Cambios en las variables antropométricas durante la gestación en mujeres eutróficas / Changes of the anthropometric variables during gestation in well-nourished women

To analyze the behavior of the anthropometric measures during gestation in teenagers and adults pregnant women. The study group was formed by 81 well nourished, healthy pregnant women, 14 teenagers and 67 adults. They were evaluated at Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil "AntÝmano". The anthropometric criteria included at least five anthropometric evaluations: one in the first trimester of pregnancy, two in the second and two in the third. The anthropometric variable mean was obtained from each one of the pregnant women in each of their corresponding visits during the first, second and third trimester. The descriptive statistics of the studied anthropometric variables were calculated. Student' t test was applied. There were significant changes during pregnancy in weight, wrist, waist, abdomen, waist-hip, hip-gluteal, thigh and calf circumferences and body mass index in teenagers and adults. There were significant changes during gestation in a lying down position height in teenagers and mid-arm circumference in adults. There was significant difference in change from the first to the third trimester of gestation, between teenagers and adults in the calf circumference. The studied anthropometric variables presented the same behavior during gestation in adolescents and adults, unless the mid-upper arm circumference.

Efectividad de dos indicadores antropométricos en el diagnóstico nutricional de gestantes eutróficas y desnutridas / The effectiveness of anthropometric indicators in the nutritional diagnosis of well-nourished and undernourished pregnant women

The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the indicators prepregnancy weight and prepregnancy body mass index in the categorization of the nutritional state of the pregnant woman. The study group was formed by 109 pregnant women. They were evaluated in the first trimester of the pregnancy, at the "Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil AntÝmano". In each one of them the nutritional state was classified according to three criteria: integral nutritional diagnosis, prepregnancy weight and prepregnancy body mass index. For the evaluation of the effectiveness of the diagnostic criteria, the other two approaches were compared with the integral nutritional diagnosis. The analysis of the frequency, sensibility, specificity and predictive values were applied. The integral nutritional diagnosis showed: 75.2 (n = 82) well-nourished and 14.8 (n = 27) undernourished. The sensibility of the prepregnancy weight was 0.93 and of the prepregnancy body mass index was 0.52, with a positive predictive value of 0.60 and 0.82 respectively. The specificity of the first indicator was 0.79 and of the second was 0.96, with negative predictive value of 0.97 and 0.86 respectively. The pregnancy weight demonstrated to be effective to diagnosis undernourished women.

Urolitiasis / Urolithiasis

Los cálculos renales eran considerados poco frecuentes en los niños hasta hace algunos años, cuando la radiografía simple de abdomen era el método de diagnóstico. Hoy en día, con la introducción del ecosonograma renal, la urolitiasis se detecta más frecuentemente y en edades más tempranas. Los dos tipos de calcificaciones asociadas con el tracto urinario son la urolitiasis y la nefrocalcinosis. La urolitiasis se refiere a la calcificación macroscópica en el sistema colector renal. La nefrocalcificación es la calcificación microscópica que se observa a nivel de los túbulos, del epitelio tubular o del intestino renal. Entre los diversos factores que pueden contribuir a la genésis de la nefrolitiasis se encuentran: los genéticos, climáticos, dietéticos, anatómicos, metabólicos, infecciosos, característicos individuales, etc. Los factores predisponentes más comunes en esta patología son la infección y las anomalías urológicas subyacentes. La asociación de los factores climáticos se establece porque cuando más cálido y más seco es el clima, más probable es que la persona tenga una orina concentrada en forma permanente y con mayor riesgo de formación de cálculos. En las regiones donde la exposición a los rayos solares es prolongada e intensa, la mayor producción de vitamina D en la población puede provocar un aumento de la absorción y excreción de calcio. Los factores dietéticos cobran importancia en zonas como la India, China, Oriente Medio y Sureste Asiático, donde la principal fuente de proteína es el cereal y los cálculos son relativamente frecuentes. Por último, existen algunos trabajos que intentan correlacionar marcadores genéticos, por ejemplo los antígenos del complejo HLA con la predisposición a nefrolitiasis