Construcción y validación de un cuestionario para evaluar burnout académico en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud / Construction and validation of a questionnaire to assess academic burnout in health science students / Construção e validação de um questionário para avaliar o burnout acadêmico em estudantes da área da saúde

Objetivo: el burnout (BA) académico puede presentarse en el contexto universitario, se caracteriza por un estado de agotamiento vital que afecta la salud física y mental de los estudiantes, lo que genera una disminución en el rendimiento académico. Este problema aparece con mayor frecuencia en programas universitarios con altas exigencias académicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir y evaluar la estructura factorial de un cuestionario de BA académico en estudiantes que cursaban los programas de medicina, enfermería y psicología. Metodología: los participantes fueron 710 estudiantes de ciencias de la salud (hombres 40.8 % y mujeres 59.2 %), de 16 a 33 años (M = 20.42 años, DT = 3 años). Se evaluó la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC); además, se calculó la consistencia interna por medio del estadístico alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: el cuestionario burnout académico (CBA-24) quedó conformado por 24 reactivos y una estructura factorial de cuatro dimensiones (agotamiento emocional, cinismo hacia el estudio, cinismo hacia las personas y realización personal). Con la prueba se evaluó el nivel de malestar emocional ante las demandas del entorno académico. Los índices de ajuste alcanzaron valores altos en el modelo propuesto, por lo tanto, el modelo de cuatro factores alcanzó los criterios para considerar que el ajuste es adecuado en todos los índices y mostró una estructura multidimensional. Dichos índices se agruparon de acuerdo con la taxonomía propuesta. Conclusiones: el cuestionario permitió identificar de manera ecológica el constructo de BA ajustado a las demandas de los contextos universitarios.

Objective: Academic burnout (AB) can occur in the university context and is characterized by a state of vital exhaustion that affects the physical and mental health of students, leading to a decrease in academic performance. This problem is more commonly observed in college programs with high academic demands. The aim of this study was to construct and evaluate the factorial structure of a questionnaire for assessing AB in students enrolled in medicine, nursing, and psychology programs. Methodology: The participants consisted of 710 health science students (40.8% male and 59.2% female) aged between 16 and 33 years (M = 20.42 years, SD = 3 years). Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Additionally, internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha statistic. Results: The academic burnout questionnaire (ABQ-24) consisted of 24 items and a four-factor factorial structure (emotional exhaustion, cynicism towards studying, cynicism towards people, and personal accomplishment). The questionnaire assessed the level of emotional distress experienced in response to academic demands. The fit indices achieved high values in the proposed structure, indicating that the four-factor model met the criteria for adequate fit across all indices and exhibited a multidimensional structure. These indices were grouped according to the proposed taxonomy. Conclusions: The questionnaire provided an ecologically valid means of identifying the construct of AB, adapted to the demands of university contexts.

Objetivo: o burnoutacadêmico (BA) pode ocorrer no contexto universitário, é caracteri-zado por um estado de esgotamento vital que afeta a saúdefísica e mentaldos alunos, o que gera uma diminuição no desempenho acadêmico. Esse problema aparece com mais frequência em programas universitários com altas demandas acadêmicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir e avaliar a estrutura fatorial de um questionário acadêmico de graduação em estudantes de medicina, enfermagem e psicologia. Metodologia: Os participantes foram 710 estudantes de ciências da saúde (40,8% ho-mens e 59,2 % mulheres), de 16 a 33 anos (M = 20,42 anos, DT = 3 anos). A validade de construto foi avaliada por meio de análise fatorial exploratória (EFA) e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC); além disso, a consistência interna foi calculada usando a estatística alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: o questionário de burnoutacadêmico (CBA-24) foi composto por 24 itens e uma estrutura fatorial de quatro dimensões (exaustão emocional, cinismo em relação ao estudo, cinismo em relação às pessoas e realização pessoal). Com o teste, avaliou-se o nível de desconforto emocional diante das demandas do ambiente acadêmico. Os índices de ajuste atingiram valores altos no modelo proposto, portanto, o modelo de quatro fatores atendeu aos critérios para considerar que o ajuste é adequado em todos os índices e apresentou uma estrutura multidimensional. Esses índices foram agrupados de acordo com a taxonomia proposta.Conclusões:o questionário permitiu identificar de forma ecológica o construto BA ajustado às demandas dos contextos universitários

Calidad de vida relacionada con edad e ingreso económico en adultos mayores diabéticos. Chillán, Chile, 2019

Fundamento padecer diabetes puede influenciar la percepción del propio individuo y cambiar su rutina diaria, afectando así su calidad de vida; partiendo de ello, la profundización en el tema reviste gran importancia Objetivo determinar la relación entre calidad de vida, edad e ingreso económico en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en 33 adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, en la comunidad de las Mariposas (Chillán, Chile), en el año 2019. Para el análisis de la calidad de vida fue aplicado el instrumento Diabetes 39. Se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Rho de Spearman. Resultados existió predominio del sexo femenino, así como de personas casadas. La edad tuvo un valor medio de 71,45 años. Con respecto al ingreso económico, un 66,7 % de los participantes refirió imposibilidad para costear los gastos del mes. Entre las dimensiones de la calidad de vida analizadas, las más afectadas fueron: severidad de la diabetes (media de 55,05), energía/movilidad (media de 44,1), y calidad de vida (media de 43,9). La edad y el ingreso económico no mostraron una correlación significativa con ninguna de las dimensiones estudiadas. Conclusiones la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se ve afectada, sin que exista una relación significativa con la edad e ingresos económicos.

Background suffering from diabetes can influence the perception of the individual himself and change his daily routine, thus affecting his quality of life; Based on this, the deepening of the subject is of great importance Objective to determine the relationship between quality of life, age and income in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 33 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, in the Las Mariposas community (Chillán, Chile), in 2019. The Diabetes 39 instrument was applied for quality of life analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman's Rho statistical tests were used. Results the female sex was the predominant, as well as married people. Age had a mean value of 71.45 years. In the economic income, 66.7% of the participants reported the impossibility of paying the expenses of the month. Among the life's quality dimensions analyzed, the most affected were: diabetes severity (mean 55.05), energy/mobility (mean 44.1), and quality of life (mean 43.9). Age and income did not show a significant correlation with any of the dimensions studied. Conclusions the older adults' quality of life with type 2 diabetes mellitus is affected, without a significant relationship with age and economic income.

