ABSTRACT
Background: Osteoporosis has become a major public health problem and is increasingly being recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality among women. Data on prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among women varies in different age groups and states across India. Objective: To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among females in Manipur. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2700 pre and postmenopausal women with intact ovaries in the age range of 21 to 70 years in three districts of Manipur namely Imphal West, Thoubal and Churachandpur districts. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by using Lunar Prodigy DXA, GE Healthcare Company, USA. Descriptive statistics like mean(SD), percentage were used. Anova and post-hoc tests were used to determine significance of the findings. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of osteoporosis was 23.7%, 21.1%, 19% for Imphal, Thoubal and Churachandpur districts respectively. However, high prevalence of low BMD among the study population were noted; 61.9% for Imphal, 58.2% for Thoubal and 57.9% for the Churachandpur district. Statistically significant association was found between age groups 25-39 and 40-59 years with three districts and osteoporosis; age groups and osteoporosis when all districts are combined. Conclusion: Overall prevalence rate of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 21.3% and 36.6% respectively. Among the districts, it was highest in Imphal followed by Thoubal and Churachanpur districts, representing urban, rural and hill region.
ABSTRACT
Background: There is limited data on the comparative efficacy of various interventions used in the management of adhesive capsulitis. Recently intra-articular steroid injection and suprascapular nerve block have become popular in the management of adhesive capsulitis. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve block and intra-articular shoulder joint steroid injection in the management of adhesive capsulitis. Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted among 60 patients having adhesive capsulitis attending PMR OPD, RIMS. The study group received USG-guided SSNB and control group received IASI. Outcome measures were shoulder range of motion, VAS and SPADI which were measured at baseline and at 4 week follow up. Inter group analysis was done using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and p-value <0.05 were considered as statistically significance.Results: During the subsequent follow-up at 4 weeks there was significant improvement in passive range of motion in both control and study group. The SPADI and VAS also improved significantly at 4 week in both groups. However, the mean change was statistically significant more in study group compared to control group (85.67±10.15 vs 16.9±1.73) respectively at 4 weeks follow-up. Conclusion: Both SSNB and IASI have efficacy in management of adhesive capsulitis. But supra-scapular nerve block was more effective than intra-articular injection at 4 weeks follow up. Therefore, it should be considered prior to steroid injection as it has more pain relief, improvement in ranges and potentially lesser contraindications and side effects as compared to IASI.