COVID-19: transmisión vertical, enfermedad y cuidados en recién nacidos / COVID-19: vertical transmission, disease and care in newborns

Existe la posibilidad que el SARS-CoV-2 se transmita tanto verticalmente en el útero, como durante y después del parto. La mayoría de bebés infectados presentan sintomatología leve o son asintomáticos. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son la taquipnea y la disnea. En los exámenes de laboratorio, los hallazgos más frecuentes son la leucopenia y la linfopenia. Las lesiones pulmonares se muestran más claramente mediante la tomografía axial computarizada que mediante los rayos X. Las imágenes más comunes en ambas pruebas son las opacidades en vidrio esmerilado. No hay tratamiento antiviral y/o inmunomodulador aprobado para COVID-19 en recién nacidos. Aún no hay disponibilidad de guías específicas para el manejo respiratorio de neumonía por COVID-19 en recién nacidos. Los partos de madres positivas a COVID-19 deben efectuarse en una sala dedicada exclusivamente para ello. La vía de evacuación de elección es el parto vaginal. La evidencia actual no es suficiente para concluir que existe transmisión vertical de SARS-CoV-2 a través de la lactancia materna. Se deben tener precauciones para evitar el contagio posnatal a los recién nacidos y al personal de salud

There is a possibility that SARS-CoV-2 is vertically transmitted in the uterus, as well as during and after delivery. Most infected babies present mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. The most frequent clinical manifestations are tachypnea and dyspnea. In laboratory tests, the most common findings are leukopenia and lymphopenia. Pulmonary lesions are more clearly shown by computed tomography than by X-ray. The most common images in both tests are ground glass opacities. There is no approved antiviral and / or immunomodulatory treatment for COVID-19 in newborns. Specific guidelines for the respiratory management of COVID-19 pneumonia, in newborns, are not yet available. Deliveries of COVID-19 positive mothers must be carried out in rooms dedicated exclusively to these patients. The evacuation route of choice is vaginal delivery. Current evidence is not sufficient to confirm SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission through breastfeeding. Precautions must be taken to avoid postnatal transmission to newborns and health personnel

Enfermedad coronaria en mujeres pre y postmenopáusicas y su relación con la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Coronary artery disease in pre and postmenopausal women. The influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Postmenopausal women have higher severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) than premenopausal women and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor. Aim: To assess the severity of CHD in pre and postmenopausal patients undergoing coronary angiography and the impact of T2DM in both groups. Material and Methods: A coronary angiography was performed to 707 women due to suspected CHD during 2013 and 2014. Of these, 579 were older than 55 years and were considered as postmenopausal. Factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, creatinine and T2DM were registered. The severity of CHD in coronary angiography was evaluated according to the number of vessels with more than 50% stenosis. Results: Compared to their postmenopausal counterparts, premenopausal women had less frequency of T2DM (31% and 42% p < 0.033), hypertension (52 and 78%, p < 0.001) and alteration of renal function (11 vs. 39%, p < 0.001). Absence of coronary lesions was found in 44 and 32% of premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively (p < 0.01). Premenopausal women with T2DM had a higher frequency of multi-vessel disease than those without the disease (25 and 4.5%, p < 0.001). The frequency of multi-vessel disease was higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal women (24 and 11%, p < 0.01). Hypertension, T2DM and renal involvement were associated with a higher frequency multiple vessel disease. Conclusions: The severity of CHD is higher in postmenopausal women and T2DM is associated with the disease.

Cirugía micrográfica de Mohs en Uruguay: primeros 130 casos en carcinomas cutáneos / Mohs micrographic surgery in Uruguay: first 130 cases in cutaneous carcinomas / Cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs no Uruguai: primeiros 130 casos em carcinomas cutâneos

