ABSTRACT
Bladder stones in children of below ten years age continue as a major pediatric health problem in Hyderabad-Sindh. To investigate dietary and metabolic risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of bladder stones in children of below ten years age. Case control study .This study was conducted at the Biochemistry and Surgery Departments, Isra University, Hyderabad from January 2011 to December 2011. Thirty four children with bladder stones admitted for treatment in the pediatric surgery unit, Liaquat Medical College Hospital Jamshoro during 6 months and 30 normal controls were examined. Information regarding diet and dietary habits of the subjects were obtained through standard questionnaire developed for that purpose. Biochemical aspect of bladder stone disease was studied by measuring creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, chloride and bicarbonate levels in serum samples of bladder stone patients and control subjects. The results of present study show that although, average intake of water and milk by patients and control subjects were comparable, majority [73.5%] of the bladder stone patients admitted to drink water when they felt thirsty, contrary to control subjects who used to take water at regular intervals. The mean tea intake by bladder stone patients was significantly [P<0.05] greater than that of the control subjects. Same was true for the intake of green leafy and seedy vegetables [P<0.05]. From the blood parameters measured in bladder stone patients and control subjects, the levels for potassium, magnesium and phosphate were found to be significantly [P<0.05] higher in bladder stone patients compared to control subjects, whereas reverse was true for creatinine, chloride and bicarbonate levels. Children with bladder stones were noted to have serum creatinine levels significantly lower than the control subjects. Their dietary and fluid intake habits were also found to be quite different from that of the control subjects. These observations suggest that malnutrition and poor dietary habits are the major risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of childhood vesicallithiasis at Hyderabad-Sindh
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine the composition and hence types of bladder stones in children using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FT-IR]
Study design: A case control study
Place and duration: Pediatric Surgical Department of Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro from June 2012 to October 2012
Methodology: The materials for this study were thirty bladder stones surgically recovered from as many children admitted in surgical pediatric wards. The standard FT-IR spectra of individual standards were acquired for comparison. The FTIR spectroscopy using Nicolet Avatar 330 FTIR spectrometer [Thermo Electron Corporation] in the frequency range 500-4000 cm was performed to determine the composition of bladder stones. The constituents of bladder stones were identified by comparing the spectra of stones with that of the pure standards obtained accordingly
Results: The mean age of thirty children [24 male and 6 female] was 4.84 + 2.82 years. Majority of cases 86.67% [n=26] had one, 3.33% [n=1] had two, 6.67% [n=2] had three and 10% [n=3] had more than three stones. Of thirty bladder stones analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, 83.3% [n=25] found to be mixed composition, with calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium hydrogen urate as the most frequent stone type identified in this series. Ammonium hydrogen urate in the central and was seen to be the most common constituent and calcium oxalate monohydrate in the inner and peripheral parts of the stones
Conclusion: Calcium oxalate monohydrate-ammonium hydrogen urate stone type is most frequent in children of less than ten years age. FT-IR spectroscopy may be used as a rapid, accurate and environment friendly technique for screening of urinary stones in children
ABSTRACT
The aim of present study was to evaluate glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus [DM] subjects and its association with the duration of diabetes and glycosylated Hemoglobin A1 [HbA1c]. A descriptive study, comprising of 571 diagnosed cases of type 2 DM were studied at the Diabetic clinic of Isra University/ consultant private clinics over a year period. Diabetic subjects were divided as; controlled diabetics [Group I. HbA1c 7%]. The data was recorded on a proforma. Blood glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method and HbA1c on automated clinical chemistry analyzer. The student`s t-test and chi-square were used for the quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Spearman`s correlations was used for a linear correlation of HbA1c with the duration of DM and random blood sugar [RBS]. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 16.0 for windows. P-value at /= 7% [Group II]. The HbA1c values as high as >/= 13.1% was noted in 73 [12.7%]. A highly significant difference was observed in HbA1c [p=0.0001] between groups. Significant correlation of HbA1c was found with duration of DM [r=0.65, p=0.0001] but not with the RBS [r=0.038, p=0.36] We report poor glycemic control as indicated by glycosylated Hb A in type 2 diabetics. Public campaigns be attempted on regular basis to make diabetics aware of glycemic control