ABSTRACT
Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) deorsa (Pérez, Ogusuku, Monje & Young, 1991) was described on the basis of a single male; the female is being described here from specimens collected in Ollantaytambo, Cusco, Peru. Diagnoses for the Pintomyia genus, Pifanomyia subgenus, Verrucarum series and both sexes of Pi. deorsa are presented, as well as an identification key to distinguish the females of the Verrucarum series.
Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) deorsa (Pérez, Ogusuku, Monje & Young, 1991) fue descrita en base a un solo espécimen macho; la hembra es descrita aquí a partir de especímenes colectados en Ollantaytambo, Cusco, Perú. El diagnóstico para en género Pintomyia, el subgénero Pifanomyia, la série Verrucarum y ambos sexos de Pi. deorsa son presentados, así como claves para la identificación y separación de las hembras de la serie Verrucarum.
ABSTRACT
Las restricciones de la sostenibilidad acerca del uso de insecticidas incluyen los efectos en la salud humana, los ecosistemas agrícolas (ejemplo, los insectos beneficiosos), el medio ambiente, en su sentido más amplio (por ejemplo, las especies que no son el objetivo, paisajes y comunidades) y la selección de los rasgos que confieren la resistencia a los insecticidas. Es posible encontrar ejemplos donde los insecticidas han tenido un impacto desastroso en todas aquellas variables y otros ejemplos donde los peligros que representaban han sido mitigados (por accidente o por diseño). En esta revisión examinamos lo que en la actualidad se puede concluir sobre el impacto de campo directo e indirecto y de largo plazo de los insecticidas en el medio ambiente. Proporcionamos ejemplos específicos, describimos los patrones actuales del uso de insecticidas, consideramos los contextos donde se usan los insecticidas y discutimos el papel de los reglamentos y leyes a fin de mitigar el riesgo. Discutimos cómo el uso de los insecticidas está cambiando como resultado de una mayor conciencia ambiental e inevitablemente, mientras discutimos las principales restricciones del uso de los insecticidas, también sugerimos por qué no se pueden descartar tan fácilmente.
Constraints to the sustainability of insecticide use include effects on human health, agroecosystems (e.g., beneficial insects), the wider environment (e.g., non-target species, landscapes and communities) and the selection of insecticide resistant traits. It is possible to find examples where insecticides have impacted disastrously on all these variables and others where the hazards posed have been (through accident or design) ameliorated. In this review, we examine what can currently be surmised about the direct and indirect long-term, field impacts of insecticides upon the environment. We detail specific examples, describe current insecticide use patterns, consider the contexts within which insecticide use occurs and discuss the role of regulation and legislation in reducing risk. We consider how insecticide use is changing in response to increasing environmental awareness and inevitably, as we discuss the main constraints to insecticide use, we suggest why they cannot easily be discarded.
Subject(s)
Humans , Environment , Ecology , Ecotoxicology , Insecticides , RiskABSTRACT
Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana was isolated from 1/75 Lutzomyia peruensis captured during May 2006 in an endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis region of the Peruvian Andes (Chaute, Huarochiri, Lima, Peru). Sand fly gut with promastigotes was inoculated into a hamster and the remaining body was fixed in ethanol. L. (Viannia) sp. was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Leishmania species through molecular genotyping by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses targeting the genes cpb and hsp70, resulting L. (V.) peruviana. The infected sand fly appeared 15 days after the rains finished, time expected and useful real time data for interventions when transmission is occurring.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Female , Male , DNA, Protozoan/analysis , Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification , Psychodidae/parasitology , Genotype , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Peru , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthABSTRACT
Warileya lumbrerasi n.sp. is described from the northern Peruvian Andes. This species was collected inside houses and is the seventh species described within the genus Warileya Hertig, 1948.
Subject(s)
Animals , Psychodidae/classification , Diptera/classificationABSTRACT
We report and illustrate two abnormal spermatheca numbers found in Peruvian sandflies, a supernumerary spermatheca in Lutzomyia cernerai and the absence of one spermatheca in L. amazonensis.
Apresentamos e ilustramos duas espermatecas de flebótomos peruanos registradas com números anormais; uma espermateca supernumerária em Lutzomyia carrerai e a falta de uma espermateca em L. amazonensis.