Clinical profile of oral mucosa lesions in elderly patients: a 20-year retrospective study / Perfil clínico das lesões da mucosa oral em pacientes idosos: um estudo retrospectivo de 20 anos

Background: Life expectancy has considerably increased resulting in population aging. Studies evaluating the outcomes of aging in oral health are scarce. Objective: Evaluate retrospectively the profile of elderly patients from a public Oral Medicine Center during a period of 20 years. Methods:A qualitative and quantitative retrospective observational study was conducted analyzing medical records from an oral medicine service from January 1994 to December 2014. Results were reported as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables and percentages for categorical variables. The Chi-square test and T-student test was applied with significance level of 5%. Results: 2,690 medical records were retrieved, comprising of 61% women and 39% men with an average ageof 68.8 ± 6.79 years. Xerostomia was significantly associated, hypoglycemic usage (p<0.0001), anticoagulantusage (p<0.0001), psychotropic usage (p<0.0001) and analgesics and anti-inflammatory usage (p<0.0001). Forcandidiasis, an association with age, xerostomía (p<0.0001), and use of complete dentures was found(p<0.0001). For oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia the tabacco (p<0.0001) and alcohol consumption (p<0.0001) were significant associated. Conclusion:The elderly population was comprised mostly by women that use a large of drugs which wereassociated with xerostomia development. In addition, tabaco and alcohol consumption were associated withoral leukoplakia and OSCC being these two diseases more frequently in men. Dental care services should aimto prevent and treat these complications as way to improve the elderly's quality of life.

Introdução: A expectativa de vida aumentou consideravelmente, resultando no envelhecimento da população. Estudos avaliando os desfechos do envelhecimento na saúde bucal são escassos. Objetivo: Avaliar retrospectivamente o perfil dos pacientes idosos de um Centro de Medicina Oral público durante um período de 20 anos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo qualitativo e quantitativo, analisando os prontuários de um serviço de medicina bucal no período de janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2014. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± desvio padrão para variáveis quantitativas e percentuais para variáveis categóricas. Aplicou-se o teste Qui-quadrado e o teste T-student com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram recuperados 2.690 prontuários, sendo 61% mulheres e 39% homens com idade média de 68,8 ± 6,79 anos. Xerostomia foi significativamente associada, uso de hipoglicemiantes (p<0,0001), uso de anticoagulantes (p<0,0001), uso de psicotrópicos (p<0,0001) e uso de analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios (p<0,0001). Para candidíase, foi encontrada associação com idade, xerostomia (p<0,0001)e uso de prótese total (p<0,0001). Para carcinoma espinocelular oral e leucoplasia oral, o uso de tabaco (p<0,0001) e consumo de álcool (p<0,0001) estiveram associados significativamente. Conclusão: A população idosa foi composta em sua maioria por mulheres que fazem uso de grande quantidade de medicamentos associados ao desenvolvimento de xerostomia. Além disso, o consumo de tabaco e álcool foram associados com leucoplasia oral e OSCC sendo essas duas doenças mais frequentes em homens. Os serviços odontológicos devem ter como objetivo prevenir e tratar essas complicações como forma de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos idosos.

Factores pronósticos de supervivencia en pacientes con reanimación cardiopulmonar en un servicio de emergencias / Survival prognosis factors in patients with cardiopulmonary reanimation in an emergency service

Introducción: Los factores que influyen en que el paciente sobreviva luego de una reanimación cardiopulmonar hasta el alta hospitalaria no han sido descritos con certeza. Objetivo: Identificar los factores relacionados con la supervivencia al alta hospitalaria en pacientes que recibieron reanimación cardiopulmonar en un servicio de emergencias. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de cohortes, prospectivo, en 76 pacientes que recibieron reanimación cardiopulmonar en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes del Hospital Provincial Docente Clínico-Quirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, de enero del 2016 a igual mes del 2018. Resultados: En el análisis univariado los factores que de manera independiente se asociaron a la supervivencia fueron el origen cardíaco (76,5 por ciento), el trazado electrocardiográfico de fibrilación ventricular-taquicardia ventricular sin pulso (64,7 por ciento), la no prolongación de la ventilación y la ausencia de sepsis (con 88,2 por ciento cada uno). Conclusiones: Se identificaron la recuperación neurológica y la no necesidad de drogas vasoactivas como los factores que influyeron directamente en la sobrevida hasta el alta hospitalaria

Introduction: The factors influencing in the survival of the patient after a cardiopulmonary reanimation up to the hospital discharge have not been described with accuracy. Objective: To identify the factors related to the survival at discharge in patients who received cardiopulmonary reanimation in an emergency service. Methods: An analytic cohorts prospective study was carried out in 76 patients who received cardiopulmonary reanimation in the Intensive Care Emergent Unit from Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2016 to same month of 2018. Results: In the univariate analysis the associated factors to survival in an independent way were the heart origin (76.5 percent), the pattern of ventricular fibrillation/ ventricular tachicardia without pulse (64.7 percent), the non-continuation of ventilation and the sepsis absence (with 88.2 percent each of them). Conclusions: The neurological recovery and unnecessary use of vasoactive drugs were identified as the directly influencing factors in the survival up to the hospital discharge

Evaluación de la efectividad de una intervención interactiva para el manejo del estrés en profesionales de la salud / Evaluation of the efectiveness of an interactive intervention for stress management in health professionals

