lice comb. Lice was cleared and mounted in Hoyer’s medium for microscopic observation. All individuals were evaluated by physical examinationand a detailed, structured questionnaire. The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 10.10% (20/199). The prevalence of infestation was significantly higher in girls (90%) than in boys (10%) [Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.04; p = 0.01] and school-aged children (OR= 1.02;p=0,015;) with hair length >3cm (OR = 2,44; p = 0.004) and lissotrichic type (OR = 2.25; p = 0.02), (OR= 2.25; 0.98 - 5.18), however, these were not significantly different among races or hair colours (P > 0.05). 65% of the individuals had only nits with 1 up to 64 per individuals, found between 0.1 and 9 cm from scalp on all anatomical regions of the head, and having school-aged children the higher ectoparasitic loads. Among clinical signs and symptoms, head pruritus (6.53 vs. 12.06%; OR =11.99; p =0.000) and excoriations (1.51% vs. 3.52%; OR =4.34; p = 0.03) showed significantly higher percentages in infested children than in uninfested ones. Other independent risk factors by logistic regression analysis signficantly associated with pediculosis captitis were playing on dust floor (OR = 2.20; p = 0.012), and frequency of hair washing ≥2 /week (OR = 1.01; p = 0.002). These results suggest that pediculosis capitis remains as a common and endemic public health problem in Venezuelan northwestern semiarid region. Thus, education campaigns by health care officials, physicians and teachers, as well as improving standards of living and personal hygiene might significantly reduce pediculosis capitis in those human populations endemically exponed.

Aislamiento e identificación de dos esteroles y un triterpenoide del cuerpo fructífero de Ganoderma lucidum cultivado en Colombia / Isolation and identification of two sterols and a triterpene from dry fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum cultivated in Colombia

Ganoderma lucidum es un hongo medicinal que pertenece a la familia Ganodermataceae, conocido hace mucho tiempo en Japón como “reishi”, y usado ampliamente en la medicina tradicional china. Los metabolitos que se han reportado en él son principalmente polisacáridos y triterpenoides con diferentes actividades biológicas. En el presente artículo se describe el aislamiento y la identificación efectuados de los compuestos ergosterol, 5,6-dihidroergosterol y lucidumol-B, a partir del extracto metanólico del cuerpo fructífero seco del Ganoderma lucidum cultivado en Colombia.

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom belonging to Ganodermataceae family. It is known as “reishi” in Japan and is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Reported metabolites include polysaccharidesand triterpenoids with different biological activities. In this paper isolation and identification of ergosterol, 5,6-dihydroergosterol and lucidumol-B, are described. These compounds were isolated from methanolic extract of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum cultivated in Colombia.

Inflammation and neovascularization in diabetic atherosclerosis.

Diabetes mellitus, the major cardiovascular risk factor, accentuates the inflammation and neovascularization processes leading to enhanced progression of atherosclerotic complications. Inflammation in diabetes mellitus is the key initiator of atherosclerotic process, which results in acute coronary events. Atherosclerosis evolves from the endothelial cell dysfunction and succeeding entry of hemodynamically derived leukocytes by migration, activation and production of lipid gruel leading to atheromatous plaque progression and subsequent regression. Diabetic plaque progression is associated with increased neovascularization, which is a nature's compliment in the sustenance of plaque growth by its nutrient supply. Neovessels may act as conduit for lipid debridment and alternative channel for inflammatory process. In addition, neovascularization induces intra-plaque hemorrhage due to the fragility of the neovessels and associated inflammation, resulting in plaque instability. The intra-plaque hemorrhage is a detrimental base, which begets the progress of atheroma by inducing oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Intra-plaque hemorrhage is increased in diabetes with an associated increase in hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex (Hb-Hp2-2), which further induces oxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction. We conclude that inflammation and neovascularization of the plaque may act as major mechanism augmenting plaque instability in diabetes mellitus.

Atherothrombosis: role of tissue factor; link between diabetes, obesity and inflammation.

