ABSTRACT
Background: Snake bite is largely an unrecognized public health problem. No snake bite data is available from any reliable source for Pakistan. This study was carried out to document the epidemiological, clinical and outcome data and the folk treatments in this area
Patients and Methods: A total number of 53 patients complaining of snake bite, admitted to Nishtar Hospital Multan during June-October, 2007 were included in this study. After taking a proper consent, history and physical examination were recorded on admission. Patients were followed up till discharge and physical features, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome were recorded on a proforma. Patients were grouped on the basis of their physical findings, and anti snake venom [ASV] used
Results: More males [62%] of working age group [age > 18 years] were bitten mostly on the lower limbs [64.15%] mostly during August-September [85.80%]. None of the patients could recognize the offending snake. Thirty seven percent of patients developed features of intoxication [ophitoxaemia], 23% of patients bitten by the venomous snakes were of 'dry bite1 type and 40% were possibly bitten by non-venomous snakes or those were bat bite, rat bite or thorn prick injuries. Patients who developed ophitoxaemia were treated by injecting anti snake venom [ASV] and other therapeutic measures were taken. Sixty percent of them showed haemotoxic symptoms, 50% of the patients showed neurotoxic symptoms and 20% of them needed ventilatory support in ICU. Most of them [85%] cured completely, some of them [15%] left against medical advice but were in better condition. No death took place in the hospital
Conclusion: Most patients complaining of snake bite did not develop features of ophitoxaemia. Twenty three percent of snake bites were 'dry bites'. Most folk treatments were not beneficial. Local application of Azadirachta Indica [Neem] has some scientific basis
ABSTRACT
Background: To quantify the degree of correlation between serum hormones [prolactin, FSH and testosterone] and sperm count in primary hypogonadism due to hyperprolactinemia in oligo/azoospermic infertile patients
Methods: Serum prolactin, FSH and testosterone levels of 100 male infertile oligospermic/ azoospermic patients were assayed by radioimmunoassay [RIA] and their data was analyzed for significant correlation with the same parameters of 20 control cases
Results: 25 out of 100 infertile patients had hyperprolactinemia out of which 13 had hypogonadism. Out of the 13 hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism cases, 9 had azoospermia. The values of serum prolactin and FSH were significantly raised [P<0.001]. The sperm count in the group was strongly correlated to serum FSH [r = 0.67 P<0.05]
Conclusion: Severe degree of hyperprolactinemia can cause infertility by inducing azoospermia directly. The levels of serum FSH rise in an attempt to reverse these changes
ABSTRACT
Background: A cross sectional study held in infertility clinics of Multan under supervision of Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. The aim of the study was to look for any correlation between serum prolactin levels and semen parameters in oligospermic or azoospermic infertile males. Where hyperprolactinaemia was the only hormonal abnormality
Methods: We investigated 120 subjects [20 control and 100 infertile males]. The semen analysis was done according to WHO standard methods. The serum prolactin, FSH and testosterone were estimated by radioimmunoassay
Results: Percent motility [p<0.001] and motile density [p<0.01] of sperms had a strong negative correlation with the serum prolactin levels. The sperm count and percentage of normal morphology were not correlated [p>0.05] to serum prolactin levels in such males
Conclusion: Hyperprolactinaemia has a significant role in decreasing the sperm motility even without inducing hypo or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism