Lead induced effects on renal alkaline phosphatase with role of zinc in albino rats

Kidneys are adversely affected by a wide variety of therapeutic agents and chemicals including the environmental pollutants such as Lead. The nephrotoxic effects of lead have been widely studied. The proximal tubular cells are especially vulnerable to lead induced damage to membrane structure and function, characterized by enzymuria and inhibition of certain renal enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase activity is also known to be suppressed which has been evaluated in the present study by enzyme histochemistry. Moreover Zinc, an essential micronutrient has been used to minimize the effects of lead

X-ray induced changes in the epidermis of guinea pigs-a morphometeric study

Measurement of changes in the thickness of epidermis of different locations in guinea pigs after single dose X-ray irradjation. A prospective experimental study. Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi from 2008 to 2009. Thirty animals were taken and divided into two groups which were subdivided into three subgroups containing five animals each, according to the time of sacrifice i.e. 48 hours, 15[th] day and 45[th] day respectively. A single whole body x-radiation in a dose of 5 Gy. Animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia after completion of their respective period. Tissues were processed and 4 to 5 micron thick paraffin embedded sections were cut, and stained with H and E. Desquamation and decrease in thickness of epidermis was present after 48 hours which shows highly significant result when compared to control [P- < 0.001]. After wards progressively increase in hyperkeratinization was noted after 15 days which is nonsignificant [P- >0.05] when compared to control. After 45[th] day proliferation of basal cells occurred which increased the thickness of epidermis near to control. The study concludes that x-radiation produces deterministic epidermal changes in all three sites i.e. face, abdomen and back of guinea pigs

effects of lead and zinc on the quality of semen of albino rats

To determine the effects of lead and zinc administration on the quality of semen of albino rats. Experimental study. Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from August 2003 to December 2005. Sixty adult albino rats selected for the study were divided into three groups, group A received injection normal saline 1 ml intraperitoneally daily for 8 weeks. Group B received lead chloride in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally daily. Group C received lead chloride in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and zinc chloride in a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally daily. On the day of completion of treatment, the animals were sacrificed; epididymis was used for semen analysis. Student's t-test was used to determinate significance; the p-value < 0.05 was taken as significant. The number of sperms was 7.3, 1.7 and 6.6 million cells/ml in groups A, B and C respectively. Sperm's count decreased by 87% in group B [p < 0.001, Cl 4117082.4 - 6965747.6] as compared to group A. Compared with group C, the sperm's count was decreased to 75% [p < 0.001, Cl -5417413 to -4416987]. The immotility of sperms was 27%, 57% and 26% in groups A, B and C respectively. There was 30% decreased motility of sperm in group B [p < 0.001, Cl -30.19425 to -19.80575] as compared to group A. Compared with group C, the immotile sperm were increased to 31% [p < 0.001, Cl 19.87494 - 30.92506]. Lead produced toxic effects on germinal epithelium and altered the quality of semen which was improved by zinc

histologic study of carbimazole-induced hyperplasia of adenohypophysis with protective role of thyroxine in male albino rats

To assess the frequency and degree of pituitary hyperplasia in albino rats made hypothyroid by Carbimazole, and the association of severity of pituitary enlargement, and the response to treatment with thyroxine. To determine the microscopic changes occurring in beta basophil cells [Thyroid stimulating hormone and Adreno corticotrophin hormone producing cells] of Anterior Pituitary gland by giving an anti-thyroid drug, Carbimazole and Carbimazol plus, thyroxin on anterior pituitary glands of male albino rats with increasing time period. Experimental study. Anatomy Department, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate-Medical Centre Karachi. Forty five healthy, young adult male albino rats were selected for the study. They were distributed into 3 main groups of 15 rats each. Group A served as control while Group B received injection Carbimazole 6 micro g m/G body weight subcutaneously daily. Group-C were treated with injection Carbim arole 6 micro g m/G body weight subcutaneously plus injection Thyroxin 5 micro g m intraperitoneally daily for their respective period of treatment. Each group was further subdivided into three sub-groups according to the period of treatment they received i.e. 2,4 and 6 weeks at the end of which animals were sacrificed. The Pituitary glands were dissected out after processing and staining [Wilson-Ezrin method]. The tissues were subjected to detailed micrometric examination. The-results are based on changes in morphometric study of number and diameter of Beta Basophil cells in anterior Pituitary gland. Mean value of number of Basophils were-increased significantly [P <0.001] in group B [Carbimazole treated] i.e 151.0 +/- 3.38 than group A [control] i.e 82.2 +/- 3.48. While in group C [Carbimazole plus Thyroxin treated] the number of cells were decreased i.e 117.6 +/- 3.83 than group B but were more than group A. Beta Basophil cell size [diameter] was also increased significantly [P <0.001] in group B i.e 17.64 +/- 1.06 than group A 14.45 +/- 3.28. In group C Beta Basophil cell size was 16.16 +/- 2.02, which was more than group A but less than group C. The number and size of Beta Basophils in group C was significant [P<0.05], when compared with corresponding controls. In conclusion these results strongly suggest that Carbimazole-induced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of Anterior pituitary gland may be prevented by simultaneous treatment with Thyroxin. Long standing treatment with Carbimazole in hyperthyroid patients as in Graves disease should accompany, small doses of Thyroxin as well, to avoid the enlargement of Anterior Pituitary gland during their treatment

Effects of the diclofenac sodium [NSAID] on collagen connective tissue fibres in caecal mucosa of albino rats

To evaluate the effects of diclofenac sodium [NSAID] on Collagen connective tissue fibers of albino rats. An animal study carried on experimental albino rats. An animal study carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Institute [BMSI], Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre [JPMC], Karachi. Diclofenac sodium was administered to male albino rats at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight orally once daily for two weeks. These animals were sacrificed, Caeca were identified and removed, opened along mesenteric border, fixed in alcoholic formalin. Embedded in paraplast, 4 um thick sections were cut on rotary microtome, stained with Mallory's trichrome Connective tissue stain. The histomorphological features of caecal mucosa were compared with those in the control animals. The study revealed that diclofenac sodium administration produced and increased amount of Collagen connective tissue fibers forming a sub-epithelial collagen band in caecal mucosa of albino Rats. The results suggest that diclofenac sodium causes. Severe caecal mucosal damage in albino rats

Lead intoxication causing loss of body weight and loss of absolute weight of testes in albino rats

Lead intoxication produces metallic taste, thirst, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, constipation, and which result in weight loss. The direct effect of lead on testes causes degeneration and necrosis of organ which leads to loss of absolute testicular weights. With loss of body weights also result loss of relative weights of organ as systemic consequences. Experimental study. Anatomy Department, Basic Sciences Medical Institution, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Forty adult Albino Rats were selected for the study and divided into two groups. Group A served as control group and received injection normal saline 1 ml intraperitoneally daily for eight weeks. Group B was lead treated group and received lead chloride in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally daily for eight weeks. Animals were weighed at the commencement and at the completion of treatment. Absolute weights of testes were recorded after animals sacrificed. Relative weights of testes were also calculated. The results were compared with control and correlated with the previous studies[1,2,9]. Final body weight of animals was decreased significantly [P<0.001] in group B as compared to group A. Absolute Weight of testes was significantly decreased [P<0.001] in group B as compared to group A. Relative Weight of testes was significantly decreased [P<0.001] in group B as compared to group A. Lead toxicity is causing loss of body weight of animals. The direct effect of lead on testes produces degeneration and necrosis of testes result in absolute loss of weight of testes. The loss of generalized body weight results in loss of relative weight of organ