Vascularidad arterial extraglandular de la próstata del perro / Extra glandular arterial vascularity of the dog prostate

La próstata es la glándula accesoria sexual más importante del perro, ubicada en el canal pélvico, retroperitoneal y caudal a la vejiga, envolviendo completamente la uretra pélvica en su salida del cuello vesical. Su función es producir líquido seminal que provea de un medio ambiente óptimo para la sobrevida y motilidad espermática. Pudiendo verse afectada por una serie de procesos patológicos tales como: Hiperplasia prostática benigna y neoplasias. El objetivo del presente trabajo, fue describir la distribución de los vasos sanguíneos arteriales extraglandulares de la próstata canina, como un factor de importancia y utilidad, para la comprensión del control fisiológico y de ciertos procesos patológicos de dicha glándula, para su posterior abordaje médico-quirúrgico. Se utilizaron 5 machos caninos mestizos adultos, entre 3 y 5 años de edad, y de 15 a 20 kg de peso, sin patologías prostáticas diagnosticadas, eutanasiados en centros veterinarios particulares y públicos. Los animales fueron perfundidos por la Arteria carótida común con solución fijadora-conservadora, para luego de 72 h, inyectar por la misma vía, látex coloreado rojo, manteniendo posteriormente los cuerpos en refrigeración hasta la realización de la disección regional. Tomando como referencia lo indicado por algunos autores, se pudo determinar que independiente de las ramificaciones de la Arteria prostática, ésta irriga a la glándula, siempre por medio de tres ramas vasculares.

The prostate is the dog´s most important accessory sex gland, located in the pelvic canal, retroperitoneal and flow to the bladder, completely wrapping the pelvic urethra on its way out of the bladder neck. Its function is to produce seminal fluid that provides an optimum environment for the survival and motility. It may be affected by a number of pathological processes such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and neoplasia. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of extraglandular arterial blood vessels of the canine prostate, as a factor of importance and relevance to the understanding of physiological control and certain pathological processes of the gland for subsequent medical and surgical approach. Five adult no breed male dogs between 3 and 5 years old, weighing 15 to 20 kg with no diagnosed prostatic disease, were used. They were euthanized in private and public veterinary clinics. The animals were perfused through the common carotid artery with fixative-preservative solution, and were injected by the same route after 72 hours, with red colored latex keeping the bodies in refrigeration until regional dissection. In relation with some authors, it was determined that independent of the ramifications of the prostatic artery, it always irrigates the gland through three vascular branches.

A biceps muscle Latissimus dorsi in a dog / Una segunda cabeza del músculo Latissimus dorsi en un perro

This article reports the finding of a twin unreported muscle begin. In one dog, both, left and right muscle latissimus dorsi were biceps. The thin second head of m. latissimus dorsi that we founded, could be an intermediate step of comparative anatomy changes from reptilian to mammal. Man breast surgery and cardiomyoplasty, use dog latissimus dorsi as experimental, to know this information can be useful to these situations.

Este artículo describe el hallazgo del origen de un músculo gemelo no reportado. En un perro, los dos músculos latissimus dorsi, izquierdo y derecho, eran biceps. La segunda cabeza delgada del M. latissimus dorsi observada, podría ser un paso intermedio de los cambios de la anatomía comparada de reptil a mamífero. Conocer esta información puede ser útil para la cirugía de tórax y cardiomioplastía en el humano, donde el músculo latissimus dorsi del perro, es utilizado en forma experimental.

Esqueleto axial y apendicular de vertebrado / Axial and appendicular skeleton of vertebrates

Los primeros componentes de las vértebras fueron los arcos dorsales (neural e interneural) y ventrales (hemal e interhemal) que se apoyaban en la notocorda; el siguiente paso fue la formación de dos centros (intercentro y pleurocentro), que sirvieron para fijar y dar soporte a los arcos. Muchos peces presentan costillas dorsales y ventrales. En las aves se reducen las costillas cervicales y se fusionan a las vértebras, las primeras costillas torácicas son flotantes y la mayoría de las verdaderas presentan procesos que permiten la fijación muscular y refuerzan las paredes torácicas. Los mamíferos presentan costillas en todas las vértebras torácicas, siendo la mayoría verdaderas. El esternón es una estructura de origen endocondral, los peces, tortugas, serpientes y muchos lagartos apodos, carecen de esternón. Las aves voladoras tienen un gran esternón provisto de una prominente quilla ventral. Desarrollo del esqueleto axial: La notocorda y la parte ventral del tubo neural expresan Sonic hedgehog (SHH), que induce a la porción ventromedial del somita a transformarse en esclerotomo y a expresar el factor de transcripción PAX-1, que controla la formación de cartílago y hueso para que se constituyan las vértebras. El patrón de expresión de los genes Hox en vertebrados, es quien determina cuál es el tipo de estructura vertebral que se tiene que formar. El esqueleto apendicular comprende la cintura pectoral formada por elementos esqueléticos dérmicos y endocondrales, que sostiene la aleta pectoral y la cintura pélvica o caderas, formada sólo por elementos endocondrales, que sostienen la aleta pelviana. Los miembros anteriores y posteriores de los tetrápodos están construidos bajo el mismo patrón, diferenciándose tres regiones: autopodio, zeugopodio y estilopodio. Desarrollo del esqueleto apendicular: Se forma desde el mesodermo lateral somático y la cresta apical ectodérmica...