ANTECEDENTES: Los efectos del estrés dependen de la percepción de los estresores y de las habilidades para afrontar situaciones estresantes. OBJETIVO: Evaluar una intervención interactiva para desarrollar recursos y habilidades para un manejo adecuado del estrés en profesionales de la salud. MÉTODO: Esta intervención se probó utilizando un Cédula diseñada para evaluar componentes de Conocimientos, Habilidades y Actitudes sobre manejo del estrés, conformada por 17 afirmaciones para dimensión de Conocimientos, 11 sobre Habilidades para manejo del estrés; y 20 sobre Actitudes para reaccionar ante el estrés. Participaron 165 profesionales y pasantes de carreras afines. Se hicieron análisis estadísticos para comparar los puntajes de los tres componentes antes y después de la intervención utilizando la prueba t de Student, se aplicó la prueba de McNemar para comparar los resultados. RESULTADOS: Sobre la efectividad de la intervención, en los análisis de comparación de los puntajes, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor de la intervención en los tres componentes: Conocimientos (t = -9.77, gl = 164, p = .000), Habilidades (t = -10.19, gl = 164, p = .000) y Actitudes (t = -4.80, gl = 164, p = .000).Los análisis por reactivo mostraron incrementos estadísticamente significativos en el número de respuestas correctas después de la intervención en los tres componentes. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de esta intervención interactiva fueron estadísticamente significativos en Conocimientos, Habilidades y Actitudes para manejo del estrés. Además de ser una intervención innovadora, breve, basada en la traslación del conocimiento (4 semanas), y disponible en Internet, la evidencia de su efectividad hace que se perfile como una herramienta válida para el manejo adecuado del estrés.

BACKGROUND: The effects of stress depend on the perception of stressors and a person's skills for coping with stressful situations. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate an interactive intervention to develop resources and skills for proper stress management among healthcare professionals. METHOD: This intervention was tested using a chart designed to evaluate the knowledge, skills and attitudes components of stress management, consisting of 17 statements about Knowledge, 11 about Stress management; 20 about Attitudes for reacting to stress. A total of 165 professionals and interns from related careers participated. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the scores of the three components before and after the intervention using the Student's t test. McNemar's test was used to compare the results. RESULTS: In regard to the effectiveness of the intervention, an analysis of the comparison of scores found statistically significant differences in favor of intervention in the three components: Knowledge (t = -9.77, df = 164, p = .000), Skills (t = -10.19, df = 164, p = .000) and Attitudes (t = -4.80, df = 164, p = .000). The item analysis showed statistically significant increases in the number of correct answers after the intervention in the three components. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this interactive intervention were statistically significant in Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes for stress management. In addition to being a brief, innovative intervention, based on knowledge translation (4 weeks) and available on the Internet, the evidence of its effectiveness suggests it is a valid tool for proper stress management.

Nivel de pobreza y estado nutricional asociados a parasitosis intestinal en estudiantes, Huánuco, Perú, 2010 / Poverty and nutritional status-related intestinal parasitism in students, Huanuco, Peru, 2010

Introducción: Se ha encontrado una prevalencia alta de parasitosis en escolares de la amazonía; pese a ello, no hay estudios realizados que revisen su asociación con el nivel socioeconómico y estado nutricional. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre nivel de pobreza y estado nutricional con la presencia de parásitos intestinales en estudiantes escolares del caserío Venenillo, Huánuco. Diseño: Estudio transversal-analítico. Lugar: Caserío de Venenillo, Huánuco. Participantes: Estudiantes escolares de la única institución educativa del centro poblado. Intervenciones: A 42 estudiantes se les realizó examen coproparasitológico mediante observación directa con lugol y técnica de sedimentación rápida de Lumbreras. El nivel de pobreza fue determinado mediante el índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI); y el grado de desnutrición, por medio del índice de Waterlow. El análisis estadístico fue realizado mediante el coeficiente gamma de Goodman y Kruskal. Principales medidas de resultados: Relación de parasitosis intestinal con pobreza y estado nutricional. Resultados: Los parásitos intestinales estuvieron presentes en 97,6%. Se encontró asociación significativa entre el nivel de parasitismo y el nivel de pobreza (p=0,02; gamma=0,82). No se encontró asociación significativa entre nivel de desnutrición y parasitismo (p=0,77). Conclusiones: La parasitosis intestinal se asoció al nivel de pobreza, no así con el nivel de desnutrición en la población de estudio.

Introduction: Studies have reported high prevalence of parasitic disease in students from the jungle although none has associated it with poverty and nutritional factors. Objectives: To determine the relationship between poverty and nutritional factors with the presence of intestinal parasites in students from a Huanuco village. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Venenillo hamlet, Huanuco, Peru. Participants: Students from the only school in Venenillo. Interventions: Parasitological examination by Lugol’s iodine direct examination and Lumbreras' fast sedimentation technique was performed in 42 students. Level of poverty was determined by the unsatisfied basic needs index and degree of malnutrition by the Waterlow index. Statistical analysis was performed using Goodman and Kruskal’s gamma coefficient. Main outcome measures: Intestinal parasitosis association with poverty and nutritional status. Results: Presence of intestinal parasites was 97.6%. A strong association was found between parasitism and level of poverty (p=0.02, gamma=0.82). There was no significant association between level of malnutrition and parasitism. Conclusions: Association between intestinal parasitosis and poverty was encountered in the studied population.

A six-year retrospective study of maxillofacial fractures from radiographic findings in Brazil / Estudo retrospectivo de seis anos de fraturas maxilofaciais provenientes de achados radiográficos realizado no Brasil

Objective: this study aimed to present the causes and prevalence of maxillofacial fractures that occurred in the region of Araraquara-SP ? Brazil, during a 6-year period. Methods: information regarding age, gender, etiology, and maxillofacial fracture site, as well as type of radiographic examination were evaluated. Data were gathered from the radiographic examination and radiographic report of the Division of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, and from charts of the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of patients attending for maxillofacial fractures from 2004 to 2009. A descriptive statistical analysis was developed using Epi-Info 3.5.1. Results: from a total of 11,728 patients assisted, 407 patients presented maxillofacial fractures. The prevalent age ranged from 21 to 30 years old. From the total patients, 322 were men and 85 were women (ratio of men to women was 3.8:1). Panoramic radiography (n = 306) was most frequently used to observe maxillofacial fractures. Mandibular fractures were frequent in the body of the mandible (n = 127), followed by symphysis (n = 102), and the prevalent cause was traffic accidents (n = 161). Conclusion: more than half of affected individuals were younger than 40 years of age. The body of the mandible was the most common fracture location vi sualized by panoramic radiography for traffic accidentsand fights.

