Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals Carry Different Periodontal Bacteria

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify etiologic microbiota associated periodontal diseases among diabetes patients and the factors related to the most commonly identified bacteria species. Material and Methods: Periodontal plaque samples from 11 diabetic participants and 13 non-diabetic controls were collected to assess their aerobic and anaerobic bacterial growth. Different distinct colonies were identified by microscopic and 16srDNA sequencing. Pearson's chi-square tests were conducted to examine any association between categorical variables. Results: The diabetic subjects revealed a more intense plaque formation with a mean plaque index of 2.4 compared to 1.8 in non-diabetics. A total of 86 bacteria were isolated from 24 plaque samples, 44 were aerobic, and 42 were anaerobic. Only aerobic isolates, 22 from diabetic patients and 22 from non-diabetic patients, were evaluated in these analyses. Bacillus spp. (B. cereus mainly) and Klebsiella spp. (K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, K. oxytoca) were detected markedly higher in non-diabetic individuals than in diabetic subjects (p=0.026 and p=0.021, respectively). Some bacteria were only identified in the dental plaque of diabetic individuals, namely, Bacillus mojavensis, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus pasteurianus. The presence of acid reflux and jaundice were significantly associated with the most common bacterial isolate, namely Bacillus spp., with the p-values of 0.007 and 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher amount of dental plaques. Periodontal plaque samples from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects possess differential microbial communities. Diabetic plaques contain more versatile microbes predominated by gram-positive streptococci and staphylococci.

Norovirus Infection in Community Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Savar Area, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Aims: We sought to investigate norovirus burden in patients with complications of acute gastroenteritis in community level in Bangladesh. Thus, the aim of this study was to detect the incidence of norovirus in stool samples collected from study subjects with acute gastroenteritis who attended voluntarily in different community clinics at Savar area, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: The study enrolled patients from different community clinics in Savar area during July 2012 to December 2012. Stool specimens were collected in supplied stool container from patients as part of their diagnostic procedure. Viral RNA was extracted from the samples using the QIAamp® viral RNA mini kit (Qiagen, Germany). Real-time RT-PCR assay was conducted to identify different norovirus genogroups in the stool samples. Results: We detected norovirus exclusively in 23.8% (10/42) of the stool samples where rotavirus was absent. Over 80% patients were aged less than 2 years and all 10 norovirus-positive samples were detected within this age range (P = 0.17). Detection rates for norovirus was the highest in July and the lowest in November among the months covered in the study. Genogroup analysis of detected noroviruses showed 1(10%) as GI, 8 (80%) as GII and the remaining 1 (10%) as the mixture of GI and GII genogroups. Conclusions: This study has provided baseline incidence of norovirus diarrhea in patients attended at community hospitals in Savar area, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The infections were exclusively in children aged less than two years. Norovirus genogroup-II was predominant in the community infections covered under this study.

Effect of Pre-treatment with Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) Leaves on Diabetogenesis Produced by Alloxan in Rats.

Background: Medicinal plants constitute an important source of potential therapeutic agents for diabetes. Objective: In the study, we aimed to investigate the pre-treatment effect or preventive effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves on blood sugar of rats. Materials and method: This experimental study was carried out in the department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Sir Salimullah Medical College in collaboration with Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka. A total 24 long Evans rats were included in this study and divided in to four groups. Hyperglycemia was induced on rats using alloxan (100 mg/kg body weight, intraperitioneally). Blood sample was collected from tail vein by tail tipping method. Pre-treatment effect or preventive role of Moringa oleifera (drumstick) leaf powder on diabetogenesis produced by Alloxan in rats was tested by giving 50 mg/rat/day Moringa oleifera leaf powder for 14 days orally as pre-treatment along with standard rat feed. Then alloxan was administered intraperitoneally on 15th day of the experiment and 50mg/rat/day Moringa oleifera leaf powder was given for 7 days as post-treatment. Results: No significant effect of MO on blood glucose level was observed on normal rats and non significant hypoglycaemic effect was found in rats that were pretreated with MO. Conclusion: The present study suggests that Moringa oleifera leaf powder did not produce any significant protective effect in diabetogenesis produced by alloxan though it has hypoglycaemic effect.

Disease Severity and Common Etiology of Diarrhea among Children Under-five in Mirzapur, Rural Bangladesh.