The first components of the dorsal vertebrae, were arches (neural and interneural) and ventral (haemal and interhemal) that relied on the notochord, the next step was the formation of two centers (intercentro and pleurocentro), which served to fix and support the arches. Many fish have dorsal and ventral ribs. In birds cervical ribs are reduced and vertebrae are fused, the first thoracic ribs are floating and the majority present processes allowing muscle fixation and reinforce the chest wall. Mammals have ribs on all thoracic vertebrae, the majority are true. The sternum is a structure of endochondral origin, fish, turtles, snakes and lizards have no sternum. Airborne fowl are provided with a large sternum prominent ventral keel. Development of the axial skeleton: The notochord and ventral neural tube express Sonic hedgehog (SHH) that induces the ventromedial portion of somite to become sclerotome and express the transcription factor Pax-1, which controls the formation of cartilage and bone that constitute the vertebrae. The expression pattern of Hox genes in vertebrates is what determines which type of vertebral structure is to be formed. The appendicular skeleton comprises the pectoral girdle consists of dermal and endochondral skeletal elements, holding the pectoral fin and pelvic girdle, consisting only endochondral elements that sustain pelvic fin. The forelimbs and hindlimbs of tetrapods are built on the same pattern, differing in three regions: autopod, zeugopod and stylopod. Appendicular skeletal development: Is formed from somatic lateral mesoderm and the apical ectodermal ridge...

Anatomy of corpus callosum in prenatally malnourished rats

The effect of prenatal malnutrition on the anatomy of the corpus callosum was assessed in adult rats (45-52 days old). In the prenatally malnourished animals we observed a significant reduction of the corpus callosum total area, partial areas, and perimeter, as compared with normal animals. In addition, the splenium of corpus callosum (posterior fifth) showed a significant decrease of fiber diameters in the myelinated fibers without changing density. There was also a significant decrease in diameter and a significant increase in density of unmyelinated fibers. Measurements of perimeter's fractal dimensions from sagittal sections of the brain and corpus callosum did not show significant differences between malnourished and control animals. These findings indicate that cortico-cortical connections are vulnerable to the prenatal malnutrition, and suggest this may affect interhemispheric conduction velocity, particulary in visual connections (splenium).

Glucogenosis de tipo I / Glycogen storage disease type I

Se hizo una extensa revisión bibliográfica sobre glucogenosis de tipo I, así como también de las historias de salud individual, de la atención secundaria y de salud familiar de un paciente con dicha enfermedad, que es visitado periódicamente por un equipo de trabajo del Policlínico Municipal Docente de Santiago de Cuba para garantizar su adecuado seguimiento clínico, puesto que pertenece a esta área de salud.

An extensive literature review was made on glycogen storage disease type I, as well as on the individual medical records, on the secondary care and on the family health of a patient with this illness, who is periodically visited by a work team of the Teaching Municipal Polyclinic from Santiago de Cuba to guarantee his appropriate clinical follow-up, since he belongs to this health area.

Interplay between the morphometry of the lungs and the mode of locomotion in birds and mammals

We studied the lung diffusion parameters of two species of birds and two species of mammals to explore how structural and functional features may be paralleled by differences in life style or phylogenetic origin. We used two fast-flying species (one mammal and one bird), one running mammal and one bird species that flies only occasionally as models. The harmonic mean thickness of the air-blood barrier was very thin in the species we studied. An exception was the Chilean tinamou Notoprocta perdicaria, which only flies occasionally. It showed an air-blood barrier as thick as that of flightless Galliformes. We found that the respiratory surface density was significantly greater in flying species compared to running species. The estimated values for the oxygen diffusion capacity, DtO2 follow the same pattern: the highest values were obtained in the flying species, the bat and the eared dove. The lowest value was in N. perdicaria. Our findings suggest that the studied species show refinements in their morphometric lung parameters commensurate to their energetic requirements as dictated by their mode of locomotion, rather than their phylogenetic origin. The air-blood barrier appears to be thin in most birds and small mammals, except those with low energetic requirements such as the Chilean tinamou. In the species we studied, the respiratory surface density appears to be the factor most responsive to the energetic requirements of flight

A radiographic method to estimate lung volume and its use in small mammals

In this paper we develop a method to estimate lung volume using chest x-rays of small mammals. We applied this method to assess the lung volume of several rodents. We showed that a good estimator of the lung volume is: V*L = 0.496 A V RX ¡Ö 1/2AV RX , where V RX is a measurement obtained from the x-ray that represents the volume of a rectangular box containing the lungs and mediastinum organs. The proposed formula may be interpreted as the volume of an ellipsoid formed by both lungs joined at their bases. When that relationship was used to estimate lung volume, values similar to those expected from allometric relationship were found in four rodents. In two others, M. musculus and R. norvegicus, lung volume was similar to reported data, although values were lower than expected.