Factores asociados a la percepción de eficacia materna durante el posparto / Factors associated to maternal perceptions of efficacy in the postpartum

The objective was to study maternal efficacy at two moments during the postpartum: at 6 weeks, and at between 4 and 6 months after delivery and its relationship with various socio-demographic and psychological factors in Mexican postpartum women. Maternal self-efficacy (MSE) is a concept that alludes to the mother's ability to perform her maternal role. It is defined as the judgment that the mother formulates concerning her own competence and the effectiveness with which she copes with the demands and needs of the infant. Some studies show that mothers who perceive themselves as possessing high self-efficacy exhibit more effective behaviors, as well as a greater ability to adapt and a capacity to respond and interpret the needs of the infant, as well as to encourage and stimulate him or her. Some of the factors that influence the perception of self-efficacy are social support, especially when provided by significant others, and when the support networks reinforce the belief that the task is being carried out adequately. Educational attainment and living with a partner ad similarly. On the other hand, variables that have a negative effect include depression and high stress levels. In one way or another, MSE affects child rearing practices: those who perceive themselves to be effective are more involved in the activities of their children, in their cognitive stimulation at home during the pre-school period. Thus, MSE during the postpartum period exerts an influence on the mother-child relationship and the development of the latter, with long-term consequences. In short, the study of the perception of maternal self-efficacy is not only of theoretical interest, but also, knowledge of the manner in which it takes place and the factors that act upon it opens up the possibility of influencing the MSE, improving the maternal role and the infants'well-being. In Mexico, we were unable to find published data on this subject, which is why it is particularly important to study it. Materials and methods Participants. The study is a secondary data analyses from a research directed toward evaluating a psycho-educational intervention during pregnancy. The sample included women attending prenatal care at three health care institutions in Mexico City. Participants were interviewed at 6 weeks (n= 149) and at between 4-6 months postpartum (n = 156). Inclusion criteria were being >18 years of age, not being <26 weeks pregnant, having completed primary school and having depressive symptomatology and/or a prior history of depression. Exclusion criteria were presenting bipolar disorder or substance abuse. The sample was taken as a sole group, independent of whether the participants had taken part in intervention (eight psycho-educational group sessions oriented toward preventing postpartum depression)or control conditions (treatment as usual provided by the institution), because no differences were found between these groups in terms of relevant variables (e.g. symptoms of depression). Instruments. These included measurements in the following areas: 1. socio-demographic information; 2. the Maternal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; 3. the Beck Depression Inventory second edition (BDI-II); 4. Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS) and the Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve (Family APGAR); 5. Anxiety scale, the Hopkins Symptoms Check List-90 (HSCL-90); 6. the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and 7. stressing events, with a 12 item scale. Procedure. After selection of participants based on inclusion criteria, these were assigned randomly to either the control or the intervention group. After delivery, the aforementioned instruments were applied to participants by means of an interview at the two moments of the postpartum period. Two logistic regression analyses were conducted (one for each postnatal point) to evaluate the relationship between socio-demographic (age, schooling, civil status, number of pregnancies) and psychological (symptoms of depression and anxiety, self-esteem, stressing events, social support) variables on MSE. Additionally, pertaining to the intervention and control condition was introduced in the analyzes in order to control for the possible effect of participation in the intervention. Results With respect to sample characteristics, there was a similar number of women <26 (47.3%) than women aged >26 years (52.7%); the majority had > 1 0 years of schooling (66.7%), had a partner (married or cohabitating) (86%), and had less than one pregnancy (62.7%). Logistic regression analyzes for 6 weeks postpartum showed that not having a partner (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.98), postpartum depressive symptomatology (OR = 2.39), stressful events (OR = 2.18), and belonging to the control group (OR=4.37) were related to a low maternal self-efficacy; for the period of 4-6 months postpartum, not having a partner (OR = 2.97), less schooling (OR = 2.18), and postpartum depressive symptomatology (OR=3.97) were associated with the variable under study. Discussion Postnatal depressive symptomatology and not having a partner predicted low perception of maternal self-efficacy at 6 weeks and at 4-6 months postpartum, which indicates that its effect is more chronic. The repercussion of depression can be explained by the reduction of the sensation of maternal capacity that it produces, while not having a partner, which is one of the most important supports for the adaptation of the women to maternity, renders maternal performance difficult. The presence of stressful events at 6 postnatal weeks also hampers the perception of self-efficacy in the care of the infant, which is explicable because of the great demands to which the mother is submitted due to the baby's young age during this period. For its part, limited schooling exerted adverse effects 4-6 months after delivery. It has been documented that this variable is closely associated with mental health in general; it reduces the resources for coping with stress and deteriorates self-esteem. Finally, being part of the control group, that is, not having participated in the psycho-educational intervention, negatively influenced maternal self-efficacy, but had no effect at 4-6 months postpartum. This result that shows that in a first instance participating in a certain condition affected the dependent variable plus the fact that the selection criterion for the main study was that they all scored in depressive symptoms restricts the generalization of these findings. The implications of these findings are that perception of maternal self-efficacy could be improved through specific programs directed toward women displaying limited educational attainment, lack of a partner, postpartum depressive symptoms, and stressing events. The benefit would not only translate into a more positive feeling of the mother with respect to her abilities, but also, theoretically, into a better performance of her maternal role, and consequently, into the well-being and development of their infants.