Aim: There is lack of information on the severity of diarrheal disease with etiology. Thus the study aimed to compare the etiology of under-five children with moderate-to-severe disease (MSD) and mild disease (MD). Study Design: Diarrheal disease surveillance. Place and Duration of Study: Mirzapur Kumudini Hospital, Tangail, rural Bangladesh, January 2010 – December 2011. Methodology: Overall, 2,324 under-5 diarrhea children were enrolled in the hospital who came from the demographic surveillance system (DSS) catchment area. Whole stool samples were collected from each enrolled child to detect rotavirus, Shigella, ETEC and V. cholerae. Information on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was also collected. Results: Among all the study children, 1,098 (47%) were aged 0-11 months; 789 (34%) were 12-23 months, and 437 (19%) were 24-59 months. Rotavirus (33%) was mainly responsible for diarrhea amongst children under-5 and 90% of them were less than 2 years. Shigella represented 14%; of which, 45% were 24-59 months old. However, ETEC and V. cholerae represented only 3% and 2% respectively. Shigella was the most commonly detected pathogen (27%) for MSD followed by rotavirus (16%). Conversely, rotavirus (43%) was responsible for MD. MSD were most likely to be infected with Shigella flexneri [OR-9.81; 95% CI (6.38, 15.18)] and Shigella sonnei [6.29; (3.67, 10.87)] compared to their counterparts with MD. In logistic regression analysis, Shigella was responsible for a 2.25 times higher risk for MSD. Children with Shigella were 3.28 times at higher risk for bloody stool and 2.45 times more likely to have fever. However, rotavirus diarrhea was more likely to be presented with vomiting (OR-2.46) and fever (OR-1.28), and Vibrio cholerae, most often with watery diarrhea (OR-4.35). None of the clinical features were significantly associated with ETEC. Conclusion: Shigella was the leading pathogen that was detected most often in MSD, whereas rotavirus was often associated with MD.

Monitoring Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolated from Bangladesh during 1997-2006: Emergence and Pattern of Drug-resistant Isolates.

Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries, and the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major obstacle in the control of gonorrhoea. Periodical monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae is essential for the early detection of emergence of drug resistance. In total, 1,767 gonococcal strains isolated from males and females (general population and those with high-risk behaviour) from different parts of Bangladesh were studied during 1997-2006. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, and azithromycin for the isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Isolates resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents are considered multidrug-resistant. The prevalence of plasmid-mediated penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and plasmid-mediated tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) was determined. Nine percent of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin in 1997 compared to 87% in 2006. Multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae have emerged in 1997, and 44% of the strains (n=66) isolated during 2006 were multidrug-resistant. Forty-two percent of the isolates in 2006 were both PPNG- and TRNG-positive compared to none in 1997. The rapidly-changing pattern of gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility warrants the need for an antimicrobial susceptibilitymonitoring programme, and periodical analysis and dissemination of susceptibility data are essential to guide clinicians and for successful STI/HIV intervention programmes.

Birth-weight status of newborns and its relationship with other anthropometric parameters in a public maternity hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

According to the World Health Organization, birth-weight of less than 2,500 g is considered low birth-weight since below this value birth-specific infant mortality begins to rise rapidly. In Bangladesh, the prevalence of low birth-weight is unacceptably high. To screen low-birth-weight babies, simple anthropometric parameters can be used in rural areas where 80-90% of deliveries take place. A sample of 316 newborn singleton babies were studied in a government maternity hospital in Dhaka city to examine the birth-weight status of newborns and to identity the relationship between birth-weight and other anthropometric parameters of newborns. The mean birth-weight was 2,889 +/- 468 g, and 15.18% were low-birth-weight (<2,500 g) babies. All key anthropometric parameters of the newborns significantly correlated with one another (p<0.001). The best cut-offs for detecting low-birth-weight and normal-weight babies were <10 cm (odds ratio=17.4), <30.5 cm (odds ratio=25.0) and <33 cm (odds ratio=19.4), respectively, for mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), chest circumference, and head circumference. The sensitivity and specificity were best for chest circumference (83.3% and 83.6% respectively). At lower cut-off points of <9 cm, <29.5 cm, and <32 cm, respectively, for MUAC, chest circumference, and head circumference, high-risk babies could be identified with a minimum number of false-positive cases. Chest circumference was the best detector of birth-weight with a correlation-coefficient of just above 0.84, followed by MUAC with a correlation-coefficient of just below 0.84. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended to use <29.5 and 29.5 to <30.5 cm for chest circumference to identify 'high-risk' and 'at high-risk' newborns respectively.