Departures from the physical optimality in the bronchial tree of rats (Rattus norvegicus)

We studied the departure from the physical optimality of the bronchial tree of rats using both i) the minimum volume and power and ii) the minimum surface and drag criteria, considering the bronchial junction as the unit study based on Zamir's model for vascular trees. Our results show deviations of the junctions of the bronchial tree from the expected optimums in the proximal airway that can be explained by both, the turbulent or transitional flow regime, and the airway's necessity to distribute its terminal branches in the alveolar surface filling the thoracic volume. The departures of the observed values at the optimum for the minimum volume and power were significantly different than the obtained departure values for the minimum surface and drag criteria. The departure from the optimum was directly related to the diameter of the smallest branch. The slopes of the regressions for the two criteria were different. The regression lines intercept at a bronchial diameter d2 = 0.129 mm. This result agreed with the idea that the tube diameter is limited at small values by the increasing flow resistance with decreasing tube diameter while at large values is limited by the increasing tube volume and dead space with increasing tube diameter

Ontogenic changes in the fractal geometry of the bronchial tree in Rattus norvegicus

Respiration and metabolism change dramatically over the course of the development of vertebrates. In mammals these changes may be ascribed to organogenesis and differentiation of structures involved in gas exchange and transport and the increase in size. Since young as well as mature individuals must be well-designed if the species is to survive, the physiological changes during the development should be matched with geometrical or structural adjustments of the respiratory system. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the fractal geometry of the bronchial tree during the postnatal development of the rat. The average fractal dimension of the bronchial tree of the rats was 1.587, but that of juveniles was larger than that of the adults. We found a significant negative correlation between age and fractal dimension. This correlation could be considered be misleading because of the difficulty of separating age/body size effects. Nevertheless, because fractal dimensions of the bronchial tree of rabbits and humans are known to be similar, 1.58 and 1.57 respectively, the body size effect may be nil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ontogenetic changes in the fractal dimension of the bronchial tree in mammals.

Troncos arteriales del aparato reproductor de la chinchilla macho: chinchilla laniger grey en cautiverio / Arterial trunks of male reproductor apparatus of chinchilla: chinchilla laniger grey in captivity

Se describe la irrigación arterial del aparato reproductor de la chinchilla macho. Se utilizaron 10 animales machos, los que fueron anestesiados y sacrificados con una sobredosis de Tiopental sódico. El objetivo fue identificar la procedencia de la circulación arterial del aparato reproductor. Para ello se inyectó, vía aorta abdominal, látex natural coloreado con pigmento rojo de Disperphane. La disección de los vasos reveló que la vascularización arterial de testículo y epidídimo procede de las arterial testiculares, las que a su vez emergen de las arterias renales respectivas. La irrigación hacia las glándulas sexuales accesorias y conducto deferente proviene de la arteria ilíaca externa

Caracterización de la geometría fractal del árbol bronquial en mamíferos / Measuring the fractal geometry of the bronchial tree in mammals

El árbol bronquial de los mamíferos presenta un diseño que se ha asociado con un adecuado flujo de gases a los alvéolos, una mínima producción de entropía en la mecánica respiratoria y con un mínimo costo en materia y energía. Sin embargo, la vía aérea constituye sólo parte del sistema respiratorio y como tal su geometría debe ajustarse a la función de todo el sistema resolviendo el problema de distribuir un volumen de aire inspirado en una gran superficie, dispuesta en un volumen acotado. Así, la topología bronquial exhibe las características de ocupar espacio con su ramificación progresiva y una reducción del diámetro de los bronquios que se ha asociado a una geometría fractal. En este trabajo se caracteriza la topología del árbol bronquial de Rattus norvegicus mediante su dimensión fractal y se compara con otros mamíferos de distinto tamaño: Oryctolagus cuniculli y Homo sapiens. Se estudia además el efecto de la escala para verificar la autosimilitud. Los resultados demuestran una geometría fractal de la vía aérea de las tres especies, que se mantiene a distintas escalas y son una demostración directa de este tipo de geometría. La topología se mantiene invariante en las tres especies, con dimensiones fractales entre 1,57 y 1,59. Los resultados coinciden con otros estudios realizados en la vía aérea, la superficie alveolar, la ventilación y la perfusión pulmonar. Se discuten las consecuencias de este tipo de geometría en el pulmón