El objetivo es estudiar la percepción de la eficacia materna (PEM) en el posparto y su relación con diversas variables sociodemográficas y psicológicas. La PEM se define como el juicio que la madre formula sobre su propia competencia y efectividad para enfrentar las demandas y necesidades del infante. Conocerla facilita la comprensión de su actitud y sus respuestas frente a los requerimientos de los hijos. Evaluar los factores que la afectan abre la posibilidad de influir sobre la misma para mejorar el desempeño materno y, por ende, el bienestar de los infantes. Método Participantes. El estudio es un análisis secundario de datos de una investigación dirigida a evaluar una intervención psicoeducativa durante el embarazo. La muestra incluyó a mujeres que asistían a atención prenatal en tres instituciones de salud de la Ciudad de México. Fueron entrevistadas a las seis semanas (N = 149) y entre los cuatro y seis meses posparto (N = 156). Un criterio de inclusión fue presentar síntomas de depresión. La muestra se tomó como un solo grupo independiente- mente de que las participantes hubieran tomado parte en la condición de intervención (ocho sesiones psicoeducativas orientadas a prevenir la depresión posparto) o control (tratamiento regular de la institución), por no encontrarse diferencias entre las mismas en las variables relevantes (por ejemplo, síntomas de depresión). Instrumentos. Se incluyeron las siguientes áreas: 1. Información sociodemográfica, 2. Cuestionario de Eficacia Materna [Maternal Efficacy Questionnarié), 3. Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB-II), 4. Apoyo social [Social Support Apgar), 5. Escala de Ansiedad [Hopkins Symptoms Check Lisf-90¡, 6. Inventario de Autoestima (Coopersmith) y 7. Sucesos estresantes. Se condujeron dos análisis de regresión logística (uno para cada punto de medición posnatal) para evaluar la relación de las variables sociodemográficas (edad, escolaridad, estado civil, número de embarazo) y psicológicas (síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, autoestima, sucesos estresantes, apoyo social) sobre la percepción de eficacia materna. Adicionalmente, la pertenencia al grupo de intervención o control se introdujo en los análisis para evaluar el posible su efecto sobre la variable dependiente. Resultados A las seis semanas posparto dicho análisis mostró que no tener pareja y presentar sintomatología depresiva y sucesos estresantes, así como pertenecer al grupo control, se relacionaron con baja percepción de eficacia materna. En el periodo de cuatro a seis meses posparto, no tener pareja, una menor escolaridad y sintomatología depresiva fueron las que se relacionaron con dicha variable. Discusión La sintomatología depresiva posparto y no tener pareja predijeron baja percepción de eficacia materna en ambos momentos en que se midieron, lo que indica que su efecto es más crónico. Los síntomas de depresión influyen en la sensación de capacidad de la madre, mientras que, al ser la pareja uno de los apoyos más importantes en este momento, su ausencia dificulta su desempeño, al recaer sobre ella todas las responsabilidades. Los sucesos estresantes a las seis semanas posnatales también dificultan la percepción de eficacia ya que se conjuntan con las grandes demandas a las que la madre está sometida por la corta edad del bebé. Pertenecer al grupo de intervención y control sí tuvo un efecto sobre la eficacia a las seis semanas: pertenecer al segundo tuvo uno menos favorable sobre la variable en estudio. Este resultado, ¡unto con el hecho de que la muestra del estudio primario tenía como requisito para su conformación que las mujeres presentaran síntomas de depresión, restringe la generalización de los mismos. Una de las implicaciones de estos datos es que la percepción de eficacia materna podría mejorarse con programas dirigidos a mujeres que presenten baja escolaridad, que no tengan pareja y padezcan síntomas de depresión posnatales o sucesos estresantes.

Retention rates and potential predictors in a longitudinal randomized control trial to prevent postpartum depression / Tasas de retención y variables que la predicen en un estudio aleatorio controlado longitudinal para prevenir la depresión posparto

Perinatal depression is increasingly recognized as a significant public mental health problem; consequently, there is a major interest in developing strategies to prevent postpartum depression that may help reduce its detrimental consequences. However, the unique experiences associated with the perinatal period make it more difficult to recruit participants at this stage and to retain them over time when assessing prevention interventions. The aim of the study is to examine retention rates and predictors of retention in a longitudinal, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to prevent postnatal depression. Method Participants: Pregnant women (N = 377) at risk of depression were randomized to intervention or usual care condition and assessed during pregnancy and at 6 weeks and 4-6 months postpartum. Intervention: The intervention was designed by modifying a previously evaluated one and includes information on normal pregnancy and the postpartum period, from psychoanalytic and risk factors perspectives. It attempts to reduce depression levels by increasing positive thinking and pleasant activities, improving self-esteem, increasing self-care, learning skills to strengthen social support, and exploring unrealistic expectations about pregnancy and motherhood. It is delivered in eight two-hour weekly group sessions during pregnancy. Measures: Depressive symptoms were measured using the second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II); anxiety symptoms with the corresponding subscale of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90) and social support with the Social Support Apgar (SSA). A short form of 12 items representing potential stressors was used as a measurement of stressful life events and the Abbreviated Version of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (A-DAS) measured partner relationship. Results Retention rates -defined in three ways- were: (1) Total retention (percentage of participants completing the 4-6 month postpartum interview) was 41.7% (31.2% intervention and 61.4% control); (2) Retention from randomization to (a) completion of initial evaluation and attendance of > 1 intervention sessions was 42.4%; and (b) completion of initial evaluation (control) was 82.2%; and (3) Follow-up retention: (a) intervention participants attending > 1 sessions that completed the intervention as well as the 4-6 months postpartum interview was 73.5%; and (b) control participants assesses in this period was 66.6%. For those who came to at least one intervention session 83% completed the intervention. The predictors of total retention were: being single, more educated, and poor partner relationship quality. For the intervention condition, predictors of (a) retention from randomization to attendance to > 1 sessions were anxiety and stressful life events, and (b) for follow-up retention was being employed. Conclusions In the present study, retention of participants was even lower than what has been found in similar interventions. However, attendance rates of the course, once the participants had attended one session, were very good. In terms of predictors of retention, women at high risk of depression (single, with poor partner quality relationship, more stressful life events and high anxiety) were more committed to participating in the study. Consequently, in order to increase retention rates, future interventions should target women that present such risk factors. Nevertheless, those with low educational attainment and homemakers, who are a vulnerable group, were difficult to retain and thus remain a challenge in postpartum depression prevention studies. We conclude that rates and predictors of retention differed depending on points of measurement, suggesting different strategies to optimize participation.