Introducción: la cirugía micrográfica de Mohs es una técnica para la exéresis de cánceres de piel con el examen histológico del 100% de los márgenes quirúrgicos, logrando la tasa de curación más alta con máxima preservación de tejido sano. Objetivo: realizar una descripción clínico-epidemiológica de nuestras primeras 130 cirugías en el Hospital de Clínicas. Método: análisis descriptivo de todos los pacientes operados por un único cirujano de Mohs en nuestra Unidad de Cirugía Dermatológica desde noviembre de 2013 hasta junio de 2016. Se registraron datos clínicos, tumorales y quirúrgicos. Resultados: se estudiaron 130 cirugías en 90 pacientes; 62,3% fueron realizadas en hombres y 37,7% en mujeres. La edad media fue de 68 años (rango: 33-90 años). El 67,7% provenía de Montevideo y el 32,3% del interior del país. El 68% correspondía a carcinoma basocelular y 32% a carcinoma espinocelular. El 91,5% eran tumores primarios y el 8,5% recurrentes. El 75,3% se encontraba en cabeza y cuello. El tipo más frecuente de cierre fueron los colgajos en 43% (56). Hasta el momento, 70 pacientes han completado seguimiento de al menos un año, donde se vio recidiva tumoral en un solo caso (1/70; 1,43%). Conclusiones: la cirugía de Mohs es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz, y nuestros resultados coinciden con lo descrito en centros de referencia internacional. Este es el primer centro de Uruguay que cuenta con un cirujano de Mohs y presentamos el primer estudio en pacientes uruguayos.

Introduction: Mohs micrographic surgery is a technique for the excision of skin cancer with histologic analysis of 100% of the surgical margins, achieving the highest cure rate, while allowing maximum preservation of surrounding healthy tissue. Objective: to perform a clinical-epidemiologic description of our first 130 surgeries at the Hospital de Clínicas. Method: descriptive analysis of all patients operated by a single Mohs surgeon in our Dermatologic Surgery Unit between November 2013 and June 2016. Clinical, tumoral and surgical data was registered. Results: 130 surgeries performed in 90 patients were studied. 62.3% were male patients and 37.7% female. Mean age was 68 years (range: 33 ­ 90 years). 67.7% resided in Montevideo and 32.3% from other parts of the country. 68% corresponded to basal cell carcinoma, and 32% to squamous cell carcinoma. 91.5% were primary tumors, and 8.5% were recurrent. 75.3% were located on the head and neck region. The most frequently used method of closure were flaps in 43% (56). Up to this moment, 70 patients have undergone follow-up for at least twelve months, and so far, only one case showed recurrence (1/70; 1.43%). Conclusions: Mohs surgery is safe and effective, and our results agree with reports of international reference centers. This is the first center in Uruguay with a Mohs Surgeon, and we present the first study in Uruguayan patients.

Introdução: a cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs é uma técnica para a exéreses de cânceres de pele com o exame histológico de 100% das margens cirúrgicas, conseguindo a taxa de cura mais alta com máxima preservação de tecido saudável. Objetivo: realizar uma descrição clínico-epidemiológica das primeiras 130 cirurgias realizadas no Hospital de Clínicas de Uruguai. Método: análise descritiva de todos os pacientes operados por um único cirurgião de Mohs na Unidade de Cirurgia Dermatológica no período novembro 2013 - junho 2016. Foram registrados dados clínicos, tumorais e cirúrgicos. Resultados: foram analisadas 130 cirurgias realizadas em 90 pacientes sendo. 62.3% em homens e 37.7% em mulheres. A média de idade média foi 68 anos (intervalo: 33 - 90 anos). 67.7% eram originários de Montevidéu e os restantes 32.3% do interior. 68% correspondiam a carcinoma basocelular e 32% a carcinoma de células escamosas. 91.5% eram tumores primários e 8.5% recorrentes. 75.3% estavam localizados em cabeça e pescoço. O tipo mais frequente de fechamento foi por retalhos em 43% (56). Até o momento, 70 pacientes completaram um seguimento mínimo de 1 ano, no qual se observou recidiva tumoral em somente 1 caso (1/70; 1.43%). Conclusões: a cirurgia de Mohs é um procedimento seguro e eficaz, e nossos resultados coincidem com os descritos por centros de referência internacional. Este é o primeiro centro no Uruguai que conta com um cirurgião de Mohs e que apresenta o primeiro estudo em pacientes uruguaios.