Atherothrombotic vascular disease is a complex disorder in which inflammation and coagulation play a pivotal role. Rupture of high-risk, vulnerable plaques with the subsequent tissue factor (TF) exposure is responsible for coronary thrombosis, the main cause of unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Tissue factor (TF), the key initiator of coagulation is an important modulator of inflammation. TF is widely expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and found in macrophages, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix and acellular lipid-rich core. TF expression can be induced by various stimulants such as C-reactive protein, oxLDL, hyperglycemia and adipocytokines. The blood-born TF encrypted on the circulating microparticles derived from vascular cells is a marker of vascular injury and a source of procoagulant activity. Another form of TF, called alternatively spliced has been recently identified in human and murine. It is soluble, circulates in plasma and initiates coagulation and thrombus propagation. Evidence indicates that elevated levels of blood-borne or circulating TF has been associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors and is a candidate biomarker for future cardiovascular events. Therapeutic strategies have been developed to specifically interfere with TF activity in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Evaluación de lss pérdidas térmicas en calorimería isoperibólica. importancia de los alrededores en la obtención de constantes instrumentales / Evaluation of the thermal leakage in isoperibolic calorimetry. importance of the environs in the obtaining of instrumental constants

Para tres unidades calorimétricas con aislamientos en PVC, nailon y metálico se determina la constante de fugas térmicas, K, con valores de 6,50 x 10-3, 6,37 x 10-5 y 2,52 x 10-4 s-1, respectivamente. Se determina la capacidad calorífica del sistema con agua para cada una de las unidades calorimétricas y se obtienen valores para esta constante de 442,1 J °C-1 para la celda con aislamiento en PVC, 206,7 J °C-1 para la celda con aislamiento de nailon y 408,2 J °C-1 para la celda con aislamiento metálico. Se establece la influencia de la magnitud del efecto térmico en las pérdidas térmicas y en la constante de fugas térmicas, para trabajos eléctricos entre 0,5 y 3,4 kJ. Se determina la entalpía de solución para el sistema propanol-agua, con resultados similares para las tres unidades calorimétricas del orden de 10,7 kJmol-1 .

For three calorimetric units with isolations in PVC, nylon and metal, the heat leakage constant, K, is determined, giving values of 6.50 x10-3, 6.37 x10-5 and 2.52 x 10-4 s-1 respectively. The heat capacity of the system with water for each one of the calorimetric units was determined and values obtained for this constant are of 442.1 JC-1 for the cell with insulation in PVC, 206.7 JC-1 for the cell with insulation of nylon and 408.2 JC-1 for the cell with metallic insulation. The influence of the thermal effect magnitude in the thermal losses and the heat leakage constant, for electrical works between 0.5 and 3.4 kJ is established. Solution enthalpy for the system propanol- water was determined, with similar results for the three calorimetric units of the order of 10.7 kJmol-1.

Malacological assessment and natural infestation of Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) by Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon, 1907) and Chaetogaster limnaei (K. von Baer, 1827) in an urban eutrophic watershed

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento malacológico na bacia do reservatório de Ibirité, na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais), e avaliar a taxa de infestação natural de Biomphalaria straminea (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)por Schistosoma mansoni (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) e Chaetogaster limnaei (Oligochaeta: Naididae). As amostragens foram realizadas de julho a agosto de 2002. Os espécimes de B. straminea coletados foram levados para o laboratório e as avaliações da taxa de infestação foram realizadas semanalmente. O levantamento malacológico identificou cinco espécies de moluscos presentes na bacia do reservatório: B. straminea, Physa marmorata, Lymnea sp., Melanoides tuberculatus e Pomacea austrum. As observações em laboratório mostraram que os espécimes de B. straminea estavam infectados somente por C. limnaei. Apesar de não ter sido encontrado S. mansoni, a presença desse planorbídeo deve ser vista com atenção, em decorrência da possibilidade de infecção com esquistossomose humana para a população local.