La depresión perinatal cobra cada día mayor reconocimiento como un problema importante de salud mental pública; en consecuencia, ha crecido el interés por desarrollar estrategias para prevenir la depresión posparto, que lleven a evitar sus consecuencias adversas. Sin embargo, las peculiaridades del periodo perinatal dificultan tanto el reclutamiento como la retención de esta población a lo largo del tiempo, cuando se evalúan intervenciones preventivas. El objetivo del estudio es examinar las tasas de retención y las variables que predicen las mismas en un estudio longitudinal aleatorio controlado (EAC) para prevenir la depresión posparto. Método Participantes: Trescientas setenta y siete embarazadas que mostraron riesgo de depresión fueron aleatorizadas a grupos de intervención y control y evaluadas durante el embarazo y a las 6 semanas y a los 4-6 meses después del parto. La muestra se tomó de salas de espera de tres instituciones que proporcionan atención prenatal. Intervención: La intervención se desarrolló a partir de modificar una anterior dirigida a mujeres con depresión para incluir información sobre el embarazo y puerperio normales desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica y de factores de riesgo de depresión posparto. Pretende reducir la depresión al reforzar los pensamientos positivos y las actividades agradables, mejorar la autoestima y el autocuidado, desarrollar habilidades que fortalezcan el apoyo social y explorar las expectativas poco realistas sobre el embarazo y la maternidad. Se imparte en ocho sesiones grupales durante el embarazo, dos horas por semana. Instrumentos: Los síntomas de depresión se midieron con la segunda versión del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB-II), los de ansiedad con la correspondiente subescala del Hopkins Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90) y el apoyo social con la escala de Apoyo Social Apgar (SSA). Una selección de 12 reactivos sobre estresores potenciales y dificultades persistentes se usó para medir sucesos vitales y la Escala de Ajuste Diádico (A-DAS) para evaluar la satisfacción con la relación de pareja. Resultados Las tasas de retención definidas de tres maneras fueron: 1. La retención total (participantes aleatorizadas que concluyeron con todo el procedimiento hasta la entrevista a los 4-6 meses posparto) fue de 41.7% (31.2% intervención y 61.4% control). 2. La retención desde la aleatorización hasta (a) completar la entrevista inicial y asistir a > 1 sesión de intervención fue de 42.4% y (b) completar la evaluación inicial (control) fue de 82.2% (c). 3. La retención hasta el seguimiento: (a) proporción que inició y completó la intervención, esto es, que asistió a > 4 sesiones, así como a la entrevista a los 4-6 meses posparto fue de 73.5% y (b) participantes del grupo control que fueron entrevistadas en este periodo fue de 66.6%. Para quienes asistieron a por lo menos una sesión, la tasa de asistencia a la intervención fue de 83%. Las variables que predijeron la retención totalfueron: ser soltera, tener mayor nivel de escolaridad y la mala relación de pareja. En el grupo de intervención, las variables que predijeron (a) la retención desde la aleatorización hasta asistir a > 1 sesión de intervención fueron la presencia de ansiedad y de sucesos estresantes, y (b) la retención hasta el seguimiento aumentó en mujeres que estaban o habían estado empleadas los últimos seis meses. Conclusiones Los resultados son consistentes con los de trabajos anteriores respecto a la dificultad para retener mujeres embarazadas y en el puerperio en ensayos a lo largo del tiempo. En el presente estudio la tasa de retención fue aún más baja de lo que han encontrado otros autores, sobre todo debido a la enorme pérdida de participantes que firmaron el consentimiento informado y fueron aleatorizadas y no asistieron a ninguna sesión de la intervención. Al mismo tiempo, es interesante notar que la tasa de asistencia a la intervención, una vez que las participantes se presentaron a una primera sesión, fue muy alta. Esto habla de la alta aceptación que ésta tuvo entre las participantes. En cuanto a los factores que predijeron la retención, las mujeres con alto riesgo de depresión (sin pareja, con una relación mala con la pareja, con más sucesos estresantes y síntomas de ansiedad) fueron las más comprometidas en participar en el estudio. Por lo tanto, una manera de mejorar la tasa de retención es a través de dirigirla a mujeres que presenten estos factores de riesgo. Por otro lado, fue difícil retener a aquellas con bajo nivel de escolaridad y a las amas de casa, que también son una población vulnerable. Saber cómo mejorar la retención de este grupo sigue siendo un reto para estudios posteriores de prevención de la depresión posparto. Podemos concluir que las tasas y los factores que predicen la retención varían dependiendo de la manera en que se definan, lo que sugiere que las estrategias para optimizar la retención deben adecuarse a cada una de estas definiciones.

Síntomas depresivos en el embarazo y factores asociados, en pacientes de tres instituciones de salud de la ciudad de México