Orofacial granulomatosis and diet therapy: a review of the literature and two clinical cases

Abstract: Orofacial granulomatosis is a nonspecific term that contains a wide variety of granulomatous entities, which share a clinical and histopathological presentation. It manifests as persistent or recurrent orofacial swelling, amongst other findings. Idiopathic orofacial granulomatosis, characterized by an absence of systemic granulomatous disease, is a diagnosis of exclusion. The main differential diagnosis is Crohn's disease. Its pathogenesis is unknown, however, it seems to be immune-mediated. Patch-test sensitivity to multiple allergens is well documented. Currently, therapeutic options consider restrictive diets, topical, intralesional, and systemic agents. First-line therapy is currently a matter of debate. We present a review of the value of diet therapy in this syndrome, along with two illustrative cases.

Posible asociación autoinmune entre síndrome de Laugier-Hunziker y síndrome de Sjögren: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Laugier-Hunziker syndrome in a patient with Sjögren’s syndrome: report of one case

Laugier-Hunziker syndrome is a rare benign idiopathic condition characterized by acquired macular pigmentation of lips and buccal mucosa, often accompanied with melanonychia. The main concern with this condition is to rule out other differential diagnosis with systemic repercussions and similar hyperpigmentation patterns, such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, adrenal insufficiency and melanoma. We report a 58-year-old female with a 20-year history of Sjögren’s syndrome, presenting with melanonychia and hyperpigmentation in the buccal mucosa. She had no relevant medication history and is a non-smoker. The patient denied any other symptoms. The histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome.

Complications and solutions in Mohs micrographic surgery: a retrospective analysis / Complicaciones y soluciones en cirugía micrográfica de Mohs: un análisis retrospectivo

Introducción: la cirugía micrográfica de Mohs es el gold standard para el tratamiento del cáncer de piel no melanoma. Ocasionalmente puede presentar complicaciones. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las complicaciones que observamos en nuestra Unidad de Cirugía Dermatológica y comparar nuestros resultados con otros estudios. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de todas las cirugías de Mohs realizadas en nuestro servicio entre noviembre 2013 y abril 2016. Los datos clínicos, tumorales y quirúrgicos representan aquellos disponibles en la historia clínica. Resultados: se realizaron 100 cirugías individuales en 71 pacientes;48 hombres y 23 mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 69.1 ± 1.7 años. El área del defecto promedio fue de 6.2 ± 0.9 cm2. Sólo se observaron 3 complicaciones (3%): necrosis de colgajo, hematoma con abultamiento de colgajo, y hemorragia postoperatoria. Todas se presentaron en pacientes diferentes, todas en fumadores activos y en región de cabeza y cuello. Discusión: las complicaciones son infrecuentes y suelen corresponder a infecciones del sitio quirúrgico, dehiscencia de suturas, hematoma/hemorragia o necrosis. Si bien el número de pacientes es limitado, nuestros resultados y la revisión de la literatura concuerda en su mayor parte. Destacamos que el tabaquismo activo representa un factor de riesgo para complicaciones. Conclusiones: la cirugía de Mohs tiene una incidencia baja de complicaciones, y la mayoría de estas son menores. Un conocimiento de sus modos de prevención y tratamiento es necesario para llevar a cabo este procedimiento.

Introduction: Mohs micrographic surgery is the gold standard for non-melanoma skin cancer treatment. It may occasionally present complications. Our objective was to describe the complications we observed in our Dermatologic Surgery Unit and compare our results with other studies. Materials and methods: we performed a retrospective analysis of all Mohs surgeries done in our service between November 2013 and April 2016. Clinical, tumoral and surgical data was gathered from the patients' medical history. Results: 100 individual surgeries in 71 patients were registered; 48 males and 23 females. Mean age was 69.1 ± 1.7 years. Mean defect area was 6.2 ± 0.9 cm2. Only 3 complications were seen (3%): flap necrosis, hematoma with flap bulging, and postoperative hemorrhage. All of these occurred in different patients, all of them in active smokers and in the head and neck region. Discussion: complications are infrequent and are usually surgical site infections, suture dehiscence, bleeding/hematoma or necrosis. Although our number of patients is limited, our results are mostly compatible with the literature. We highlight that active smoking represents a risk factor for complications. Conclusions: Mohs surgery has a low incidence of complications, and most of these are minor. A knowledge of prevention and treatment modalities is necessary to perform this procedure.