ABSTRACT
Background: Water is a divine gift. People quench their thirst without questioning the source of water. But, apprehension about contaminants in municipal water supplies along with increased fear of fluorosis made bottled drinking water as one of the important tradable commodities. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine and compare the fluoride and bacterial contents of commercially available bottled drinking water and municipal tap water in Davangere city, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: Fifty samples of 10 categories of bottled drinking water with different batch numbers were purchased and municipal water from different sources were collected. Fluoride levels were determined by an ion-selective electrode. Water was cultured quantitatively and levels of bacteria were calculated as colony-forming units (CFUs) per milliliter. Results: Descriptive analysis of water samples for fluoride concentration was in the range of 0.07-0.33 for bottled drinking water, Bisleri showing the highest of 0.33. A comparison of the mean values of microbial count for bottled drinking water with that of municipal tap water showed no statistically significant difference, but was more than the standard levels along with the presence of fungus and maggots. Conclusion: The fluoride concentration was below the optimal level for both municipal tap water and bottled drinking water. CFUs were more than the recommended level in both municipal tap water and bottled drinking water.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacterial Load , Bacteriological Techniques , Diptera , Fluorides/analysis , Fungi/isolation & purification , Humans , India , Ion-Selective Electrodes , Larva , Mineral Waters/analysis , Water Microbiology , Water Purification , Water Supply/analysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study was to know whether the 'thinfat' phenotype exists in newborns, in Central Karnataka and to correlate various factors that contribute to this peculiar phenotype, with emphasis on genetic and maternal environmental factors. METHODS: For 1000 consecutive singleton term newborns, weight, length, head, mid arm, abdominal circumferences, biceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured at birth and compared with measurements of white Caucasian babies born in Southampton UK and Mysore babies at birth. RESULTS: The Davangere babies were significantly smaller in all measurements at birth (p < 0.001) compared to Southampton babies. The deficit varied according to the measurements; It was greatest for birth weight (-1.6 SD, CI -3.0, -0.2), mid arm circumference (-2.0 SD, CI -3.3, -0.8), head circumference (-1.8 SD, CI -3.1, -0.5) and least for length (-0.4 SD, CI -1.9, 1.1) and subscapular skin fold (-0.3 SD, CI -0.25, -0.12). Predictors of skinfold thickness were maternal body mass index (p < 0.05), maternal mid arm circumference (p < 0.001) and consanguinity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite being small, truncal adiposity was present in Davangere neonates confirming the 'thinfat' phenotype. The role of consanguinity in other words, the role of genes, is important in determining this 'thinfat' phenotype in newborns.