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: Background Depression is a frequent condition in pregnancy, at least as frequent as it is among non-pregnant women. Studies on its prevalence show rates from 2% to 21% of major depression and 8% to 31% of depressive symptomatology. In Mexico, a prevalence of 22% has been estimated on the basis of a self-report scale. Risk factors for depression in pregnancy include previous history of depression, parental separation during childhood, single mother-hood, not wishing to be pregnant, lack of social support and low educational attainment. Objective Due to the consequences of depression on pregnancy and to the scarce studies available in Mexico, the aim of this study was to examine the presence of depression in pregnant women as well as the risk factors associated with the latter. Material and methods Three hundred pregnant women receiving ante-natal care were interviewed in the waiting rooms of three institutions (one third level hospital, a health center and a clinic specializing in women). The instrument included a scale of depression (CES-D) and the following risk factors: previous depression symptoms, parental separation before the age of 11, possible depression and problem-atic alcohol consumption in expectant motliers parents, unplanned pregnancy and lack of social support. Results A total of 30.7% of the interviewees showed significant depressive symptomatology (CES-D > 16). Fifty-nine percent mentioned having suffered from depressive symptomatology in the past. Some degree of disability in the past month was reported by 19% of those that mentioned depression symptoms. The mean number of days they stopped performing their everyday activities was 11.21 (SD = 10.68) with a range of 1 to 30 days. Seven women (21.2%) stated that they could not engage in their activities because of their depression every single day of the past month. As for suicidal ideation at any time in their lives, the following symptoms were displayed: half said that they had thought a great deal about death, a quarter said that they had wanted to die, nearly a fifth had intended to take their own life and 7.7% had injured themselves in order to take their own lives. During the previous month, the frequency of these behaviors had considerably declined, almost to zero, and only "thinking frequently about death" was common (18%). The variables associated with depression symptoms (CES-D) were: previous symptoms of depression (t = -4-40, p > 0.000), separation from the father before the age of 11 (t = -2.68; p > 0.008), possible depression in mother (t = -3.24, p > 0.001), possible depression in father (t = -2.41, p > 0.016), problematic alcohol consumption in father (t= -2.23, p > 0.040), unplanned pregnancy (t=-2.43, p>0-015), lack of emotional social support (t = 2.87, p > 0.005) and lack of practical social support (t = 2.94, p > 0.005). The evaluation of a risk model of these factors on depressive symptomatology through logistic regression (with the step-by-step method) showed that the following variables were significant: possible depression in the mother (of the expec-tant mother) which increases the risk of displaying depression in pregnancy 0.8 times, previous depressive symptomatology, which increases it 1.08 times, lack of practical social support, which increases it 1.71 times and not having a partner, which increases it 1.51 times. Discussion and conclusions The results, as regards mental health, showed that depressive symptoms occured in nearly a third of pregnant women; this percentage is higher than the 22% found in Mexico in previous studies. Although this symptomatology does not necessarily meet the criteria for major depression, it has been considered to be of sufficient clinical importance, as it has been associated with disability, psychiatric and physical co-morbidity; demand for treat-ment for and risk of future depression and in this case, with post-partum depression. A fifth of the subjects displayed more serious symptomatology in terms of disability, as the women mentioned not being able to engage in their everyday activities, working or studying. The mean number of days in which they were unable to carry out their activities was eleven during the previous month. This data suggests that this population with greater pathology should be detected and referred for specialized mental care by antenatal care services. Suicidal ideation during the previous month decreased considerably, in comparison with that reported at any time in theit lives, which agrees with reports that state that self-damaging behaviors and suicide attempts tend to be very low during pregnancy. As for pathological antecedents, 59% considered that they had suffered from depressive symptomatology in the past, in addition to having experienced suicidal ideation to varying degrees. It is significant that nearly 8% had previously attempted suicide. Both, previous depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation in the past, were associated with current depression symptoms in the expectant mother, as has been reported in other countries. Unplanned pregnancy was also related to depression (CES-D). As literature suggests, not wishing to be pregnant is related to this disorder and although not planning a pregnancy is not synonymous with not wishing for it, according to these data, lack of planning also increases depressive symptoms. Among childhood situations, parental separation or loss of the father before the age of 11 was a significant variable as regards symptomatology in pregnancy; this was similar to what other authors have reported. Separation from the mother was not related to these symptoms, contrary to what other studies have reported in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. Adversity in childhood in the form of parents' mental pathology or substance use has been associated with depression among the general population. The results obtained here show a significant relationship between problematic alcohol consumption in the father and possible depression in the mother or father -as perceived by the interviewee herself- and depression symptoms in the expectant mother. During pregnancy and above all, post-partum, women have a real need to receive both emotional and practical support. This study, like others showed that the lack of this support increased the risk of depression. The construction of a model with some of these variables showed that being a single or divorced mother, having had a mother who may have been depressed, having displayed depressive symptoms in the past and the lack of practical support increased the risk of depressive symptomatology. By way of a conclusion, one can say that although there are similarities between depression in pregnancy and at other moments in women's lives, its presence during this period is particu-larly important due to the new demands the woman has to cope with and the adverse effects it has on the development of pregnancy, and the high risk of experiencing depression during the post-partum. Designing intervention programs for expectant mothers could have an enormous effect on improving the mental health of mothers and their babies, a reason why it is important to take into account the risk factors described in this study.

Influencia de los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social en una intervención psicoeducativa para mujeres con depresión / The influence of life events and social support in a psycho-educational intervention for women with depression

OBJETIVO: Investigar la influencia del apoyo social y los sucesos vitales sobre los síntomas de depresión: pretratamiento, postratamiento (15-30 días) y seguimiento (cuatro meses), en una intervención psicoeducativa para depresión. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 254 mujeres con síntomas de depresión, de entre quienes solicitaron atención para dichos síntomas, en tres centros comunitarios de salud mental y un centro de salud de la Secretaría de Salud, en la Ciudad de México, entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2000. La intervención había mostrado previamente su eficacia en reducir los síntomas de depresión. Dichos síntomas se evaluaron con la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D), y los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social con escalas específicas para estos aspectos. Se realizaron análisis de regresión jerárquica para probar los diversos modelos. RESULTADOS: Modelo 1: efecto de sucesos vitales, apoyo social y variables sociodemográficas (edad, escolaridad, ingreso y ocupación) sobre CES-D pretratamiento. El modelo fue significativo (p<0.000) y las dos primeras variables y edad entraron en el modelo. Modelo 2: efecto de las mismas variables predictoras sobre CES-D postratamiento. El modelo fue significativo (p<0.001); apoyo social y sucesos vitales fueron incluidas en este modelo. Modelo 3: efecto de las mismas variables sobre CES-D en seguimiento. El modelo fue significativo (p<0.000) y las variables significativas fueron sucesos vitales y escolaridad. Modelo 4: efecto de apoyo social y sucesos vitales en seguimiento sobre CES-D en seguimiento. El modelo también fue significativo (p<0.000) y ambas variables entraron en el modelo. Análisis adicionales para los modelos 2 y 3, introduciendo CES-D pretratamiento como variable predictora, mostraron que sólo ésta fue significativa. CONCLUSIONES: Los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social se relacionan con los síntomas de depresión iniciales y también afectan la reducción de dichos síntomas, posteriores a la intervención psicoeducativa. Esto último, en gran medida, se debe a la alta correlación de los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social con la CES-D inicial. Los sucesos y la falta de apoyo en el seguimiento también tienen influencia sobre la CES-D en este periodo.