Consumo de alimentos según condición de pobreza en mujeres en edad fértil y niños de 12 a 35 meses de edad / Food consumtion according to poverty conditions in fertile women and children between 12 and 35 month old

Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre el consumo de alimentos de mujeres en edad fértil y niños de 12 a 35 meses de edad y su condición de pobreza. Materiales y Métodos: La información fue obtenida de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Alimentos en Mujeres en Edad Fértil y Niños entre 12 y 35 meses en el año 2003. La muestra fue de 2 909 mujeres de 15 a 49 años y 2 907 niños de 12 a 35 meses. La pobreza fue caracterizada a través del método de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI). El consumo de alimentos se obtuvo por medio del método de encuesta de recordatorio de 24 horas. Se aplicó la prueba estadística de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: El grupo de alimentos más consumido por las mujeres y niños pobres fue el de los tubérculos, y la papa el alimento más consumido dentro de este grupo. El porcentaje de mujeres no pobres que consumen los grupos de aceites y grasas, carnes y leche y derivados fue mayor que el porcentaje de mujeres pobres, asimismo el porcentaje de niños no pobres que consumieronestos grupos y los de cereales, frutas y huevos fue mayor que el porcentaje de niños pobres. El aceite vegetal, pollo, res, pan, plátano, leche evaporada y arveja fresca, fueron consumidos mayoritariamente por las mujeres y niños no pobres (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Las condiciones de pobreza en que se encuentran las mujeres y los niños influyen sobre su consumo de alimentos

Objectives: To determine the relationship between food consumption in fertile women and 12- to 35 month old children and their poverty condition. Materials and Methods: Information was obtained from the 2003 National Food Consumption Survey for Fertile Women and 12- to 35- Month Old Children. The sample consisted in 2909 15- to 45 year old women and 2907 12- to 35 month old children. Poverty was characterized using the Unsatisfied Basic Needs method. Food consumption was determined using a survey asking for foods eaten in the last 24 hours. Chi-square statistical test was also used. Results: Foods most frequently consumed by poor women and children belonged to Solanaceae family, and potatoes were the most frequently consumed food within this group. Percentages of non-poor women using oils and fats, meat and dairy products was higher compared to poor women; also, the frequency of non-poor children using these foods and the percentage of non-poor children consuming cereals, fruits, and eggs were higher compared with poor children. Vegetable oils, poultry, beef, bread, bananas, evaporated milk and fresh peas were mostly used by non-poor women and children (p<0.001). Conclusions: Poverty conditions in women and children influence their food consumption habits.

Photodegradation of sparfloxacin and isolation of its degradation products by preparative HPLC

Sparfloxacin, a third generation fluoroquinolone derivative, is a potent antibacterial agent active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus, Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Chlamydia spp. and Mycobacterium spp. A drawback of fluoroquinolones is their photoreactivity. Sparfloxacin has been studied in terms of therapeutic activities. However, there are few published of analytical methods being applied to sparfloxacin. The aim in this study was to determine the photodegradation products of sparfloxacin, when submitted to UV light, and to characterize two of these products, designated SPAX-PDP1 and SPAX-PDP2. An accelerated study of stability in methanol solution was carried out by exposing a solution of sparfloxacin to UV light (peak wavelength 290 nm) for 36 hours at room temperature. The products were analyzed by NMR spectrophotometry, IR spectrometry and mass spectrophotometry. The results suggest that the products isolated here could be used to estimate the degradation of sparfloxacin in a stability study. However, the low activity exhibited by UV-irradiated sparfloxacin is a source of concern that demands further investigation of the mechanism of its photodegradation mechanism

Consumo de energía y nutrientes, características socioeconómicas, pobreza y área de residencia de mujeres peruanas en edad fértil / Energy and nutrient consumption, socio-economic characteristics, poverty and living places fertile peruvian women

