EXHAUST EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CI ENGINE USING VARIOUS BLENDS OF PPO-DIESEL

Plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diesel was tested in a single cylinder diesel engine in an experimental study. Waste plastic is used to make plastic pyrolysis oil. Various blends of PPO-DIESEL are tested for engine exhaust emission at various loads in this study. Nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydro carbon (HC) are all measured in engine exhaust emissions. According to the results, D80PPO20 blend is best compared to other fuels for NOx, CO in all blends has no difference at full load, D60PPO40 blend is best compared to other fuels for CO2, and D80PPO20 blend is best compared to other fuels for HC. PPO-DIESEL blends can be used without modification in CI engines.

Mejor control de la presión arterial para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares: Proyecto de Prevención y Tratamiento Estandarizado de la Hipertensión Arterial / Improved Blood Pressure Control to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality: The Standardized Hypertension Treatment and Prevention Project

RESUMEN La hipertensión arterial es el principal factor de riesgo corregible de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y, a nivel mundial, afecta a más de mil millones de personas y causa más de diez millones de muertes evitables cada año. Aunque puede diagnosticarse y tratarse de forma satisfactoria, solo una de cada siete personas hipertensas tiene la presión arterial controlada. A fin de abordar este reto, se ha puesto en marcha el Proyecto de Prevención y Tratamiento Estandarizado de la Hipertensión Arterial con el propósito de mejorar el control de la hipertensión, particularmente en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Este proyecto consiste en aplicar un enfoque de fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud que promueva el tratamiento estandarizado de la hipertensión arterial por medio de intervenciones basadas en la evidencia, como el uso de protocolos estandarizados de tratamiento y de un conjunto básico de medicamentos, junto con mecanismos optimizados de compra para aumentar su disponibilidad y asequibilidad, el uso de registros clínicos para el seguimiento y la evaluación de cohortes de pacientes, el empoderamiento de los pacientes, el trabajo en equipo (delegación de tareas), y la participación de la comunidad. Si se dispone de voluntad política y se establecen alianzas fuertes, este enfoque permite sentar las bases para reducir la hipertensión arterial y la morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas a las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT Hypertension is the leading remediable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide, and is responsible for more than 10 million preventable deaths globally each year. While hypertension can be successfully diagnosed and treated, only one in seven persons with hypertension have controlled blood pressure. To meet the challenge of improving the control of hypertension, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, the authors developed the Standardized Hypertension Treatment and Prevention Project, which involves a health systems–strengthening approach that advocates for standardized hypertension management using evidence-based interventions. These interventions include the use of standardized treatment protocols, a core set of medications along with improved procurement mechanisms to increase the availability and affordability of these medications, registries for cohort monitoring and evaluation, patient empowerment, team-based care (task shifting), and community engagement. With political will and strong partnerships, this approach provides the groundwork to reduce high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality.

Hypodontia: genetics and future perspectives% Hipodontia: genética e perspectivas futuras

Tooth development is a complex process of reciprocal interactions that we have only recently begun to understand. With the large number of genes involved in the odontogenic process, the opportunity for mutations to disrupt this process is high. Tooth agenesis (hypodontia)is the most common craniofacial malformation with patients missing anywhere from one tooth to their entire dentition. Hypodontia can occur in association with other developmental anomalies (syndromic) or as an isolated condition (non-syndromic). Recent advances in genetictechniques have allowed us to begin understanding the genetic processes that underlie the odontogenic process and to identify the mechanisms responsible for tooth agenesis. Thus far two genes have been identifiedby mutational analysis as the major causes of non-syndromic hypodontia; PAX9 and MSX1. Haploinsufficiency of either has been observed to cause the more severe forms of hypodontia whilst point mutations cause hypodontia to varying degrees of severity. With theprevalence of hypodontia having been observed to have increased during the 20th century, the future identification and analysis of its geneticbasis is essential to allow us to better treat the condition. The clinician can facilitate this process by collaborating with the human geneticist and referring patients/families with familial hypodontia for investigative research

Hypodontia: genetics and future perspectives

Tooth development is a complex process of reciprocal interactions that we have only recently begun to understand. With the large number of genes involved in the odontogenic process, the opportunity for mutations to disrupt this process is high. Tooth agenesis (hypodontia)is the most common craniofacial malformation with patients missing anywhere from one tooth to their entire dentition. Hypodontia can occur in association with other developmental anomalies (syndromic) or as an isolated condition (non-syndromic). Recent advances in genetictechniques have allowed us to begin understanding the genetic processes that underlie the odontogenic process and to identify the mechanisms responsible for tooth agenesis. Thus far two genes have been identifiedby mutational analysis as the major causes of non-syndromic hypodontia; PAX9 and MSX1. Haploinsufficiency of either has been observed to cause the more severe forms of hypodontia whilst point mutations cause hypodontia to varying degrees of severity. With theprevalence of hypodontia having been observed to have increased during the 20th century, the future identification and analysis of its geneticbasis is essential to allow us to better treat the condition. The clinician can facilitate this process by collaborating with the human geneticist and referring patients/families with familial hypodontia for investigative research