Queilite actínica / Actinic cheilits

A queilite actínica é uma alteração causada pela exposição crônica aos raios violeta, afetando mais indivíduos do sexo masculino e de pele clara. Este trabalho objetivou o estudo e a apresentação de um caso clínico dessa alteração no lábio inferior, com diagnóstico histopatológico de queilite actínica sem atipias. Foram também discutidos as diferentes formas clínicas, os aspectos histológicos, os possíveis tratamentos além da proservação e da responsabilidade do Cirurgião Dentista nesses casos

Avaliaçäo do conhecimento sobre a infecçäo HIV de estudantes de odontologia antes e após palestra informativa / Evaluation of the dental students' knowledge on HIV infection, analysis before and after in informative lecture

O conhecimento sobre a infecçäo HIV é essencial aos profissionais de odontologia para que estejam preparados quanto ao uso das medidas de controle da infecçäo cruzada. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os conhecimentos gerais e específicos dos alunos de graduaçäo da FOAr-UNESP quanto à infecçäo HIV, antes e após assistirem a uma palestra informativa. Foram entregues na 1a etapa 160 questionários e recolhidos posteriormente. Na 2a etapa, três meses depois, foi ministrada a palestra sobre a infecçäo HIV com duraçäo de 15 min e entregues 160 questionários para os mesmos alunos e recolhidos posteriormente. O índice total de acerto nos questionários preenchidos antes da palestra foi de 49 por cento e de erro de 45,86 por cento. Após a palestra o índice de acerto foi de 54,4 por cento e de erro 40,76 por cento. Concluímos que, mesmo após a palestra informativa, os estudantes apresentaram um índice de erro alto e pouca assimilaçäo sobre o assunto, indicando que, apenas 15 minutos de palestra näo foram suficientes para uma modificaçäo significante no conhecimento dos estudantes. Assim, os alunos de graduaçäo necessitam de um reforço nos conhecimentos sobre a infecçäo HIV, envolvendo atualizaçäo contínua dos aspectos informativos

Avaliação da efetividade de métodos de controle de infecção em alicates ortôndicos / Evaluation of the efficiency of infection control methods in orthodontic pliers

A Ortodontia é uma especialidade com risco de contaminação cruzada, porém seu controle de infecção ainda é insuficiente por grande parte dos profissionais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a efetividade de métodos de controle de infecção em alicates ortôndicos para Estreptococus orais. Utilizaram-se 3 grupos de alicates que, após uso clínico, foram submetidos a diferentes condutas: Grupo A (n=31) exposição ao ar por 2 horas; Grupo D (n=29) desinfecção em álcool 70 por cento iodado; Grupo E (n=30) esterilização em autoclave. A avalição microbiológica consistiu em semeadura da parte ativa do alicate em meio seletivo para Estreptococos orais (caldo mitis salivarius) e, após a incubação, verificou-se a presença ou não desses microorganismos. Através dos resultados, pôde-se concluir que os grupos A, D e E apresentaram respectivamente 93,55 por cento, 24,14 por cento e 0 por cento de contaminação. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os 3 grupos (H=43.221 P<.05). Comparando-se A x D e A x E também houve diferença com significância em nível estatístico, o que não ocorreu entre D x E (teste de comparação Dunn's). Podemos concluir que a efetividade dos métodos de controle de infecção utilizados somente esteve em um patamar aceitável quando a esterilização (calor úmido sob pressão) foi realizada

El consumo de tabaco de la población estudiantil de la ciudad de México / Consumption of tabacco in students of Mexico City

Se presentan los resultados de la encuesta efectuada a finales de 1997, a los estudiantes de enseñanza media y media superior de la ciudad de México, sobre el consumo de tabaco, y las variables asociadas. Se analizó la información sobre la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco, la percepción del riesgo de fumar, y la tolerancia social al tabaquismo; el consumo de tabaco entre los familiares, y la forma en la que los estudiantes consiguen los cigarros. El 55.4 por ciento de los estudiantes había fumado tabaco alguna véz en su vida, 36.3 por ciento fumó el año anterior a la encuesta y 21.9 por ciento lo hizo en el mes anterior al estudio. Se observó que de la medición de 1991 a la de 1997, el consumo de tabaco aumentó en los hombres y en las mujeres, pero más en las mujeres: en 1991, 39.8 por ciento de las mujeres dijeron haber fumado alguna vez en la vida, y en 1997 dijeron haberlo hecho 52.3 por ciento, lo que representa un aumento de 12.5 por ciento. Es importante señalar que la edad influye mucho para empezar a fumar: 60 por ciento de los jóvenes fumadores empezaron generalmente a los 13 y a los 14 años (31.9 por ciento y 35.7 por ciento, respectivamente). Los factores que pueden propiciar que los adolescentes fumen son: que sus familiares fumen: 28.6 por ciento de los estudiantes informaron que por lo menos un familiar fumaba en su casa, 15.2 por ciento dijo que dos, y 5.8 por ciento que tres, y 7.6 por ciento que más de cuatro personas de su familia fumaban. Como se puede ver, más de 55 por ciento de los estudiantes están en contacto con familiares que fuman...

Nível de informaçäo e comportamento dos dentistas brasileiros em relaçäo à AIDS e à infecçäo pelo HIV / Information level and behavior of brazilian dentists relating to AIDS and HIV infection

A prática odontológica é uma atividade que apresenta elevado risco de contaminaçäo para várias doenças infecto-contagiosas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar, pela aplicaçäo de um questionário específico, o nível de informaçäo e o comportamento de dentistas brasileiros em relaçäo a pacientes HIV e com AIDS. Duzentos e noventa e cinco dentistas brasileiros foram entrevistados a respeito de aspectos básicos da AIDS e da infecçäo pelo HIV, durante o Congresso Paulista de Odontologia. As respostas revelaram que há despreparo, preconceito e medo relacionados ao tratamento de pacientes HIV. Contudo, esse problema näo ocorre somente no Brasil, mas em muitos outros países nos quais estudos semelhantes foram desenvolvidos. Nossos resultados, assim como os de outros estudos, mostraram a necessidade da implantaçäo de programas sistemáticos de esclarecimento aos dentistas

Evoluçäo quantitativa da participaçäo das mulheres nos cursos de Odontologia das Faculdades do Estado de Säo Paulo (1950 a 1990) / The evaluate the increasing number of woman in the Dentistry Graduated School of the State of Säo Paulo (1950 a 1990)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a participaçäo das mulheres nos cursos de Odontologia das Faculdades Públicas do Estado de Säo Paulo (USP, Unicamp e Unesp) no período de 1950 a 1990. Foram analisados os números de homens e mulheres recém-formados nos cursos de Odontologia durante 40 anos. Constatamos que a participaçäo das mulheres aumentou consideravelmente a partir de 1970, evidenciando na década de 80 uma inversäo na predominância do sexo masculino observada até entäo. O aumento do contingente feminino nos cursos de Odontologia provavelmente relaciona-se com a igualdade de oportunidades profissionais surgidas em várias carreiras