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el consumo de energía y nutrientes de mujeres peruanas en edad fértil, sus características socioeconómicas, pobreza y área de residencia. Materiales y métodos: La información fue obtenida de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Alimentos en Mujeres en Edad Fértil y Niños entre 12 y 35 meses en el año 2003. La muestra fue de 2909 mujeres entre 15 a 49 años. El consumo de energía y nutrientes se obtuvo por el método de encuesta de recordatorio de 24 horas. Se incluyó información del área de residencia, características y servicios básicos del hogar. Se agrupó a la población de acuerdo con el método de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI). Se estableció como consumo deficiente una adecuación por debajo de 50 por ciento. Se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas de Chi-cuadrado, Mann Whitney y Kruskall Wallis. Resultados: El 67,6 por ciento de las mujeres vivía en hogares pobres, la pobreza afecta mayormente a las mujeres del área rural. Más de 20 por ciento de mujeres presentan deficiencias en el consumo de energía y nutrientes. Conforme se incrementan las NBI las adecuaciones del consumo van disminuyendo, a excepción de carbohidratos y hierro. Los carbohidratos contribuyen en mayor porcentaje a la energía total de la dieta de las mujeres pobres. Conclusiones: Las condiciones de pobreza en que se encuentran las mujeres influyen sobre su consumo de energía y nutrientes disminuyéndolo, lo cual traería serias consecuencias sobre su estado de salud y nutrición y el de sus niños.

Objectives: To determine the relationship between energy and nutrient consumption in fertile Peruvian women, as well as their socioeconomic characteristics, poverty condition, and living places. Materials and methods: Data were obtained from the National Food Consumption Survey for Fertile Women and 12 to 35 Month Old Children for 2003. The sample consisted in 2909 women between 15 to 49 years old. Energy and nutrient consumption information was obtained using a 24-hour reminder survey. Collected information included living places, as well as households characteristics and basic services. The population was grouped according to the unmet basic needs method. A deficient consumption was established as a less than 50 per cent adequation. Statistical tests used were chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskall-Wallis. Results: 67.6 per cent of surveyed women lived in poor households, and poverty mainly affects women from rural areas. More than 20 of women had deficiencies in energy and nutrient consumption. As long as unmet basic needs increase, adequate consumption is reduced, except carbohydrate and iron consumption. Carbohydrates are the major contributors for total energy intake in poor women. Conclusions: Poverty in women negatively influences energy and nutrient consumption, which may lead to serious consequences on their health status and their childrenÆs health condition as well.

Diversity assessment of benthic macroinvertebrates, yeasts, and microbiological indicators along a longitudinal gradient in Serra do Cipó, Brazil

Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar a estrutura, a diversidade e a composição de grupos tróficos funcionais das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos; 2) caracterizar a qualidade das águas nas cabeceiras da bacia do rio Doce, com base em parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos (macroinvertebrados bentônicos, coliformes fecais, bactérias heterotróficas e leveduras); e 3) contribuir para o conhecimento da estrutura e do funcionamento de gradientes longitudinais em ecossistemas lóticos no Brasil. No total, 60 taxa de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foram identificados, sendo os insetos aquáticos o grupo dominante, com 50 famílias distribuídas em 8 ordens. O período de seca apresentou os maiores valores de riqueza taxonômica e de densidade total de macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Foi observado gradiente decrescente nos valores dessas variáveis do trecho de 3ª ordem ao trecho de 6ª ordem. Os maiores valores do índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener foram encontrados no período de chuvas nos trechos de 3ª ordem, que apresentaram mata ciliar bem desenvolvida. Além dos trechos de 3ª ordem, os valores do índice de eqüitabilidade de Pielou também foram elevados no trecho de 6ª ordem. Os coletores, juntamente com os raspadores, predominaram nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, exceto nos trechos de 2ª, 4ª e 5ª ordens, durante o período de chuvas, quando houve o domínio de filtradores. Os fragmentadores apresentaram baixas densidades na maioria dos trechos de rio estudados. Todas as variáveis microbiológicas apresentaram baixos valores. Os trechos de rio estudados são impróprios quanto à potabilidade e próprios para balneabilidade, em decorrência das altas contagens de bactérias heterotróficas e coliformes. Os resultados sugerem que a estrutura, a diversidade e a composição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos são influenciadas pela disponibilidade de recursos tróficos, pela sazonalidade e pela heterogeneidade do sedimento. Os resultados microbiológicos nos permitem inferir que as águas da Serra do Cipó apresentam potencial para uso recreacional e como fonte futura de água para abastecimento humano.

