Subject(s)
Adolescent , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , False Negative Reactions , False Positive Reactions , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis , Male , Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/standards , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Epidemiological and Entomological investigations conducted in seven affected villages of Sanand and Viramgam Talukas of Ahmedabad district revealed that all age groups and both the genders were affected. 33.33% blood samples of patients showed seropositivity suggesting dengue infection Similarly, Dengue virus antigen was detected in 7 Females Ae. aegypti out of 2 Males and 26 Females tested by indirect immunofluroscent technique. Aedes aegypti population measured by various parameters i.e. Premise index (32.16%), Receptacle index (26.15%) and infested receptacle index (0.36%) were above the critical limit. Aedes aegypti population is susceptible to 5% Malathion. The findings suggest the fever outbreak was of dengue. Co-related evidences indicated the possible role of dengue 2 virus in the outbreak.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Dengue/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Population Surveillance , Risk Factors , Rural Health/statistics & numerical data , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Distribution , Suburban Health/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
To assess the IEC Campaign during anti malaria month (June, 98), a base line KABP study through pre-assessment and post-assessment was conducted in the State of Gujarat (four districts namely Ahmedabad, Dang, Panchmahal and Baroda). The study was carried out based on questionnaire (open and closed) developed by NAMP in the randomly selected population. A rapid assessment of the current level of KABP among a sample of population before and after the observance of anti-malaria month. The results of the KABP study revealed that there is definite impact (between 2.18 to 30%) and change in the KABP of the local people, where intensive and continuous I.E.C. activities are being undertaken. In order to achieve the desired change in knowledge, attitude, behaviour and practice of the respondents, it requires continuous I.E.C. campaign throughout the year. The attitude, behaviour and practice in the hard core areas need special efforts, where maximum efforts are required to bring a change in. It should be taken more intensively in the problematic and hardcore areas on priority basis.
Subject(s)
Attitude to Health , Educational Measurement , Health Behavior , Health Education/organization & administration , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , India , Information Services , Malaria/etiology , Mass Media , Needs Assessment , Program Evaluation , Surveys and Questionnaires , Teaching MaterialsABSTRACT
This paper describes a quantification methodology to find out the conversion rate of RII-RIII cases from RI (Short recrudescence) cases based on parasite clearance time (PCT) and Parasite Recrudescence Time (PRT). This method will facilitate in planning and formulating an alternate drug strategy for malaria control.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Chloroquine/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance , Forecasting , Health Planning , Humans , India , Infant , Malaria, Falciparum/classification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Sensitivity and Specificity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The present paper describes the advantage/limitation of presently available 'in-vivo' methods to detect sensitivity status of Plasmodium falciparum to commonly used antimalarial drugs. The paper is based on a retrospective analysis of 890 P. falciparum cases and various parameters used to define the level of drug resistance. The presented quantification methodology with weightage system to different epidemiological variables of resistance may provide a guideline as to the level of parasite resistance, and a switch over to another antimalarial of firstline treatment which is of the considerable importance to provide early diagnosis and prompt treatment to avert the severe cases/deaths due to malaria.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance , Health Planning , Humans , India/epidemiology , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Prevalence , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The present study describes the comparative efficacy of chloroquine and amodiaquine in two different presumptive therapy areas of north eastern India. The study recorded insignificant differences in respect of Mean Parasite Clearance Time (MPCT) of sensitive cases, MPCT and Mean Parasite Recrudescence Time (MPRT) of RI resistant cases and recrudescence rate in chloroquine and amodiaquine therapy areas. It is concluded that amodiaquine is not a superior drug as compared to chloroquine. In the chloroquine resistance area, Plasmodium falciparum developed cross resistance to amodiaquine and this phenomenon appears to be unidirectional. However, amodiaquine may help to slow-down the rate of precipitation of higher grade of resistance.
Subject(s)
Amodiaquine/therapeutic use , Animals , Chloroquine/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance , Humans , India , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Prevalence , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity test in "in-vivo" carried out in 450 patients revealed, parasite clearance in 66.45 percent cases with 25 mgm/kg body wt of chloroquine. Mean parasite clearance time (MPCT) of sensitive and R I, resistant cases reached near parallelism with an early recrudescence in RI cases indicating stabilisation of genetic change in the parasite strain. The analysis of data revealed that proportionately higher resistance was recorded in coastal area having deciduous (wet) forest ecotype followed by plains of deciduous dry forest and semi arid/arid ecotypes.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Age Factors , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Climate , Drug Resistance , Ecology , Humans , India , Infant , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Prevalence , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The present paper describes the relationship of Mean Parasite Clearance Time (MPCT) and Mean Parasite Recrudescence Time (MPRT) in the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum. The role of MPCT in grading the resistance of an area has been discussed. Further, MPRT revealed a positive correlationship with the percentage of RI resistant cases, and showed an increase with age. The ratio of MPRT/MPCT is an indicator of stability status of the resistance.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Drug Evaluation , Drug Resistance , Female , Humans , Infant , Malaria, Falciparum/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Recurrence , Remission Induction , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A total of 314 cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria studied during 1980-88 in nine times monitoring revealed three RIII foci i.e. two in Jalpaiguri and one in Purulia districts. The studies showed a parasite clearance of 40 per cent and 32 per cent of P. falciparum cases within seventh day in Purulia and Jalpaiguri districts respectively, with a dosage of 25 mg per kg body weight, spread over three days in divided doses. Increase in transmission potential and prolonged drug pressure with single drug have been noted in association with development of resistance. Malaria parasite clearance time (MPCT) value of sensitive and resistant cases reach parallelism and malaria parasite recrudescence time (MPRT) value starts declining, giving an indication of stabilisation of genetic change in the parasite.