ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: Cuidar completamente de niños con microcefalia es un gran desafío para sus cuidadores. La situación de vulnerabilidad social junto con la complejidad de la atención puede llevar a sobrecarga con pérdida de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre aspectos socioeconómicos, dominio social de la calidad de vida y la sobrecarga de madres cuidadoras de niños con microcefalia. Metodología: Estudio transversal con 105 participantes, mediante aplicación de cuestionarios sociodemográficos, WHOQOL-BREF, sobrecarga del cuidador. Se utilizaron pruebas ANOVA, t de Student, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: Población de madres mestizas (65.7%), desempleadas (88.6%), dependientes de la prestación social (76.2%), bajo nivel educativo (50.5%) e insuficiencia financiera (90.5%). El promedio del dominio social se consideró bajo (51.11). Hubo asociación entre beneficio social y puntaje de calidad de vida total (p=0.046). Las madres sufren sobrecarga severa (39%) e intensa (30.4%). Se encontró asociación entre niveles de sobrecarga y variables etnia (p= 0.027), ocupación (p= 0.043) y medios de transporte (p <0.0001). La sobrecarga tiene impacto negativo en la calidad de vida (r= -.463, p <0.0001), percepción de la calidad de vida (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), calidad de vida total (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusiones: Las madres cuidadoras manifiestan sobrecarga con pérdida de calidad de vida. Los aspectos sociales influyen directamente y pueden potenciar la sobrecarga del cuidado. El personal de enfermería tiene un papel fundamental para crear e implementar líneas de atención con énfasis en promover la salud y alivio de la sobrecarga en el cuidador.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Taking care of children with microcephaly is a great challenge for their care providers because of the associated social vulnerability, work overload, and loss of quality of life. Objective: To analyze the associations related to the social aspects, the quality of life, and the work overload among care providing mothers of children with microcephaly. Methodology: This is a transversal study with 105 participants. Social and demographic questionnaires and WHOQOL-BREF were used. ANOVA tests, Student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated. Results: 65.7% were of mixed ethnicity; 88.6% were unemployed; 76.2% were dependent on Social Welfare; 50.5% had a low level of education; and 90.5% were financially insufficient. The social domain average was considered low (51.11). An association was found between social benefits and quality of life (p=0.046). 39% of these mothers suffer from severe work overload while 30.4% suffer from intense work overload. An association was found between the levels of work overload and ethnicity (p= 0.027), occupation (p= 0.043), and transportation means (p <0.0001). Work overload had a negative impact on the quality of life (r= -.463, p <0.0001), the perception of quality of life (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), and total quality of life (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusions: These care providing mothers suffer work overload with an associated loss of quality of life. Social aspects have a direct influence and can increase work overload. Nursing professionals have a fundamental role in the creation and implementation of attention initiatives aimed at promoting health and relief to this kind of care providing mothers.
RESUMO Introdução: Cuidar completamente das crianças com microcefalia é um grande desafio para os seus cuidadores. A situação de vulnerabilidade social aliada à complexidade do cuidado pode levar à sobrecarga com perda de qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre aspectos socioeconómicos, domínio social da qualidade de vida e sobrecarga de mães cuidadoras de crianças com microcefalia. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com 105 participantes, por meio da aplicação de questionários sociodemográficos, WHOQOL-BREF, sobrecarga do cuidador. Foram utilizados os testes ANOVA, t de Student, e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r). Resultados: População de mães pardas (65.7%), desempregadas (88.6%), dependentes de benefícios sociais (76.2%), baixa escolaridade (50.5%) e insuficiência financeira (90.5%). A média do domínio social foi considerada baixa (51.11). Houve associação entre benefício social e pontuação total de qualidade de vida (p=0.046). As mães sofrem sobrecarga severa (39%) e intensa (30.4%). Foi encontrada associação entre os níveis de sobrecarga e as variáveis de etnia (p= 0.027), ocupação (p= 0.043) e meio de transporte (p <0.0001). A sobrecarga tem um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida (r= -.463, p <0.0001), percepção de qualidade de vida (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), qualidade de vida total (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusões: As mães cuidadoras sofrem sobrecarga com perda de qualidade de vida. Os aspectos sociais influenciam diretamente e podem potenciar a sobrecarga do cuidado. A enfermagem tem um papel fundamental na criação e implementação de linhas de cuidados com ênfase na promoção da saúde e no alívio da sobrecarga do cuidador.
ABSTRACT
Kahweol is a compound derived from coffee with reported antinociceptive effects. Based on the few reports that exist in the literature regarding the mechanisms involved in kahweol-induced peripheral antinociceptive action, this study proposed to investigate the contribution of the endocannabinoid system to the peripheral antinociception induced in rats by kahweol. Hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and was measured with the paw pressure test. Kahweol and the drugs to test the cannabinoid system were administered locally into the right hind paw. The endocannabinoids were purified by open-bed chromatography on silica and measured by LC-MS. Kahweol (80 µg/paw) induced peripheral antinociception against PGE2-induced hyperalgesia. This effect was reversed by the intraplantar injection of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 (20, 40, and 80 μg/paw), but not by the CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM630 (100 μg/paw). Treatment with the endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor VDM11 (2.5 μg/paw) intensified the peripheral antinociceptive effect induced by low-dose kahweol (40 μg/paw). The monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor, JZL184 (4 μg/paw), and the dual MAGL/fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, MAFP (0.5 μg/paw), potentiated the peripheral antinociceptive effect of low-dose kahweol. Furthermore, kahweol increased the levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, but not of the other endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol nor of anandamide-related N-acylethanolamines, in the plantar surface of the rat paw. Our results suggested that kahweol induced peripheral antinociception via anandamide release and activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors and this compound could be used to develop new drugs for pain relief.
ABSTRACT
A modification of the sensitive agar diffusion method was developed for macro-scale determination of alfa-amylase. The proposed modifications lower costs with the utilisation of starch as substrate and agar as supporting medium. Thus, a standard curve was built using alfa-amylase solution from Aspergillus oryzae, with concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 7,500 U.mL-1. Clear radial diffusion zones were measured after 4 hours of incubation at 20 °C. A linear relationship between the logarithm of enzyme activities and the area of clear zones was obtained. The method was validated by testing α-amylase from barley at the concentrations of 2.4; 60; 300 and 1,500 U.mL-1. The proposed method turned out to be simpler, faster, less expensive and able to determine on a macro-scale α-amylase over a wide range (2.4 to 7,500 U.mL-1) in scientific investigation as well as in teaching laboratory activities.
Modificações foram propostas ao método sensível de difusão em ágar para a macrodeterminação de alfa-amilase. As modificações propostas diminuem os custos, com a utilização de amido como substrato e ágar como meio solidificante. Assim, foi construída uma curva padrão utilizando uma solução de alfa-amilase de Aspergillus oryzae com concentrações variando de 2,4 a 7.500 U.mL-1. Em seguida, as zonas claras de difusão radial foram mensuradas depois de 4 horas de incubação a 20 °C. Foi obtida uma relação linear entre o logaritmo da atividade enzimática e os diâmetros das zonas claras. O método foi validado utilizando-se soluções de alfa-amilase de cevada nas concentrações de 2,4; 60; 300 e 1.500 U.mL-1. O método tornou-se mais simples, rápido, com baixo custo e passível de ser utilizado para macrodeterminação de alfa-amilase em ampla faixa (2,4 a 7.500 U.mL-1) na investigação científica e para fins didáticos em aulas práticas.