Enfermedades diarreicas, infecciones respiratorias y características de la alimentación de los niños de 12 a 35 meses de edad en Perú / Diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, and feeding characteristics in 12 to 35 month old children in Peru

Objetivos: Describir las características de las prácticas de alimentación y cuantificar las enfermedades diarreicas agudas e infecciones respiratorias agudas en los niños de 12 a 35 meses en el Perú. Materiales y Métodos: La información formó parte de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de los Alimentos en Mujeres en Edad Fértil y Niños entre 12 y 35 meses en el año 2003. La muestra fue de 2908 niños (1514 varones y 1394 mujeres), cuyas madres fueron interrogadas sobre las características de alimentación complementaria. Resultados: A nivel nacional 21,2 por ciento de los niños presentó diarrea en las dos semanas anteriores a la encuesta, siendo las regiones de la selva las más afectadas. Además 17,1 por ciento de los niños en el país tuvo infección respiratoria aguda. A nivel nacional, la mediana de duración de lactancia materna exclusiva se dio a los 5 meses de edad. La mediana de duración total de lactancia materna a nivel nacional se dió a los 14 meses; mientras que la mediana de introducción de aguas azucaradas e infusiones a la alimentación infantil ocurrió a los 5 meses. La mediana de la frecuencia de alimentación fue de 4 veces al día. Además, 65,3 por ciento de las madres consideraron mejor ofrecer comidas espesas al niño. Aproximadamente 38 por ciento de las entrevistadas consideraron necesario agregar aceite a las preparaciones de los niños. Conclusiones: Existen aún elevadas prevalencias de enfermedades infecciosas, mientras que las características de alimentación del niño, aún no siguen los patrones recomendados, afectando la salud y nutrición de los niños del Perú.

Objectives: To describe feeding practices and to quantify acute diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections in 12 to 35 months old children in Peru. Materials and Methods: The information was part of the National Food Consumption Survey in Fertile Women and 12 to 35 month old Children for 2003. The sample studied included 2908 children (1514 male and 1394 female), whose mothers were questioned with respect to complementary feeding characteristics. Results: Throughout the country, 21,2 per cent of children had diarrhea within the two-week period prior to the survey, and this was most prevalent in the Amazonian region. Additionally, 17,1 per cent of children had acute respiratory infections. Throughout the country, the median duration of breastfeeding was 14 months; and the median time for the introduction of sugar water and infusions for small children was at 5 months. Median daily feeding frequency was four times per day. Additionally, 63,5 per cent of mothers thought that it was better to give solid foods to their babies. Approximately 39 per cent of interviewed mothers considered that it was necessary to add oil to their childrenÆs foods. Conclusions: The prevalence of infectious diseases is still high, while feeding characteristics for children do not follow the worldwide recommended patterns, affecting health and nutritional conditions of Peruvian children.

Hemoperitoneo espontáneo por rotura de várices intraabdominales en un paciente con cirrosis hepática: caso clínico / Spontaneous hemoperitoneum caused by intraabdominal variceal rupture: report of 1 case

Spontaneous hemoperitoneum secondary to intraabdominal variceal rupture, is an uncommon and highly lethal complication of cirrhosis. We report a case of a 68 years old male submitted because of abdominal pain and fainting. The clinical and laboratory work up concluded that the patient had cirrhosis and hemoperitoneum. He was operated on and the exploration showed a massive hemoperitoneum caused by bleeding gastro-splenic varices. The patient died in the immediate postoperative period

The influence of Eucalyptus plantations on the macrofauna associated with Salvinia auriculata in Southeast Brazil

The influence of Eucalyptus plantations on the structure and composition of macroinvertebrate communities associated with the aquatic fern Salvinia auriculata Aublet were investigated in a high altitude lake bordered by either secondary Atlantic forest or Eucalyptus plantations. Comparisons of the diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) larvae in the littoral zone between these two vegetation types showed higher diversity of larvae in waters bordered by Eucalyptus. The results demonstrated that the predominance of carnivorous taxa among the macroinvertebrate fauna appears to be the major controlling factor for limiting diversity in lake areas bordered by Eucalyptus