ABSTRACT
To compare the frequency of conventional risk factors in patients below and above forty years of age presenting with acute myocardial infarction. It was a three years retrospective comparative descriptive study conducted in Cardiology Department, PGMI, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Computerized data of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction [AMI] from 1st September 2006 to 31st August 2009 was reviewed. Patients with age <40 years were assigned Group-I while those with >/= 40 years as Group-II. Conventional risk factors were age, sex, pertinent family history, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Using SPSS version 16, data was analyzed. A total of 4935 patients were admitted with AMI over the study period. Mean age was 58.4 +/- 12.37 [20 to 99] years. Group-I had 252 patients [79.4% males], while Group-II had 4683[65.9% males].Positive family history in Group-I vs. Group-II was 43[17.1%] vs. 426[9.1%], [p<0.001], respectively. Hypertension in Group-I vs. Group-II was 57[22.6%] vs. 1666[35.6%], [p<0.001], respectively. Diabetes mellitus in Group-I vs. Group-II was 29/252[1.5%] vs. 1059[22.6%], [p<0.001], respectively. Hypercholesterolemia in Group-I vs. Group-II was 63[25%] and 583[12.4%], [p<0.001], respectively. Hypertriglyceridemia in Group-I vs. Group-II was 68[27%] vs.1188 [25.4%], [p<0.001], respectively. Smokers in Group-I vs. Group-II were reported in 24[9.5%] vs. 76[1.6%], [p<0.001], respectively. Positive family history, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and smoking were more frequent in younger age group while hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the predominant risk factors in older age group
ABSTRACT
Axillary lymph node metastasis is the single most important prognostic factor in carcinoma of the breast. Therefore, prognostic markers that may reliably predict probability of lymph node [LN] metastases are of great value. This study was conducted to compare the predictive value of two novel prognostic/ proliferative markers i.e. S-phase fraction [SPF] and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] in parallel with mitotic index. Data of consecutive cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma [IDC] breast diagnosed from July 2003 to July 2004 at the section of the Histopathology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, were reviewed. A total of 112 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma [IDC] of the breast with axillary LN sampling were selected. SPF was calculated by flow cytometry while PCNA staining was done by immunohistochemistry. Mitotic count was calculated according to modified Bloom and Richardson's grading guidelines. It was observed that the number of axillary LN was found between the results of various categories of PCNA on axillary LN metastases [p value: 0.182] and mitotic count with axillary lymph node metastases [p value: 0.324]. It was concluded that mitotic count and /PCNA alone cannot be used in predicting axillary LN metastases. SPF was found to be a more reliable marker compared to PCNA reactivity and conventional mitotic count in predicting axillary LN metastases
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Mitotic Index , Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen , Breast Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast , Lymph Nodes , Neoplasm Metastasis , PrognosisABSTRACT
To compare sensitivity, specificity and Positive Predictive Value [PPV] and Negative Predictive Value [NPV] of 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test [OGTT] i.e. WHO criteria 1999 with 100g OGTT of National Diabetes Data Group [NDDG criteria]. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional. Material and Methods:The study was conducted at Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology [AFIP], Rawalpindi. Duration of study: 1st January 2004 to 31st August 2004. Sample size: Approx one hundred pregnant ladies between 24 to 28 gestational weeks. Sampling technique: Non-probability convenience. Data collection procedure: Patients consent for participation in the study was taken with explanation of test procedure. Patient's characteristics such as age, obesity, family history of diabetes, pregnancy induced hypertension, previous bad obstetric history [of still birth, macrosomia, recurrence abortion] was recorded on a predesigned proforma. Patients were first called for 75g OGTT and then after a gap of 1-2 days for OGTT 100g. Both tests were performed according to standard protocols. OGTT 75g was found to have 87.5% sensitivity, 97.8% specificity, and 77.7% positive predictive value and 98.8% negative predictive value, when compared with 100g OGTT